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By THOMAS HARDY, Author of A Pair of Blue Eyes," Under the Greenwood Tree.' With 12 Illustrations. 2 vols 218 [Early in November. "If Far from the Madding Crowd' is not written by George Eliot, then there is a new light among novelists.....A high intellectual treat."-Spectator. "Comparatively little has been said about Far from the Madding Crowd'since it was discovered to be not the work of George Eliot, as was at first supposed; but the novel is one of the most remarkable that has appeared in any magazine for years."-Examiner. THIS WORK-A-DAY WORLD. By HOLME LEE, Author of 'Sylvan Holt's Daughter,' The Beau tiful Mies Barrington,' The Vicissitudes of Bessy Fairfax,' &c. In 3 vols. WYNCOTE. By Mrs. THOMAS ERSKINE, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1874. LITERATURE Sir Robert Peel. An Historical Sketch. By Henry, Lord Dalling and Bulwer. (Bentley & Son.) DIPLOMATIC work, one would think, ought to furnish an excellent training for, at any rate, some kinds of authorship, requiring, as it does, great skill in plain speaking when plain speech is desirable, and greater skill in cautious utterance when it is expedient to suppress certain facts and opinions and to propound others in very guarded phraseology. Having to be as prudent and as observant as a lawyer, and at the same time to have far more power of varying his speech to suit various listeners than most lawyers need to possess, a diplomatist should be able to write attractive and effective books, especially on all sorts of political subjects. The late Lord Dalling certainly had that power; but there are not many other members of his profession to whom a place can be assigned, even very much lower than his, in the list of deservedly successful authors; and in his case the power began to be exercised too late in life for it to be as generally useful as it might otherwise have been. His two volumes of 'Historical Characters' gave a brilliant promise, which his bulky fragment on Lord Palmerston did not adequately realize; and the slight sketch of Sir Robert Peel now before us appears to be the last outcome of his mature political thought and critical acumen that the public can hope for. Its publication has been delayed, we are told, on the supposition that other contributions to his series of "historical characters" might be discovered, and issued with it in a larger volume; but they have not been found. Passages equal to the best that can be met with in Lord Dalling's other writings occur in this sketch of Peel. But it is hardly a specimen of his best work. Having little to say in it about foreign politics, he could make no use, or next to none, of his own experience, and of the political knowledge in which he was most proficient; and now and then he felt it necessary to treat of topics with which his acquaintance seems to have been very superficial. He gives, for instance, a comical account not exactly faulty, but childishly simple and altogether inadequate, if an account was to be given at all-of the financial troubles which grew out of the paper currency sanctioned in 1797, and for the correction of which it became necessary to procure a resumption of cash payments by the measure known as Sir Robert Peel's Bank Act of 1819. It is rather singular, too, that, having chosen to give half a dozen pages to the antecedents and circumstances of that Act, Lord Dalling should have spared only a quarter of a sentence to its more famous sequel, Peel's greatest financial exploit, the Bank Charter Act of 1844. Like disproportion in the treatment of topics often occurs in the course of the volume; into the pages of which, also, a great many topics appear to have been needlessly introduced, some of them to be handled or touched upon without much intelligence. We do not see why Lord Dalling should have attempted to incorporate, with a personal sketch of Peel's life and character, a general résumé of all the leading events in English history during some forty years. Only a professional compiler of cram-books for competitive examinations could do that with any sort of success within the space Lord Dalling allowed himself; and Lord Dalling had none of the talents proper to a compiler of cram-books. His historical epitomes will not, we should think, be intelligible to readers who know nothing of the recent annals of their country, especially as they are rarely supplied with dates; and readers who do possess such knowledge will care nothing for the dry paragraphs that break the continuity of a sketch, whose only and great attractions are its brilliant touches of criticism, and its sober judgments on the character and conduct of Feel and some of his contemporaries. Those attractions, however, amply compensate for any defects that there may be in the volume. Lord Dalling's estimate of Sir Robert Peel will doubtless be endorsed by posterity. He was, pre-eminently, "the practical man,' who " opposed everything which at such a day or year was impracticable," and who "supported and carried through almost every great question of his day when it became practical." He was a time-server, but an honest time-server. That is the pith of Lord Dalling's account of Peel, and he elaborates it with great care and skill. It must never be forgotten that Peel was destined from the cradle for the Premiership, and carefully trained for that post from the time when he went to Harrow, as Byron's form-fellow, until a seat in Parliament was bought for him as soon as he was of age, in 1809. Lord Dalling does not ignore this; but he does not quote the remarkable confession on the subject which the first Sir Robert Peel made to the House in 1819. The occasion was the memorable one when father and son were at public variance about the Bank Restriction Act. "I well remember," said old Sir Robert, "when the relation I have alluded to was a child, I observed to some friends that the man who discharged his duty to his country in the manner Mr. Pitt had done was the man of all the world the most to be admired and the most to be imitated; and I thought at that moment that, if my life and that of my dear relation should be spared, I would one day present him to his country, to follow in the same path." Though not quite a correct copy of Pitt, and fortunately so, the present was a good one for the worthy old cotton-spinning Tory to make to his country, notwithstanding that there was at first some truth in O'Connell's description of young Peel, also omitted by Lord Dalling, as a raw youth, squeezed out of the workings of I know not what factory, and not passed the foppery of perfumed handkerchiefs and thin shoes." in order to show, not only that there was shrewd statesmanship in his policy throughout, but also that there was not really a change of policy. The apology is clever, and to some extent convincing. Peel was an honest Protestant of the old school, his father's school, when he entered public life. He recognized as an abstract principle that justice was due to the Irish Catholics, and that justice entitled them to the concessions they asked for; but he thought the granting of justice in one respect would lead to such larger claims for justice as would altogether ruin the Protestant ascendency, and the cause of Protestantism was superior to the cause of justice. That was his avowed opinion in, or soon after, 1812. It was his opinion in 1828. But in 1828 he began to be convinced that Protestantism, however noble its cause, could not hold its own in Ireland without at any rate some show of justice, and that a change of strategy was necessary. At the first stage he said, "You will lose your citadel unless you maintain your outworks." At the second stage, his argument was, "Unless you abandon your outworks and concentrate all your strength in defence of your citadel, both citadel and outworks will be wrested from you at once." He dreaded a civil war, in which justice would be stronger than Protestantism, and, foreseeing all the peril of the concession, he thought it better to bribe justice with a portion of her due than to allow all to be won by fratricidal strife. So Lord Dalling mainly accounted for Mr. Peel's change of tactics on the Catholic question; and, if it helps his credit, it may be admitted as substantially correct; but Lord Dalling also recognizes, though he does not seem to give sufficient prominence to, the fact that there was a Premiership just now to be bid for; and strange to say of an English Parliament before the Reform Bill-that the best passport to the Premiership was a certain recognition of the claims of justice. The Premiership was not won, however, till fifteen years had passed, and then it was only retained by another great concession, one in which Sir Robert Peel was probably more guided by conscience than in the first concession. Even his father, as early as 1815, had opposed the tax on corn. If there was any dishonesty in his policy regarding the corn laws, it was rather, we imagine, in his tolerating them for so long than in his at last consenting to their repeal. But, as Lord Dalling says little on this period of Sir Robert Peel's life, it is not for us to enlarge upon it. The choice morsel of the volume before us is Lord Dalling's personal description of Peel as he appeared to his critic in, and shortly after the year 1830, when Sir Henry Bulwer first entered Parliament : "He was tall and powerfully built. His body somewhat bulky for his limbs, his head small and That sarcasm was uttered in 1812, when well-formed, his features regular. His countenance the "raw youth" was made Secretary for but it was capable of taking the expression he was not what would be generally called expressive, Ireland, soon by the vehemence of his anti-wished to give it, humour, sarcasm, persuasion, Catholic policy to win the nickname of and command being its alternate characteristics. "Orange Peel." "Peel now fills the important The character of the man was seen more, however, place of spokesman to the intolerant faction," in the whole person than in the face. He did not wrote Sir James Mackintosh in 1817. Lord stoop, but he bent rather forwards; his mode of Dalling carefully traces the course taken by Peel walking was peculiar, and rather like that of a cat, from the time when he first appeared as the cham- but of a cat that was well acquainted with the pion of bigotry to the time when he boldly doubt or apprehension; it could hardly be called ground it was moving over; the step showed no advocated and procured the very moderate stealthy, but it glided on firmly and cautiously, reform known as the Catholic Emancipation, without haste, or swagger, or unevenness, and, as he hastily walked from the bar to his seat, he looked round him, as if scanning the assembly, and when anything particular was expected, sat down with an air of preparation for the coming contest. The oftener you heard him speak, the more his speaking gained upon you. Addressing the House several times in the night on various subjects, he always seemed to know more than any one else knew about each of them, and to convey to you the idea that he thought he did so. His language was not usually striking, but it was always singularly correct, and gathered force with the development of his argument. He never seemed occupied with himself. His effort was evidently directed to convince you, not that he was eloquent, but that he was right. When the subject suited it, he would be witty, and with a look and a few words he could most effectively convey contempt; he could reply also with great spirit to an attack, but he was rarely aggressive. He seemed rather to aim at gaining the doubtful than mortifying or crushing the hostile. His great rivals, Canning and Brougham, being removed, he no doubt felt more at his ease than formerly; and though there was nothing like assumption or pretension in his manner, there was a tone of superiority, which he justified by a great store of knowledge, a clear and impressive style, and a constant readiness to discuss any question that arose. Lord John Russell had not then the talents for debate which he subsequently displayed. Lord Palmerston had only made one or two great speeches. Sir James Graham was chiefly remarkable for a weighty statement. Mr. Charles Grant had lost his once great oratorical powers. Mr. Macaulay was only beginning to deliver his marvellous orations. O'Connell, mighty to a mob, was not in his place when addressing a refined and supercilious audience. Mr. Stanley, the late Lord Derby, surpassed Sir R. Peel and every one else in vivacity, wit, lucidity, and energy. But he struck you more as a first-rate cavalry officer than as a commander-in-chief. Sir Robert, cool and self-collected, gave you, on the contrary, the idea of a great, prudent, wary leader, who was fighting after a place, and keeping his eye during the whole of the battle directed to the result; you felt at least, I felt-that without being superior to many of his competitors as a man, he was far superior to all as a Member of Parliament; and his ascendency was the more visible as the whole strength of his party was in him." In order to make room for this long extract, we have avoided making any others. But we could not cite a better illustration of the writer's powers as a literary portraitpainter and critic. Present readers and future historians will regret that Lord Dalling did not live long enough to sketch some more of the "historical characters" of his time. Autobiography of A. B. Granville, M.D., F.R.S. Edited, with a Brief Account of the Last Years of his Life, by Paulina B. Granville. 2 vols. (H. S. King & Co.) DR. GRANVILLE was a sort of Gil Blas or Anastasius among doctors, passing as he did through so many phases, appearing in SO many forms, and possessing throughout a selfappreciation and self-assertion which we do not say were unjustifiable, but without which some men would have no reputation at all. Dr. Granville was English in look and bearing, and his name was one familiar to English ears; but he was, in fact, an Italian. He was born in Milan, in 1783, and his name was Agostino Bozzi, One of his maternal ancestresses was an English lady named Granville, and this name he adopted when he made up his mind to settle in England. Previous to his doing so, Bozzi had acquired some experience of the world in the course of a variety of incidents and circumstances. A quick lad, he got on at college. He felt an inclination towards the Church (of Rome, of course), but his tastes eventually took him towards surgery. towards surgery. From this he was diverted by the conscription law of 1802, to escape which he joined a strolling company of actors. But having passed within the limits. of safety, he shook off dramatic companionship and practice, and looked about, when the world was turned upside down, to see where he could establish himself most comfortably. He wandered far beyond the limits of the wanderings of Ulysses, and for a much longer space of time. He had something of the craft of the hero, and conquered fortune almost from the first. After much variety of life, told with considerable spirit, we find Signor Bozzi turning up in the Ionian Islands, learning Romaic, and leading a somewhat gay life. Here the late Mr. W. R. Hamilton, Private Secretary to the British Embassy at Constantinople, felt himself, he said, in a the responsibilities of "Physician" to the position to offer Bozzi the title, and, indeed, aforesaid Embassy; and the autobiographer assures us he "jumped at the offer." In the description of the voyage to Stamboul, which is given at length, the Doctor passes to the birthplace of Esculapius, and is naturally grieved at finding that very original practitioner altogether for gotten. How it fared with the wandering physician's patients in the Turkish capital, we cannot say; but we afterwards find the young Milanese second physician to the Turkish fleet. Subsequently, after resigning this office, he temporarily served in the Active; and his next character was that of supercargo of a Venetian polacca. The supercargo visited Spain, made note of all that he saw afloat and ashore, sang Modinhas, pinched the guitar, travelled into Portugal, accepted and resigned a medical appointment on board a Portuguese man-of-war, and (with views upon England) assumed the name by which he is better known to us of Granville. But first he traversed half the seas of the world as naval surgeon in various English ships, and with slight knowledge of the English language. The events of this sort of life are well told. Ultimately, he settled down in London in 1813, and, while waiting for patients, he gave lessons in Latin, mathematics, and chemistry. Perhaps, we should say that Mr. Granville performed the office of a private tutor, while he learned how he should deal with patients when his waiting time was over; for his first step was to become a pupil at Westminster Hospital. He became a M.R.C.S.; but the patients failed to arrive. Consequently, in the eventful year 1814, he left his English wife and young children, and "carried despatches" to Italy. If he had any other business in that country, Mr. Granville keeps it to himself; but he candidly lets us know that the Austrians looked upon him as a spy. For this there appears to have been no foundation. As the results of his residence and goings to and fro in Italy, we have several readable chapters. We may add one proof of the political sagacity of the bearer of despatches. He was the first, he tells us, to recommend a prince of the House of Savoy as King of a united Italy. Many other examples of his political foresight, and, indeed, professional also, may be found in these amusing pages, from which we learn that the history of the world might have been much changed if Mr. Granville had only been heeded; and that some great personages would not have gone the way they did-at least, not so early-had he and his potent cunning only been called in to deal with them. It is, however, from this year 1814 that Mr. Granville may be considered as permanently settled in England. He was, nevertheless, a frequent journeyer abroad, and he never came back without adding volumes to medical or general literature. The absences were sometimes long enough to induce persons to suppose that he was still an erratic medico, and, in truth, he was not fairly Dr. Granville till, in 1817, he successfully passed an examination before the Royal College of Physicians. We have an example of his character in his exclamation when, on arriving near London, he heard of the death of the Princess Charlotte, "Too late, too late!"-as if he had really been called in to save that ill-fated lady, possessed the common sense to call him in and would have done so, had her friends only time. Dr. Granville's practice undoubtedly became large. One patient believed that if he could not secure a sufferer's rescue, no other practitioner need try. One such invalid makes many, and Dr. Granville had troops of them, till age rendered him unequal to the labour. His declining years were devoted to this Autobiography, which is edited by his daughter with taste and judgment. Dr. Granville was a Protestant and almost a nonagenarian when he died. We add a specimen or two of a work which is sure to find readers. The scene here is at Leghorn "While in the grand palco at the theatre, I had pointed out to me, in one of the boxes, a lady who in her day had played a part of no trifling popu larity. I allude to the Countess d'Albany. Having ascertained her address this morning, the I drove thither, and presented the letter I had moment I quitted the office of Count Spanocchi, brought, introducing me to her acquaintance, from one of the intimate friends of Alfieri, not many years dead, with whom it is well known the widow of the Pretender, Charles Edward, had lived in habits of the greatest intimacy. But Eloise was she had been of the Apollinean muses, for on the as fond of the pictorial art, it is to be supposed, as with living with a man the very antipodes of death of her dolcissimo vate, she contented herself Alfieri in mind and body, a Monsieur Fabre, a French painter, whose only merit was the having painted a miserable-looking portrait of the great tragic writer. The Countess d'Albany, like most elderly ladies from central Germany, looked older than her age. At sixty-two all traces had entirely vanished of that beauty that had for a time subdued a rough and drunkard Celtic prince, enslaved the greatest of modern tragic writers, and kept captive to the day of her death an obscure painter belonging to the most volatile nation in Europe. surviving graces of her manner could explain the Nothing but the prestige of her name and the desire travellers expressed on arriving at Leghorn to pay their respects to this last remnant of the Stolberg-Gelden, and of the Cardinal of York's families." The old practitioners did not cordially receive their Italian confrère: "Disguise it as we may, it is not the elevating of the science of medicine that is considered so much as the earning of money-the filthy lucre; and therefore to eject any one that might attempt to interfere becomes an act of necessity. There host), Warren, Pemberton, Babington, Maton, were, to begin with, Matthew Baillie (himself a Halford, Bright, Chambers, Blane, and, in my own |