LIGHT BROWN COD LIVER OIL PREPARED FOR MEDICINAL USE IN THE LOFFODEN AND PUT TO THE TEST OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. THE MOST EFFECTUAL REMEDY FOR CONSUMPTION, ASTHMA, GOUT, Chronic RHEUMATISM, AND ALL SCROFULOUS DISEASES. APPROVED of and recommended by BERZELIUS, Liebig, Woehler, Jonathan PEREIRA, FOUQUIER, and numerous other eminent Medical Men and scientific Chemists in Europe. Specially rewarded with Medals by the Governments of Belgium and the Netherlands. Has almost entirely superseded all other kinds on the Continent, in consequence of its proved superior power and efficacy-effecting a Cure much more rapidly. Contains iodine, phosphate of chalk, volatile acid, and the elements of the bile-in short, all its most active and essential principles-in larger quantities than the Pale Oils made in England and Newfoundland, deprived mainly of these by their mode of preparation. A Pamphlet by DR. DE JONGH, with detailed remarks upon its superiority, Directions for Use, Cases in which it has been prescribed with the greatest success, and Testimonials, forwarded gratis on application. The following are selected from some of the leading Medical and Scientific Testimonials, in favour of Dr. De Jongh's Cod Liver Oil. BARON LIEBIG, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Giessen, &c., &c. "SIR,-I have the honour of addressing you my warmest thanks for your attention in forwarding me your work on the chemical composition and properties, as well as the medicinal effects, of various kinds of Cod Liver Oil. "You have rendered an essential service to science by your researches, and your efforts to provide sufferers with this medicine in its purest and most genuine state must ensure you the gratitude of every one who stands in need of its use. "I have the honour of remaining, with expressions of the highest regard and esteem, "Giessen, Oct. 30, 1847. "Yours sincerely, "To Dr. De Jongh, at the Hague." The late Dr. JONATHAN PEREIRA, Professor at the University of London, Author of the "Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics," &c., &c. "MY DEAR SIR,-I was very glad to find from you, when I had the pleasure of seeing you in London, that you were interested commercially in Cod Liver Oil. It was fitting that the Author of the best analysis and investigations into the properties of this oil should himself be the purveyor of this important medicine. "I feel, however, some diffidence in venturing to fulfil your request by giving you my opinion of the quality of the oil of which you gave me a sample; because I know that no one can be better, and few so well, acquained with the physical and chemical properties of this medicine as yourself, whom I regard as the highest authority on the subject. "I can, however, have no hesitation about the propriety of responding to your application. The oil which you gave me was of the very finest quality, whether considered with reference to its colour, flavour, or chemical properties; and I am satisfied that, for medicinal purposes, no finer oil can be procured. "With my best wishes for your success, believe me, my dear sir, to be very faithfully yours, (Signed) "JONATHAN PEREIRA. Finsbury-square, London, April 16, 1851. "To Dr. De Jongh." Sold Wholesale and Retail, in Bottles, labelled with Dr. De Jongh's Stamp and Signature, by ANSAR, HARFORD, and Co., 77, STRAND, Sole Consignees and Agents for the United Kingdom and British Possessions; and by all respectable Chemists and Vendors of Medicine in Town and Country, at the following Prices: IMPERIAL MEASURE, HALF PINTS, 2s. 6d.; PINTS, 4s. 9d NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. THE BLACK SEA PROVINCES. THE passage of the Danube may be truly said, after the occupation of the Principalities, to constitute the most marked feature in the recent military operations of the Russians. One moment concentrating large bodies of troops in one direction, next marching them in another; one moment knocking at the iron gates of the Danube, the other evacuating Little Wallachia; one moment threatening a triumphant onslaught upon Rassova, Silistria, and Rustchuk; another unable to dislodge the Turks from the Karasu and Tchernavoda, still the positive advance made into the Dobrudscha, and the reduction of the Turkish fortresses on the right bank of the Lower Danube, are events full of political as well as of strategical import. Not the least striking of these result from the position of Russia in the presence of Austria, which rendered any further advance as questionable and as dangerous as carrying on further operations on the extreme right; second to these in importance is the position of Russia with regard to the Christian populations of Turkey, ever looking forward to insurrectionary movements, which, with some slight exceptions, never take place -those very exceptions so remote as scarcely to influence the strategic principles adopted by the hostile armies on the Danube in the slightest degree; trying by march and countermarch to foment rebellions where the very elements of such anarchical auxiliaries of a nefarious warfare do not exist, or awaiting more important uprisings which were stifled in the bud by measures of expulsion in their practical operation much to be regretted, but rendered by circumstances unavoidable and of first necessity. Thirdly, the position of Russia with regard to the enemy, which demanded a feint on the extreme left, to divert his attention to that quarter, while a more serious advance should be made on the centre-a feint which was the more easily unmasked, as the Russians could not, so long as the allies held possession of the sea, advance by the coast of the Euxine. They could only do so under cover of the Dobrudscha, along the banks of the Danube, a movement which has been tried apparently with as yet but indifferent success. Lastly, the position of Russia with regard to the allies, who, occupying the open waters of the Black Sea, might also materially affect the position of the Russians in the Principalities, cut off communications, interrupt supplies, impede progress in the centre, and threaten at any moment the extreme left of the whole army, by holding the mouths of the Danube, June-VOL. CI. NO. CCCCII. K. or advancing across the Dobrudscha from Kustanjah to the banks of the Danube itself. The line of operations of the Russian army stretches at the present moment over a distance of some 150 miles, from the Aluta to the mouths of the Danube. Its real force may be calculated at between 150,000 and 180,000 men. The centre extends from Giurgevo, opposite to Rustchuk, to Silistria and Rassova, and, having its reserve at Bucharest, will undoubtedly invest those strongholds, unless diverted by the attitude assumed by Austria in its rear, or by a bold attack made by the allies on its right and left wings. The right wing is stationed on the borders of Little Wallachia, and it has been lately reinforced by a second corps from Moldavia; its reserve is at Pilesti, or Ploiesti, an important town of Great Wallachia, thirty miles north of Bucharest. The left wing occupies the Dobrudscha and the mouths of the Danube, communicating, by Odessa, with the corps under Osten-Sacken; its reserve occupies Galatz and Ismail. The Turkish army, which, without the allies, may be estimated at from 120,000 to 130,000 combatants, is opposed right to left and left to right to this disposition of the Russians. The right wing at Trajan's Wall, the left in Little Wallachia, the centre at Rustchuk, Silistria, and Rassova, with Shumla for head-quarters, and a reserve, now reinforced by the allies, at Adrianople. Many condemn the attitude assumed by Russia, but under the circumstances-threatened by the allies on its extreme left, and by Austria in the rear-it appears to us the most commanding it could assume, at the same time that it preserved its line of retreat. It would appear, indeed, and the Russians have shown by their acts, that they are perfectly aware of the difficulties that lie before them. They have placed the strongest defences that were available—all the fortresses on the right and left banks of the Danube-between their centre and the allied fleets; they have withdrawn their extreme right, to operate purely defensively, to their centre; and they have thus protected, as well as circumstances and the number of men at their disposal enabled them, their centre of operations. They have at the same time steadily concentrated troops, as far as time would permit, to effect a decisive onward movement upon Silistria, Rustchuk, and Rassova—the reduction of which fortresses is a necessary preliminary to any further forward movement, and entails the loss to the Turks of their strongest line of defence-that of the Central Danube.* If, in the face of all difficulties, an onward movement is still determined upon, it is impossible not to concede that the passage of the Lower Danube, and the reduction of the fortresses of Matschin, Tultscha, Isaktchi, and Baba Tagh, thereby securing the possession of both banks of the river at its embouchure, was an act of great prudence; manifestly held in view for a long time previously, as shown by the intentional neglect persevered in, in allowing the river alluvia to accumulate, and impede the navigation of the only mouth open to vessels of any burden. By thus holding both banks of the mouth of the Danube, and impeding its navigation, the * Rassova is said to have fallen already, and Silistria, which is the only fortress on the Danube calculated to resist modern tactics for howsoever brief a period, has probably ere this suffered the same fate. object has manifestly been to prevent any communication by water between the allies in the Black Sea and the Turks in the central districts. It must be observed, that the Dobrudscha has always played a very important part in the military operations of Russia against Turkey. This remarkable tract of country is peninsulated by the curve which the Danube takes at Tchernavoda, to regain its original direction at Galatz and Matschin, and the Black Sea on the other side, the neck of the peninsula being defended by Trajan's Wall. To the north, this peculiar tract is intersected by the mouths of the Danube and by marshes and lagoons; some of which, as that of Bassain, are almost inland seas; above which rise the hilly heights of the Baba Tagh, or "Old Father Hills," and the Bash Tuppah, or "Five Hills," here and there picturesquely wooded, and which determined by their existence the devious curve of the Danube. Further to the south, the whole district forms a low, undulating down, which is only a little elevated above the sea-level. The soil consists of a grey sand, which absorbs all moisture. Water, when it falls upon the surface, meets with a substratum of porous limestone, and percolates through this also. It is lost labour to search for rivulets or springs. The little drinking-water there is can only be had at the few villages scattered here and there, at wide intervals, and it has to be drawn from wells that are eighty to a hundred feet deep. On account of this constant drought, and the small population, there is little or no attempt made to reclaim the land; and, indeed, forage is quite as great a rarity as corn. Neither haystacks nor granaries exist in these villages, for the grass and flowering plants alike wither away at the beginning of summer, leaving nothing but a boundless waving plain of dry stalks. The numerous flocks of sheep and herds of buffaloes graze at that season on the flats of the Danube and on its islets. Not a tree, and indeed scarcely a shrub, is to be seen anywhere, not even in the villages. That part of Bulgaria which lies on the other side of Trajan's Wall is quite as barren and desolate, equally without water and wood. This is the case beyond Bazardjik, even up to the very walls of Varna. Troops preparing to operate in such a region, must be provided with forage as well as means of sustenance--and that by ship. Varna, with barely a hundred houses within its walls, could do nothing towards the sustenance of an army. Buffalo flesh and mutton might be obtained from the neighbouring villages, or from the ports on the coasts of Asia Minor, and these with rice, always to be purchased at a moderate price in the eastern markets, ought to form the staple of the commissariat supplies. Shumla is so near to Varna, that although the town of Paravadi intervenes, fowls and eggs must by this time have become very scarce. Take it all in all, the allies would operate much more effectually in an economical as well as a military point of view, by concentrating their strength against the Crimea, than by dividing it to operate against the Russians in the Dobrudscha. Once in possession of the Crimea, besides the command given by such a position, the resources placed at their disposal would be immense, and while the position of the Russians on the Danube would be rendered almost untenable, the operations of the allies against them would be greatly facilitated. Under all circumstances, Varna should also be made a chief depôt, more especially for commissariat and hospital stores. The native boats could be made to contribute large supplies from Harakli, and from other points of the coast of Asia Minor. Harakli itself, from the importance of its neighbouring coal formations and other advantages, should be the seat of a commissary. The whole neighbourhood is rich, fertile, and productive, and as yet unscathed by war, or by the presence of large bodies of troops. In the immediate neighbourhood turkeys and geese-rarities in Asia Minor-abound, and an active commissary could extend his foraging expeditions to the rich, fertile, and populous valleys of Boli on the one side, and of the Parthenius, with the goodly town of Bartin, on the other. There are, indeed, many capital foraging stations along the northern coasts of Asia Minor, Amasarah-a port beloved by the GenoeseKidros, Bafra on the Halys, Samsun, a British vice-consulate, and even Sinope, would be very advantageous points. The latter naturally could do nothing of itself, but it still remains an available port from whence to ship supplies from the splendid granaries of Kastamuni and Tash Kupri. The uplands of what was once ancient Paphlagonia are especially rich in corn and other cereal products, hence Zaffaran Boli, Kastamuni, Tash Kupri, and Vizir Kupri are large and wealthy towns. The produce of many productive portions of this district could be shipped from Ineboli. The native boats, which abound at Harakli, Bartin, Ineboli, Samsun, and other ports, would quite suffice for these purposes. Samsun especially might be made to turn to account all the agricultural and pastoral wealth, if wanted, of Tcharchambah, Niksar, Marzirvan, Amasiyah, Tokat, Changri, and Angora, even to Siwas and Kaisariyah. We have a consular establishment to aid at the latter place. It is almost impossible to operate upon an enemy's lines of communication and at the same time secure a line of retreat in case of attack by a disproportionate force-objects which constitute the basis of all military operations-with only one line of operations, and the enemy blocking up the road to the object held in view by a well-chosen position. Hence, although the Russians make a show of advance through the Dobrudscha, such, if circumstances will allow, will not be their real base of operations. Aware of the importance of this inhospitable line of country as affording to the Turks a means of cutting off their line of retreat, they have never crossed the Danube with their main army before the fortresses of the Dobrudscha were reduced, and they always crossed it at the foot of the peninsula as long as Silistria was still in the hands of the Turks. This was the case in 1773 and 1774, in 1809 near Galatz, in 1810 near Hirsova, in 1828 at the mouth of the Danube, again in 1829, and now in 1854. Aware of the importance of the Dobrudscha, the Russians, by the peace of Bucharest, the treaty of Ackerman, and the peace of Adrianople, secured for themselves the command of the Danube below Galatz. The Russian fortresses of Ismail and Kilia were rendered superior to the Turkish forts of Matschin, Isaktcha, and Tultscha, even if the latter were not now in the hands of the Russians, the gun-boats or small steamers of the allied fleets could alone oppose the Russian flotilla at Ismail; the old Turkish bridge-heads at Brailow, Giurgevo, and Turno, on the left bank of the Danube, have been demolished; in short, the strength of the Dobrudscha north of the lines of Trajan, and particularly its front towards Russia, has been entirely broken up; the communication by water |