present his diploma to the examining board hereinafter constituted, for verification as to its genuineness. If the diploma is found genuine, and if the person named therein be the person claiming and possessing the same, the board shall issue its certificate to that effect, signed by all the members thereof, and such diploma and certificate shall be conclusive as to the right of the lawful holder of the same to practice medicine in this State. If not a graduate, the person practicing medicine in this State shall present himself before said board and submit himself to examination as the said board shall require; and if the examination be satisfactory to the examiners, the said board shall issue its certificate in accordance with the facts, and the lawful holder of such certificate shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges hereinafter mentioned.

SEC. 2. The faculty of the medical department of the University of Minnesota shall organize as a board of examiners as herein provided, within three months after the passage of this act; they shall procure a seal and shall receive, through their secretary, applications for certificates and examinations; the president or secretary shall have authority to administer oaths; and the board to take testimony in all matters relating to its duties; it shall issue certificates to all who shall furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered institutions in good standing; it shall prepare two forms of certificates, one for persons in possession of diplomas or licenses, the other for candidates examined by the board; it shall furnish to the county clerks of the several counties a list of all persons receiving certificates.

SEC. 3. Said board shall examine diplomas as to their genuineness, and if the diplomas shall be found genuine as represented, the secretary of the board shall receive a fee of one dollar from such graduate or licentiate, and no further charge shall be made to the applicants; but if it

be found fraudulent, or not lawfully owned by the possessor, the board shall be entitled to charge and collect twenty dollars of the applicant presenting such diplomas. The verification of the diploma shall consist in the affidavit of the holder and applicant presenting such diploma, that he is the lawful possessor of the same and that he is the person therein named.

SEC. 4. All examinations of persons not graduates or licentiate shall be made directly by the board, and the certificates given by the board shall authorize the possessor to practice medicine and surgery in the State of Minnesota.

SEC. 5, requires holders of certificates to have them recorded with county clerks.

SEC. 6, requires county clerks to keep a list of certificates recorded.

SEC. 7, provides for a fee of $5.00 to be paid into the State treasury.

SEC. 8. Examinations may be made in whole or in part in writing, and shall be of an elementary and practical character, but sufficiently strict to test the qualifications of the candidate as a practitioner.

SEC. 9. Certificates may be refused to persons guilty of unprofessional or dishonorable conduct. Appeal may be made to the board of regents.

SEC. 10. Any person shall be regarded as practicing within the meaning of this act, who shall profess publicly to be a physician, and to prescribe for the sick, or who shall append to his name the letters "M. D." But nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit students from prescribing under the supervision of preceptors or to prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency. And this act shall apply to commissioned surgeons of the United States army and navy.

SEC. II, requires itinerant vendors of drugs, etc., and healers, to pay a license fee of $100 a month.

SEC. 12. Any person practicing medicine or surgery in this State without complying with the provisions of this act, shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty dollars ($50) and not more than five hundred ($500), or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less. than thirty (30) days nor more than three hundred and sixty-five (365) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment for each and every offence; and any person filing or attempting to file, as his own, the diploma or certificate of another, or a forged affidavit of identification, shall be guilty of felony, and upon conviction, shall be subject to such fine and imprisonment as are made and provided by the statutes of this State for the crime of forgery; but the penalties shall not be enforced till on and after the thirty-first (31) day of December eighteen hundred and eighty-three (1883). Provided that the provisions of this act shall not apply to those who have been practicing medicine five (5) years within this State.

The faculty are now duly organized as such examining board. All communications on this branch of their work should be addressed to the Secretary, Professor P. H. Millard, M.D., Stillwater, Minn.

REPORT ON OPHTHALMOLOGY.

BY A. BLITZ, M. D., CHAIRMAN.

We are still moving onward in ophthalmology, keeping pace with the march of time. The grand army of investigators in this department is yearly increasing, and their researches bring forth new ideas, new facts, giving us more light and rectifying some of our former errors, thus creating a clearer and more definite knowledge of the science and art of this branch of medicine.

From year to year new advances are made, here throwing out some old untenable theory or dropping some useless remedy, and there giving us some new idea, remedy or device, thus adding story after story to our grand storehouse of knowledge, filling it with all that is new in remedies and appliances, both of a medicinal and mechanical nature, with which to alleviate the sufferings of our fellow beings.

With this view in mind, ophthalmologists have in late years spent much time and made extensive investigations on the subject of color-blindness.

This subject derives special importance, from the fact that many railway employes and sailors are color-blind.

There is no safety in traveling over a road whose managers employ men regardless of any defect in their vision. Every road uses color-signals, and at night differently colored lanterns.

How easy is it for a color-blind official to make a mistake in the color of the signal, and thus be the cause of accidents and great loss of life. Is it not time that some steps were taken by this Society to urge upon our

Legislature the necessity of making a law compelling railway and navigation corporations to have the vision of their employes properly tested and employ only those whose vision is normal in every respect?

In many countries the importance of this subject has been recognized, and such corporations are compelled to properly test the vision of their employes.

Among the first to call attention to the prevalence of color-blindness was Professor Holmgren, of Upsala, Sweden, who published his labors and investigations in this line in Swedish, in 1877. His book was immediately translated into the French, and a year later into the German and other languages. In our own country, Dr. B. Joy Jeffries, of Boston, has given this subject a great deal of study, and in 1880 published his book on color-blindness, urging the necessity of the color-test in all railway and navigation employes.

Only very little has been done in this country to make practical use of this test; but let us hope that at no distant day every State in the Union will have a law compelling railway and navigation corporations to employ only such persons as, after a careful and thorough examination, have been found free from color-blindness or other dangerous defects of vision, thus securing greater safety to the traveling public.

New Remedies in Ophthalmic Practice.-Chief among these is the infusion of licorice bean (jequirity, abrus precatorius) found in Brazil, and quite recently brought into notice by De Wecker of Paris, who made numerous experiments with this infusion in chronic trachoma and in cases of inveterate pannus of the cornea, where a rapid suppuration is required. He reports very gratifying results.

The infusion was prepared according to the formula extensively used among the natives of Brazil, and is as follows: Pulverize thirty-two beans, macerate them in five