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perhaps I shall smile in my turn, enjoying his admiration, for he is a man of taste.

It would be easy for me to send you to-day an exact and minute description of the great work of Baudry, for I have just finished the catalogue under the eyes of the painter himself, and it would not cost me much additional trouble to devote some columns of passionate praise to what, for me, is the masterpiece of French art. But I should not like to trespass on the province of your ordinary critic, and, besides-shall I confess it?-the artist is too intimate a friend of mine for me to venture on singing his praises in public. Our age has so thoroughly deified the great masters of the Renaissance, that you are shy of comparing with them the man who dined with you yesterday. I defy you to say seriously, "Michel Angelo arrived after the soup"; "Raphael did justice to the leg of mutton"; "John, carry back the umbrella which Correggio forgot the other day." It is quite useless to feel and know for a positive certainty that the guest of yesterday, the old schoolfellow, the friend of twenty years' standing, has no small share in the inheritance of Michel Angelo, Raphael, and Correggio. We have scruples, some how or other, which prevent our placing him in his rank on the list of great geniuses. The very act of measuring the height to which he has climbed causes us to be suspected of personal vanity, as if we pretended to stand on the same plane as he. I shall leave, therefore, to another contributor to the Athenæum, as competent as I am, and less open to suspicions of partiality, the pleasure of analyzing the work and pointing out its merits. A more modest task suffices for me. Baudry is almost unknown to the public of Great Britain, although he has passed some months in London, and met at Mr. Owen's house many men distinguished in various walks of life. I shall have the great honour of introducing him to those who know his name only.

Paul Baudry is forty-five years of age. He is a little below middle height, but firmly set,-lean, nervous, and brown as a Maltese, although he was born at the chef lieu of La Vendée. His eyes are large and handsome, his mouth refined, his moustache and beard of a brilliant black. He looks younger than his age. In an excursion which we made together some one took him for my son, although we were born in the same year.

His father was a rough and courageous artisan, burdened with a numerous family. He educated his son as best he could, and even had him taught music. But a humble teacher of drawing, named Sartoris, detected and developed in the boy another faculty. At that time the prefect of Vendée chanced to be M. Gauja, an ex-contributor to the National, a friend of M. Thiers, and a lover of painting. This gentleman took an interest in Baudry, and helped to get for him a small allow ance from the Department to enable him to study at Paris. The lad very speedily distinguished himself at the École des Beaux Arts. A constant, patient, austere worker, he leaped from success to success, till at twenty-one he carried off the grand prix de Rome. I met him three years afterwards at Pompeii, where he was copying a fresco almost under the blazing July sun. We lived together for some days in this solitude, so full of instruction of all sorts, and I conceived a strong liking for this youth, eager to do well, greedy of knowledge, careless of everything save study; who revelled in the Renaissance, and imbibed the Antique at every pore. The Director of the Academy, and even Baudry's own comrades, then predicted for him a brilliant future; but the wise rules of the place forbade to the pensionnaires de Rome the premature triumphs of the Salon. Baudry, therefore, remained unknown to the public till the termination of the fifth year of his studentship; but he was quite contented, for severe studies are those which one pursues when one feels no anxiety about success. But then what an explosion when his talents, long confined to the school, were revealed at the Salon of 1857! He exhibited the same day four pictures and a portrait: "The Punishment of a Vestal,'' Fortune and

the Child,' 'Leda,' 'Saint John,' and a portrait of final judge, will pronounce sentence in a few M. Beulé. His reputation was made, and his days. fortune, had he so wished.

But he has never troubled his head about money, in that respect little resembling the greater part of the painters of our day. When he had secured the comfort of his aged parents, made a modest provision for his sisters, and finished the education of his brothers, he scarcely remembered that he had to earn a livelihood. He is an original, a man without wants, an improbable being, and altogether out of place in this commercial age. His old fellow-students, B, C, &c., who are far from being his equals, have earned millions: he has probably hardly as much as 6,000 francs de rentes.

The following anecdote shows to the life his peculiar character. Some fourteen or fifteen years ago, he invited to Paris one of his young brothers, an able and energetic lad. "Of course," said Paul to him, "you want to do as I have done, and to become an artist. But there is nothing to show that you have the talent necessary, and if you have not, I am not sure myself of succeeding for both. Choose a trade then and learn it; become the apprentice of a good workman, attend the drawing schools when your day's work is over, and we shall see. I promise you what is strictly necessary. Send for me if you fall ill, but do not come to see me without being invited. I do not want you to form artistic tastes if you have not the artistic capacity." This rough experiment succeeded beyond all expectation. The young fellow, after working in a carpenter's shop, got admitted into the École des Beaux Arts, finished his education, and became one of our most distinguished architects. He made a beautiful and learned restoration of the Forum Romanum, discovered and restored the city of Troësmis, in Maesia, and carried off the prize at the Austrian competition for the construction of an Hôtel de Ville at Vienna. He is décoré since the Exhibition of 1870. During the siege of Paris, Paul Baudry, Member of the Institut, was, like Regnault, a simple soldier in the bataillons de marche. Ambroise Baudry, the architect, wielded the shovel and trundled the wheelbarrow under the fire of the batteries of Raincy: he was a pioneer in a battalion of engineers. They earned, at this occupation, the one a dangerous affection of the lungs, the other a momentary paralysis of the right arm.

But perhaps it is time to return to the Opera. When the architect, our friend Charles Garnier, proceeded to allot the works, he entrusted the voussures of the foyer to Baudry, who had already executed important decorative works at the Hôtel Fould, and elsewhere. The commission, like all State commissions, was neither well nor ill paid at the price of 140,000 francs. But when the artist learned that there was a talk of giving the ceilings and the spaces above the doors to another, he offered to paint the whole himself without increase of pay, thus reducing his reward to 280 francs per superficial mètre; the work occupies 500 mètres square.

Before drawing his first sketch, he made two journeys, one to London, and the other to Rome. At the Kensington Museum he copied the seven Cartoons of Raphael. At the Vatican he copied eleven enormous morsels of Michel Angelo, all to endue himself with the spirit of the masters, and to catch for himself le bon pli. That done, there only remained to shut himself for eight years in the damp building of the rising Operahouse. There he occupied three studios, one on the sixth story, another on the tenth, and the last quite at the top, under the cupola, whence neither cold nor heat could dislodge him. His whole life was there. He slept and ate in a loge de danseuse, furnished with his student's furniture. He lived whole months without seeing any other faces than those of his models and the old housekeeper, and very occasionally a friend.

It is thus that masterpieces are executed. It remains to be seen whether Paul Baudry's is one. I believe it is, but I am not infallible. Public opinion, which is not infallible either, but is the

If it confirm the verdict I have hazarded, you will see arise and spread a movement which neither the architect nor the painter has anticipated. If the public agree in recognizing in the work of Baudry a masterpiece of French art, thousands of voices will be raised in Paris to demand that these paintings be put out of danger of fire and destruction by gas. And nothing yet shows that this work, executed in the Opera-house for the Operahouse, will be placed at the Opera-house. EDMOND ABOUT.

THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON HISTORICAL
MANUSCRIPTS.

DURING the past year the Inspectors of the Royal Commission on Historical MSS. have examined no less than ninety collections of manu scripts, and accounts of nearly sixty of these collec tions are printed in the Appendix to the Fourth Report of the Commission, which has recently been issued. It is almost impossible to open the volume without the eye falling on matter of the greatest interest to the historian, especially as a very full analysis is given of most of the documents, and many papers of more than ordinary interest are printed in full.

The calendar of the MSS. in the House of Lords has now been printed as far as the end of the year 1641. These papers consist principally of petitions, warrants, and drafts of Acts, several of which did not pass. From many of the petitions, it is clear that the House of Lords was applied to, not only as a Court of Appeal, but as a means of obtaining speedy justice against powerful adversaries who might have brought undue influence to bear upon the ordinary courts of law. Reference was made in previous reports to the papers relating to Archbishop Laud's visitations, and many of these are now printed in extenso, viz., the articles propounded to, and the answers given by, the cathedral bodies of Canterbury, Salisbury, Exeter, Wells, Bristol, Rochester, Winchester, and St. Paul's, and Eton College, as well as orders given to the Chapters of Coventry and Lichfield, Gloucester, Norwich, Peterborough, and Worcester.

The articles require an exact account from the Chapters as to the observance of the Statutes and the Book of Common Prayer, the state of the buildings, the manner in which the canons and officers perform their duties, the sale of advowsons and offices, and many other particulars. At Salisbury the canons complain of movable seats in the nave, which cause much disturbance, and of fixed seats, not uniform, by which the beauty of the church is much blemished. The copes which formerly belonged to the same cathedral had been converted into pulpit cloths and cushions, and the tax called " coape mony" was then used for the repairs of the fabric. This, Laud suggests in the margin, may again be converted to its original purpose. At other cathedrals, the canons complain of the wearing of hats during service, the playing at "stopball" in the churchyard, and many other desecrations, especially at St. Paul's. In fact, the picture of cathedral life shown to us by these records is as minute as it is entertaining and instructive.

Another series of papers has been discovered in the same repository which have long been considered as lost. These are the depositions concerning the plot to seize the Marquis of Hamilton and the Earls of Argyll and Lanark in 1641, during the second visit of Charles the First to Scotland. In this plot, which is commonly known as "The Incident," the King was supposed to be implicated, if not to be the chief instigator of the attempt. The depositions were read in the Scotch Parliament, and sent to England immediately, "from whence," says Napier, "they have never been recovered." Sir Edward Nicholas writes to the King that they were left in his hands for the Lords of the Privy Council to read, but he was ordered to give no copies, and the publication of them was left to His Majesty's pleasure. On this letter the

King notes, "There needs no more." The depositions consist of the accounts of conversations of the Earl of Crawford and Mr. Murray, of the King's household, who endeavoured to gain the assistance of Lieut.-Col. Hurry and other officers in the carrying out of the plot. Hurry, not liking to be implicated in a conspiracy which might easily end in murder, gave information to the Lord General, Hamilton, and Argyll, which resulted in the discovery of the plot and the parliamentary inquiry concerning it.

Another series of papers, of which a full abstract is printed, is the correspondence between John Durye and Archbishop Laud, and other papers referring to the mission of the former to the Continent with the object of effecting a reconciliation between the Lutherans and Calvinists.

The papers at Westminster Abbey, of which a calendar is given in the Report, are those called "Miscellanea," and their character does not belie❘ their title. Some of the headings are as follows: -"Coquinarius," being accounts of the kitchen and other departments in the reigns of Henry the Seventh and Henry the Eighth; "Coronations," papers relating to coronations from Edward the Sixth; "Fabrick," warrants of Henry the Third and other kings, and other documents referring to the buildings and repairs of the Abbey. Among these is a grant by Edward the Fourth to one of the monks of certain frames for silk making, standing unused in the Abbey, which the grantee undertakes to find men to employ. Another parcel, entitled "Funerals," contains papers relating to burials in the Abbey, from that of Henry the Third to Wm. Pitt. Some of these have been printed by the Dean of Westminster in his Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey.' The right to take away the hearse and pall after a royal funeral was disputed for centuries by the Heralds' College and the Dean and Chapter, and a final agreement was made for dividing these perquisites in 1758, after the funeral of the Princess Caroline. There are also several inventories of the relics, plate, and jewels in the Abbey previous to the Reformation. Two documents in this parcel refer to the loan of the jewels on the shrine of Edward the Confessor to Henry the Third, for the purpose of raising money therewith. A parcel, entitled "State and History, King's Revenues, King's Works," consists almost entirely of documents concerning public affairs, not directly connected with the Abbey, ranging from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. From these examples the great variety of the subjects illustrated by the archives of the Abbey will be easily inferred.

The manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield House are too voluminous to allow of any extended notice being given of them, and the Report consists merely of a chronological list of the papers from the reign of Edward the First to 1587. The remainder, it is expected, will be included in the Report for next year. This collection, as our readers are doubtless aware, consists chiefly of the correspondence of Lord Burghley, and papers collected by him. There are many papers of interest, of the early part of the sixteenth century-among them, two letters from Wolsey to Gardiner, written during his disgrace, which have been hitherto unknown, and the Articles of the Church of England signed by Edward the Sixth; but during the period of Burghley's holding office under Queen Elizabeth there are letters and papers from all parts of England and the Continent, written in every week and nearly every day in each year, the writers being the Princes of Europe, ambassadors, and others whose rank and office give value to their information and opinions. “They are, in fact, indispensable to the historian and biographer, English or otherwise, who is engaged in studying the history of the sixteenth century.'" Among the numerous letters of Mary Queen of Scots in this collection, are copies and translations of Nos. 3 and 5 of the "Casket Letters," of which one differs from the version published by Buchanan, and is in a hand not yet identified. This, it is hoped, will supply fresh evidence for the elucidation of an historical problem of which so many writers

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The account of the manuscripts at Longleat belonging to the Marquis of Bath is continued in this Repor. There are a few early charters and a cartulary of Glastonbury Abbey, but the bulk of the papers are those left by Henry Coventry, who was Ambasador to Sweden and Secretary of State in the reign of Charles the Second. Five of the volumes contain the negotiations of the treaty of Nimegum. There are also some inedited letters of the firt Earl of Shaftesbury, and his petitions to the King while confined in the Tower in 1677; notices of Titus Oates, the Duke of Monmouth, Algernon Sidney, and Dorothy Lady Pakington, the reputed authoress of 'The Whole Duty of Man.'

Another important collection is that of the Earl of Denbigh at Newnham Paddox. Of these only a few volumes are reported on, containing the correspondence of Basil, second Earl of Denbigh, during his embassy in Italy, and afterwards, during the Civil War, in which he acted as commander of the forces of the Parliament in Worcestershire and the neighboring counties. Among these are several letters from the Duke of Buckingham to his mother, expressing great affection for her, and written in a lively ard pleasant style. Information about the same period will also be found in the Report on the MSS. of the Earl De La Warr, at Knole Park, as well as many papers of the reign of James the First, chiefly connected with Lionel Cranfield, Earl of Middlesex.

Nor must we entirely pass over without notice the evidence as to the parentage of Edmund Spenser, discovered in the collection of Col. Towneley, nor the correspondence between Wilkes and Junius, which was n the possession of the late Col. Macaulay, though we can do no more than call the reader's attention to them. Many of the collections to which we have not referred are nearly, if not quite, equal in interest to those already mentioned. The following is a complete list of the Reports:

England and Wales.-House of Lords; Westminster Abbey; Marquis of Salisbury; Marquis of Hertford; Marquis of Bath; Earl of Denbigh; Earl De La Warr; Lord De Ros; Lord Bagot; Lord Colchester; Lord Mostyn; Lord Fitz Hardinge; Sir John Lawson, Bart.; W. Beamont, Esq.; Col. Carew; J. R. Pine-Coffin, Esq.; the representatives of the late Col. Macaulay; J. R. Ormsby-Gore, Esq., M.P.; M. Ridgway, Esq.; J. J. Rogers, Esq.; Col. Towneley; G. F. Wilbraham, Esq.; the Cinque Ports; Emanuel and St. Catharine's Colleges, Cambridge; Balliol, Queen's, Magdalen and St. John's Colleges, Oxford; the parishes of Parkham and Hartland; and the Corporations of New Romney and Hythe.

Scotland.-Duke of Argyll; Countess of Rothes; trustees of the late Marquis of Breadalbane; Earl of Kinnoul; Earl of Fife; Earl of Selkirk; Lord Wharncliffe; Lord Monboddo; the Hon. Isabella Erskine Murray; Sir M. R. S. Stewart, Bart.; G. Buchan, Esq.; C. Dalrymple, Esq., M.P.; Col. Jas. M'Pherson; Col. Jas. M'Douall; Col. James Rattray; Andrew Wauchope, Esq.; and the burgh of Kirkcudbright.

Ireland.-Marquis of Ormonde; Viscount Gormanston; Sir R. O'Donnell, Bart.; Trinity College, Dublin; and the College of Irish Franciscans, Louvain.

PETRARCH'S BONES.

They keep his dust in Arqua, where he died. MANY of the readers of the Athenæum may, like myself, have been shocked on reading the statement of your Correspondent last week, "H. J.," that the well-known monumental tomb of Petrarch, erected by his son-in-law, Francesco di Brossano, in front of the church at Arqua, had been by "some villains desecrated in order to sell the bones, so that now we have no more left of Petrarch beyond his poems and the pure tradition of Laura." In the notes to 'Childe Harold' (Murray, 1832) we read the remarks of an intelligent traveller, that "Petrarch is laid, for he cannot be

said to be buried, in a sarcophagus of red marble, raised on four pilasters on an elevated base, and preserved from an association with meaner tombs. It stands conspicuously alone, but will soon be overshadowed by four lately planted laurels." A good mezzo-tinto engraving of this tomb will be found in Albertini's edition of 'Le Rime del Petrarca,' published by Ciardetti (Florence, 1832). In the notes above quoted, we further read that "the only violence which has been offered to the ashes of Petrarch, was prompted, not by hate, but veneration. An attempt was made to rob the sarcophagus of its treasure, and one of the arms was stolen by a Florentine through a vent which is still visible." The robbery here alluded to would seem to have been the one committed in 1630, when a humerus and a scapula were abstracted, but the thieves were taken and severely punished by the Senate of Venice. This circumstance is noticed by the Abbé di Sade, in his Mémoires pour la Vie de François Pétrarque,' Amsterdam, 1766, Vol. III., and he refers the reader to Tomasini ('Vita Summorum Virorum,' Padua, 1650) for the particulars of the procedure. If, since then, the other bones have disappeared, it would seem improbable that they should have been stolen to make money of them, as the attempt to sell them would involve the perpetrators of the atrocious act in self-condemnation. Possibly your Correspondent, "H. J.," may be able to afford some further information on this very interesting subject. In the Public Library_at Trieste there is a curious collection of Petrarchian relics, which was made by an enthusiastic admirer of the poet, the Dr. Domenico di Rossetti, who spared neither pains nor money to gather together from every available source whatever could be found and collected of Petrarch. The cabinet is unique of its kind here are paintings, prints, casts, busts, books, medals, and MSS., but there are no bones; had it been possible then to have procured any, we may be sure that they would have been added. It is true that rather more than twenty years have elapsed since Prof. Lugniani, the courteous librarian, drew my attention to these relics, so that there has been time since to add to them. If Petrarch's tomb be indeed empty, much as Dantophilists may commiserate the misfortune after death of the lover of Laura,-if to have one's bones prematurely dispersed be indeed

misfortune, though Petrarch, who cared nothing about them, would not have thought so, they cannot but congratulate themselves that better luck has befallen the bones of Dante, which, with the exception of the lower jaw and a few phalanges, are now quite safe in their tomb at Ravenna, How these bones came to light a few days after the Dante Festival in Florence of 1865, is related in extenso in the Athenæum for September 9, 1865 (No. 1976); and it would form a pleasing appendage to that narrative if the bones of Francesco Petrarca, unhappily missing, could be found again in an equally miraculous manner, and the discovery duly chronicled in the pages of the AtheH. C. BARLOW.

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*** Our learned correspondent, Dr. Barlow, will be glad to hear that Petrarch's bones were safe last December, when the tomb was opened, and the bones were found spread upon a board. We mentioned this in our number for April 11. Perhaps, however, the resting-place of the poet may have

been desecrated since that time.

CARDINAL POLE.

Harting Vicarage, Petersfield. IN Dean Hook's life of Cardinal Pole, somewhat doubtful mention is made of his birth at Lordington, about seven miles north-west of Chichester, in 1500. It is singular, however, that, in a charming volume, the Dean seems to have overlooked the fact that the Cardinal had other ties to the neighbourhood of his birthplace. Had the Dean consulted the archives of his Cathedral, he would have found, in the Register of Bishop Robert Sherburn (Bishop of Chichester, ab anno 1508), page 52, that April 10, 1526, is the date of the admission

of "Reginald Pole (who is described as clericus) to the Rectory of Harting, Chich. Dioc., vacant by resignation of William Gibson, last rector; patron, Henry Pole, Lord Montague (uncle of Reginald), acting in commission for Sir Roger Lewknor and Lady Constance, his wife, patrons of the Church for this turn," &c.

It further appears, page 78 of same register, in a list of Pensions, that, April 13, 1526 (three days after his institution), Reginald Pole made a pension of 241. out of the fruits of the rectory of Harting, part of which was to pay for the salary of Warblyngton diocese, Winton, another place in the neighbourhood of Lordington.

Reginald Pole continued to be rector of Harting, for the Valor Ecclesiasticus (1535) describes him as rector of Harting (" clericus rector ibidem "). My object in writing to you is to ask whether, as the Cardinal was not in priest's orders till his appointment to the see of Canterbury, clericus was the usual designation of a deacon? The rectory of Harting is sinecure. H. D. GORDON.

DR. BEKE.

THE late Dr. Charles Beke, F.R.G.S., F.S.A., &c., was a man whose labours in the fields of ancient history, geography, and ethnography entitled him to a foremost place among the literary men of the present day. He received early in life a commercial education, and though at one time he had thoughts of embracing the legal profession, the utilization of the commercial products of foreign lands seems throughout his life to have been with him a more favourite aim, while exploration, considered as a necessary means towards the development of new countries, ever found in him a ready supporter. His 'Origines Biblice; or, Researches in Primæval History,' published in 1834, was one of the earliest attempts to re-cast early history from geological data. Its appearance, however, provoked a shower of adverse criticisms, and foremost among these may be mentioned Dean Milman's well-known article in the Quarterly Review. There is little doubt that the 'Origines' was a work somewhat in advance of its age, and that this really accounted for its unfavourable reception among those who held fast by traditional interpretations of Scriptural history. The author's views respecting the advance of the land at the head of the Persian Gulf have since been strikingly confirmed by the researches of Col. Chesney's Expedition, as well as by those of Sir Henry Rawlinson. In the same work ('Origines Biblicæ') the author had made known his views regarding the true position of Harran, in Padan-Aram, the residence of the Patriarchs, and in 1861 he set out for Syria, in company with his wife, in order to verify his opinions on the point. An account of this journey was written by Mrs. Beke in 1864, and entitled 'Jacob's Flight,' &c., and a short narrative appeared in the 32nd volume of the Royal Geographical Society's Journal.

Beke's geographical labours were, perhaps, of more acknowledged importance; and his two-anda-half years' sojourn in Abyssinia, from 1840 to 1843, during which period he fixed by astronomical observations the latitude of more than seventy stations, roughly mapped about 70,000 square miles of country, and collected vocabularies of thirteen languages and dialects spoken in Abyssinia, was considered so valuable a contribution to our knowledge of the country, that it earned for him the Gold Medals of the Royal Geographical Society and of that of France. In 1848 he started from Zanzibar, with the intention of exploring the Upper Nile, and, though unsuccessful in his object, he acquired a store of information on the subject of Equatorial Africa, that great field for exploration, which, perhaps, from its very vastness, has done so much to set geographers by the ears. His work on the subject was entitled "The Sources of the Nile,' and was published in 1860.

Dr. Beke's action in the matter of the Europeans imprisoned by King Theodore will probably be fresh in the memory of most of our

readers.

On his own responsibility he set out for Abyssinia, and was successful in obtaining the release of the captives, though the monarch aterwards revoked his merciful decision. The narrative of Gerrit de Veer's 'Voyages towards Cathay and China, published by the Hakluyt Society, was edited by Dr. Beke, and he also deserves special mention for being the author of the Bill passed by the late Sir Robert Inglis, by which British Consuls abroad were empowered to solemnize marriages.

At the commencement of the present year funds were providea oy Sir Walter Tevelyan, Baron Rothschild, and other gentlemen, in order to enable Dr. Beke to pay a visit to Sinai, to determine more satisfactorily the real ste of the Mount of God. His pre-conceived notior was that it was a volcano, and situated east of the Gulf of Akabah, and not west, as generally supposed. Although he appears to have satisfied himself on the latter point, his views were vigorously combated by Prof. Palmer, of Cambridge, and others. Dr. Beke's numerous papers read before he Royal Geographical Society, the British Assocation, the Philological Society, and other learned lodies, not to speak of larger and better-known works, indicated above, together sufficed to stamp him as a geographer, philologist, antiquarian, and Biblical critic of no ordinary merit. He died in the seventy-fifth year of his age.

At the time of his decease he was engaged on an account of his journey to Mount Sinai, and also a sort of second volume of the 'Origines Biblica,' but is not more than half-finished. With tais journal Dr. Beke had been connected for many years, and a large number of articles from his pen have appeared in our columns. Dr. Beke had been granted, in 1870, a pension on the Civil List, in consideration of his important public services; but this pension he has unfortunately not lived to enjoy long. We are sure we are but echoing the wish of literary men as a body, when ve express an opinion that it would be a just and graceful act to continue the pension to the widow.

HISSARLIK AND MYCENÆ.

Athens, July 18, 1874.

On the 18th of July, in the year of grace 1871, Herr Heinrich Schliemann testified his great grati tude to the Minister of Public Instruction of the Ottoman Empire, Hafvet Pasha, because by a purchase which the Minister had made at Hissarlik of ground which the proprietors, according to Herr Schliemann, had refused to sell to him at any price, the Minister had removed all the obstacles which lay in the way of Herr Schliemann's excavations at Hissarlik, the spot destined to turn out the Ilion of Homer! In the same petition Herr Schliemann begged the enlightened and benevolent Minister (these are Herr Schlieman's own expressions) to be good enough to furnish him with a letter from the Grand Vizier for the Governor of the Dardanelles that he might enjoy the latter's protection. He engaged to conduct the excavations at his own expense, and to share with the Imperial Ottoman Museum all that he should discover at Hissarlik. The United States Minister at Constantinople, Mr. John P. Brown, having vigorously supported the request of Herr Schliemann, a convention was made between the German and the Pasha, in which Herr Schliemann promised to give the half of whatever objects he might discover at Hissarlik to the Imperial Ottoman Museum.

Herr Schliemann, on his return from Hissarlik to Athens, where he has taken up his abode, announced in the Greek newspapers that he had discovered at Hissarlik the Ilion of Homer, the palace of Priam, and his treasure, and that in order to transport the latter to Athens, he (Herr Schliemann) had been obliged to make the Turkish guards who were watching him drunk! He invited the Athenians to come to his house and see the treasure of Priam, and he promised to build for it a museum, costing 200,000 francs, and solemnly assured the Athenians that on his death they should be the sole heirs of it. As a reward for so many sacrifices,

he did not demand statues from the Athenians, but contented himself with their friendship and the permission to make excavations at Mycenae, where he was sure to discover the treasure of Agamemnon, which also, on his death, should revert to the Athenians. They having had enough of the treasures of Laurium, and having learned to their cost that one ought to seek treasure in industry and honesty, were not excited by the treasury of Priam, or by the promises of Herr Schliemann. However, not to appear in the matter of excavations and antiquities inferior to the Turkish Minister, and Rhenish and Champagne flowing abundantly, they gave him permission to dig at Mycenae under the sole restriction that he should be watched by a member of the Archæological Society. The negotiations having broken down because Herr Schliemann wanted to make his excavations on a grand scale, and to employ 200 workmen, while the Archæological Society, in order to be able to keep a watch on his proceedings, would not allow him to have more than fifteen to twenty men, Herr Schliemann betook himself clandestinely to Mycenae, and for some days carried on excavations; but the local authorities, being warned of this, stopped him from disinterring the treasure of Agamemnon. While Herr Schliemann was making all these promises to the descendants of Pericles, and was bargaining with them about the excavations at Mycenæ, it became known at Athens, through foreign newspapers, that he was negotiating a sale of the treasure of Priam, now to the Museum at Paris, now to that at London.

Mean time Herr Schliemann's revelations about the method by which he deprived the Imperial Ottoman Museum of its half of the treasure of Priam had produced so much irritation at Constantinople, that the Ottoman Government saw itself forced to ask Herr Schliemann, through the Minister of the United States, Mr. H. Boker, for explanations. The German answered (letter of November 4, 1873), that since Hafvet Pasha had robbed him by buying the land which belonged to private persons, he was quite justified in robbing the robber! But Herr Schliemann had previously expressed his gratitude to Hafvet Pasha for buying what the proprietors had refused to sell to Herr Schliemann at any price; and though now calling Hafvet Pasha a barbarian and an ignoramus, he had formerly styled him an enlightened and benevolent minister. And I may ask how, if the minister had not, as Herr Schliemann says he had not, the faintest notion of Homer or Troy, could express mention have been made of the celebrity of Troy in the letter of the Grand Vizier, addressed to the Governor-General of the Archipelago? The upshot has been that Hafvet Pasha brought the matter before the Athenian tribunals, re-claiming, in accordance with the convention made with Herr Schliemann, the half the objects found at Hissarlik. The tribunal of the first instance having declared itself incompetent to decide on disputes between foreigners, the question was submitted to the Royal Court, which, basing its decision on Article 27 of the civil procedure combined with Art. 19, § 5, regarding cases where effects belonging to foreigners may have been seized in Greece, declared the Greek tribunals competent to decide on disputes between foreigners, and consequently ordered the precautionary seizure of the treasure of Priam. But the treasure had disappeared from Herr Schliemann's house, so a sequestration was put on his house, furniture, and the bonds he had at the National Bank. After the decision of the Royal Court, Herr Schliemann addressed a proclamation to the Athenians, in which he announced that he had constituted them heirs of the treasure of Priam, and appealed to the Areopagus, or Court of Cassation, against the decision of the Royal Court. Yet, after this last proclamation, we learn from the Débats (June 23) that Herr Schliemann disinherits the Athenians, and makes the Louvre the legatee. Through this new testamentary disposition Herr Schliemann has a good chance of exporting the treasure of Priam. Judging by all this, I think that one should be

very cautious in believing in the discovery of the city of Ilion and the treasure of Priam. If, contrary to the opinion of all the ancients, which the great authority of Thucydides confirms by never naming the city of Ilion, Herr Schliemann has found at Hissarlik the Pergamus in which were the palaces of Priam, of Hector, of Paris, as well as the temples of Apollo and Minerva, he ought to have found the Palace of Priam as the poet described it, that is to say, large and built of wrought stone (CeoToto Míolo), not of stones and earth. M. Conze, in the Deutsche Zeitung, No. 807 and 815, M. Bursian, in the Lit. Centralblatt, No. 10 (May 7, 1874), and M. Stark, in the Lit. Zeitung (Jan. 1874), have so thoroughly proved that the Troy of Herr Schliemann does not at all agree with the Troy of Homer, that it would be waste of time to say more.

I doubt much if the pottery discovered by Herr Schliemann at Hissarlik is all of the same origin; and the bronzes and marbles have not, in my opinion, as I told Mr. Newton when he was at Athens last year, the least appearance of belonging to ancient Greek art. Nor do the objects contain any inscriptions, Phoenician, Assyrian, or Egyptian. Wishing to have his support, Herr Schliemann sent M. Renan some specimens of his discoveries, on which he supposed he could read some Phoenician inscriptions; but M. Renan replied that, instead of Phoenician letters, he saw only some barbaric ornaments.

The barbaric representations on the pottery, as well as the supposed уλavкŵπis 'А0ým, are only imperfect impressions of early representations of the human form. Analogous representations have been found in several places. The gold and silver cups have nothing Greek about them at all. M. Piot, a man of extensive archæological knowledge, assures me that similar cups have been discovered in some cities in Russia, and that they are not to be referred to an older date than the sixth century after Christ. One must have studied Homer after the fashion of Herr Schliemann to see in one of them the δέπας αμφικύπελλον. The rings and round or cylindrical gold earrings are not artistically remarkable. The gold rings are like the espousal rings used to this day in various parts of the East.

I may refer the reader for architectonic, geogra phical, and mythological points to the dissertations of MM. Conze, Bursian, and Stark; and I may content myself with saying, that the supposed Trojan objects of Herr Schliemann make no greater impression on me than the manuscripts of Simonides. S. COMNÒS.

INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT.

29, Paternoster-row, August 3, 1874. As Mr. Mahony has some doubt as to first publication in America destroying an English author's copyright here, I shall be glad if he can refer to any instance where an English author has first published in America (U.S.A.) and at the same time retained a copyright in this country-I mean some sufficiently-important case, in which it was clearly to the advantage of some publisher here to reprint the book in defiance of the author, on the ground that the copyright in England had been lost by first publishing in America, and at the same time of sufficient importance for the author to resist such an invasion of his rights by trying the question at law.

E. R. (in his letter, in your publication of the 18th of July) cites two cases where English authors lost their copyright here by first publishing in America. But were these cases contested, or was it only that they were not of sufficient importance for the authors in question to trouble themselves about legal proceedings? I (and I am sure all interested in the matter) would like to know if there is any case recorded where an English author, having first published in America, succeeded in restraining

a reprint of that work in England without his consent. The action pending, mentioned by Mr. Mahony, between an English authoress and a German publisher, however it may be settled, is scarcely a case in point, not being an action against

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As matters are, I can easily understand why an English author would hesitate to experiment by first publishing in America. I have heard a plan suggested to secure a copyright for an English book in America and at the same time retain copyright here, viz., to get an American author to write an Introduction, or in some way participate in the authorship, which would make it impossible for others than those immediately interested to reprint the work in its entirety on either side of the Atlantic. But then, as one of the leading American publishers remarked upon the expedient, "No author here whose name is worth having would lend it for such a purpose."

I think that practically American authors are upon the same footing as English authors, and that they are denied copyright here; the instances where the plan has been resorted to of copyrighting in England a portion of an American book not having been so frequent or so important as to call for legislation until the whole question of International Copyright has been satisfactorily adjusted.

JOHN HOGG.

New Square, Lincoln's Inn.

IF your Correspondent, Mr. Mahony, will refer
to the case of Boucicault v. Delafield, reported in
the first volume of Hemming and Miller's
Reports,' p. 597, he will find that so long ago as
1863 it was decided by the present Lord Hatherley,
then a Vice-Chancellor, that a British subject who
first publishes in the United States of America
is, by force of the International Copyright Act
(7 & 8 Vict. c. 12), deprived of whatever benefits
he may be entitled to under that statute.
E. C. D.

Literary Gossip.

the points at issue.
prietors of more than one daily paper are taking
measures for bringing out their journals on the
Times or Non-Society plan.

It is said that the pro

VISITORS to the sea-side will do well to resist an attempt at extortion now frequently practised with regard to newspapers. It is becoming the custom at watering-places to demand half as much again as, or even double, the selling price of each paper-rather a heavy compensation for the trifling charge made by the railway companies for its conveyance.

WE regret to hear of the death of Prof Cosmo Innes, at the age of seventy-five. He was the author of a large number of works on Scottish History, Law, and Antiquities, and an active supporter of the Bannatyne, Maitland, and Spalding Clubs. In his own special department he was quite unrivalled, and his loss will, especially coming so close on Mr. Robertson's death, be severely felt by all students of Scotch history. His last years

were chiefly devoted to the preparation of an Index to the folio edition (A.D. 1124 to 1707) of the Acts of the Scots Parliament, and of an edition of the Rescinded Acts. Since 1846 he had been Professor of History in the University of Edinburgh, having succeeded the late Prof. Ferrier, when the latter went to St. Andrews.

MESSRS. ROUTLEDGE & SONS will shortly publish The Book of Table-Talk,' a volume of specimens of the conversations of distinguished men, selected by Mr. W. Clark Russell from numerous biographies, and from the collections of Spence, Drummond of Hawthornden, Lady Blessington, &c.

THE good citizens of Tournai are about to celebrate their annual fête in a somewhat original manner. A monster procession is to "walk the bounds," and to present before the eyes of the spectators the most memorable events in the history of the town displayed in a pageantry of extraordinary splendour. There is to be a band of Nervii marching to the combat; Philippe Auguste presenting the charter to the town; scenes from mediæval and modern history down to the Revolution of 1830. The town has actually voted 15,000 francs towards the expenses, and upwards of 20,000 francs more have been raised by private subscription. This is exclusive of almost fabulous sums voted by the various clubs and societies, and exclusive, too, of the cost of the dresses for this gigantic masquerade. More than 1,000 persons will take part in the cavalcade, and nearly 300 horses are to be "caparisoned" for the occasion. Inigo Jones and Ben Jonson never dreamt of so wondrous a mask.

THE Report of the Deputy - Keeper of the Public Records, which has just been published, contains calendars of charters belonging to the Duchy of Lancaster of the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, and of Chancery rolls of the Bishopric of Durham in the fifteenth century, which will be found of great service by all who are interested in the history of the Northern Counties. Mr. W. B. Sanders contributes to the Report an account of the Irish MSS. which have been photo zincographed at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, for the volume of Fac-similes of National Manuscripts of Ireland. These consist of Gospels, Psalters, and annals of the tenth, twelfth, and later centuries, preserved at Dublin, Oxford, Cambridge, and London. In the 'Gospels of Mac Regol,' from the Bodleian Library, there is a curious illumination, which Mr. Sanders describes minutely, representing a man charming a serpent. This seems a singular subject for an Irish artist, whose country has always boasted an immunity from venomous reptiles. Another remarkable THE New York Nation of July 23 says:peculiarity in the same volume is the use "The Sixth Annual Meeting of the American of the Lion as the symbol of St. John, and Philological Association was held at Hartford last of the Eagle as that of St. Mark. Mr. San-week (July 14-17). It was one of the largest and ders's account of all the volumes photographed is full and interesting, and is interspersed with extracts, some legendary and some his torical, but all curious.

A CONFERENCE between masters and men

took place, on Tuesday last, at the Freemasons'
Tavern, in reference to a demand made by the
compositors employed on weekly newspapers
for an increase of pay. Several modifications
of the men's memorial were suggested, that if
adopted might lead to a speedy settlement of

most successful meetings of the series, especially noticeable for the number of new members (about forty) and for the general excellence of the papers presented. It is, we think, the first meeting which has not been seriously annoyed and interrupted by wild and unsubstantial theories. The address of the President, Prof. March, delivered on the evening of July 14, was marked by a peculiar grace and humour, and was in the main devoted to a discussion of the future work of philology. It is significant that, like other eminent philologists (as Prof. Whitusy, a few years ago in our columns), he takes decided ground

in favour of a reform in English spelling. Of the papers read, the most important were two by Prof. Whitney upon the elements of speech; Prof. Short's, upon the Latin of the Vulgate; and two upon Indian philology by Dr. Trumbull. The most animated discussions were called out by papers upon the Greek subjunctive (that neverfailing theme), by Prof. Sewall, of Bowdoin, and upon the formation of the Latin perfect, by Prof. Harkness, of Boston. The citizens of Hartford received the Association with great hospitality, and did everything in their power to make the occasion an agreeable one. The next meeting is appointed for Newport. The new President is Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, of Hartford, one of the members to whom the success of the Association is largely due."

A CORRESPONDENT writes from Lisbon :"Some months ago Monsenhor Campos, a Canon of Pernambuco, who has travelled in the East and visited the Holy Places, published a book on the subject, calling it 'Jerusalem.' It was printed at the National Printing-Office of Lisbon, and illustrated with several plates, executed in Paris. The

book has been much talked about, as it was elegantly got up, and its author has received great praise from the Lisbon press and from men of letters generally. A telegram, however, just received from Brazil states that the journal Apostolo publishes certain documents proving that the 'Jerusalem' is simply a plagiarism, and is taken from the writings of the Spanish author, André Posada Araujo. As Monsenhor Campos know how he will dispose of the charges made by has returned to Brazil, literary men are anxious to the Apostolo."

o'clock P.M.

A DECREE of July the 20th, signed by the President of the French Republic, at length opens to students the records of the French Foreign Office every day from noon to four Personal authorizations from the Minister are required, but the work may be carried on by a third party, with the consent of the Keeper of the Records. Extracts and copies may be taken and used without the control of the authorities of the Records Office, from the earliest documents down to the Peace of Utrecht; but, if taken from documents dating from the Peace of Utrecht to the end of the reign of Louis the Fifteenth, they must, at the end of each day's work, be submitted to the Records Keeper. Documents of a later date are only communicated exceptionally, and under special conditions determined by the Minister. No collection of letters or set of documents may be integrally copied, with a view to subsequent publication, without special authorization.

and 15 are fortnightly: others appear at
longer intervals.

THE following is a curious and characteristic
record of an early wonder :-

"To be SEEN, Next Door to the Crown Tavern
in Threadneedle-Street, behind the Royal Exchange,
at One Shilling each. THE Surprising Fish or
Maremaid, taken by eight Fishermen on Friday
the 9th of September last, at Topsham Bar near
Exeter, and has been shewn to several Gentlemen
and those of the Faculty in the cities of Exeter,
Bath, and Bristol, who declare never to have seen
the like; so remarkable is this Curiosity among
the Wonders of the Creation. This uncommon
Species of Nature represents from the Collar-Bone
down the Body, what the Antients call'd a
Maremaid; has a Wing to each Shoulder, like
those of a Cherubim mention'd in History; with
regular Ribs, Breasts, Belly, Thighs, and Feet, of
a human Position, the Joints thereto having their
proper Motions, and to each Thigh a Fin; the
Tail resembles a Dolphin's, which turns up to the
Shoulders, the fore-Part of the Body very smooth,
but the skin of the Back rough; the back Part of
Teeth, two Eyes, Spout-holes, Nostrils, and a
the Head like a Lyon, has a large Mouth, sharp
General Advertiser, No. 1009, Jan. 23, 1738.
thick Neck."-See The London Daily Post, and

THIS advertisement has, in effect, been
often repeated, but it is the oldest of its kind
known to us :-

"ANY Gentlewoman who chuses to live in

pany, and Noise, in a good Air, may be accom-
private, in a neat clean house, retired from Com-
modated with all Manner of Necessaries, decent
Lodgings, and good Attendance, at a moderate
Expence. Those who have occasion are desired to
send a Penny-Post Letter to Mrs. Silver, a School-
mistress, between the Corn-chandler's and the New
Way in Orchard-street, Westminster, and they
shall be sure to have it answered the next Day; or
if they please the Person who has the Lodgings
will wait on them herself at any Part of the Town
as they shall appoint, at any Hour of the Day."-
See The London Daily Post, and General Adver-
tiser, No. 1010, January 24, 1738.

HERE is a queer announcement of a mar-
riage, referring to one of a family in certain
members of which Pope had considerable
interest :-

"We now hear for certain, that the Hon. Mr. Caryll, of Lady Holt in Sussex, a Gentleman of a most antient Family and fine Fortune in that county (commonly called Lord Carlyl) is married to Miss Molyneux, second Daughter to the Righ: Hon. the Lord Viscount Molineux of Lancashire, a Lady of real Merit, Beauty and Fortune; and no less admired for her Humility, Generosity and affable good Nature, than her present agreeable of all Ranks, renders him the Darling of his Consort, whose most engaging Behaviour, to People County, so that it may be truly said this happy Couple, so exactly united, are real Stocks of their noble Ancestors, whose Extraction and Characters are already too universally well known to need any additional Accomt of them."-See The London Daily Post, Monday, May 15, 1738.

AMONG new editions of modern standard works which it is desirable should be published, are 'The Letters of Horace Walpole,' 8 vols., and 'Memoirs of the Reign of George the Second,' 2 vols., by Lord Hervey. These books are now very hard to get; the American demand for the former has, it is said, absorbed the supply. The index of the former should-Clumsy and ornately obsequious as this parabe made descriptive; the latter work lacks an

index.

THE number of journals at present published in Sweden amounts to 256. Of these the most important, of course, appear at Stockholm, which can boast of as many as 78. Only five of these, however, are published daily. At Gothenburg there are published 12; at Upsal, 8; at Jonkoping, 8; and so forth. Of the newspapers taken collectively, 10 are published daily; 16 three times a week; 65 twice; and 77 once a week. Of periodicals not newspapers, 24 are monthly publications,

graph is, it is in better taste than the modern

Court announcement of the same kind.

SCIENCE

Principles of Mental Physiology, with their
Applications to the Training and Discipline
of the Mind, and the Study of its Morbid
Conditions. By William B. Carpenter, M.D.,
LL.D. (H. S. King & Co.)

THIS treatise is an expansion of the Outline
of Psychology contained in the fourth and
fifth editions of Dr. Carpenter's Principles of

Human Physiology, but omitted from the later ones, so as to leave room for new matter more strictly physiological. It appears that the author had originally intended to publish it in the "International Scientific Series," but

his material grew so considerably under his hands that it became necessary to issue it as an independent work. Its scope and substance are described in the Preface as follows:

"I now send it forth as a contribution to that Science of Human Nature which has yet (as it seems to me) to be built-up on a much broader basis than any Philosopher has hitherto taken as his foundation. To the character of a system of Psychology, this treatise makes no pretension whatever; being simply designed to supplement existing Systems of Physiology and Metaphysics, by dealing with a group of subjects, which, occupying the border-ground between the two, have been almost entirely neglected in both. Hence, in treating of Sensation, I have not entered into those details of the Physiology of the Senses which are readily accessible elsewhere, but have especially applied myself to the elucidation of the share which the impressions, but in the Production of Sensorial Mind has, not only in the interpretation of Sensestates not less real to the Ego who experiences them than are those called forth by external objects,-a topic of the greatest importance in reference to the value of all Testimony given under a Mental pre-conception. And, in like manner, I have done no more than enumerate a large pro

portion of those principal modes of mental activity, which are commonly designated as Intellectual 1 might have space to bring into clear view that Faculties, Propensities, and Emotions; in order that

distinction between their automatic and their volitional operation, which has long appeared to me the only sound basis, on the one hand, for Education and Self-discipline, and, on the other, for that scientific study of the various forms of vated, is, probably, the most promising field of abnormal Mental activity, which, rightly culti Psychological inquiry."

In fact, Dr. Carpenter is primarily concerned with the elucidation of the above-mentioned distinction between the automatic and the

volitional modes of intellectual activity, and with the proof that his doctrine on this subject is not inconsistent with recognized psychological laws and phenomena; but in the course of his argument he is obliged to touch upon so many questions affecting the constitution of the mind, that his work is fairly entitled to the name which he has given to it. In justifying his views he adduces a wealth of illustrations, derived, not only from the experiences, both normal and abnormal, of ordinary life, but also Finally, the principles which he lays down from the records of Mesmerism and Spiritualism. naturally suggest a variety of valuable rules for the training, discipline, and conduct of the mind. We have been thus careful in defining the objects which Dr. Carpenter appears to have in view because we are not quite sure that the connexion and subordination of the various aims of the treatise are marked in the course of it with sufficient emphasis and precision—that is, if, as we presume, it is intended to be intelligible even to those who have not made a special study of Psychological Science. However this may be, the author brings to his task not only great learning and remarkable acumen, but also an unusual faculty of facile and lucid exposition, which will, we hope, induce many to read the book who might

otherwise have thrown it aside after a cursory inspection.

With these general remarks, we turn to the consideration of the fundamental doctrines

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