Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. amount. The merchandise is estimated at an advance of one hundred and twenty-five per cent. on the sterling cost. It appears to me that the amount of merchandise which the Indians have been in the habit of receiving annually, is the best standard by which to regulate the quantities necessary for them in the first instance they will always consume as much merchandise as they can pay for-and those with whom a regular trade has been carried on have generally received that quantity. The amount of their returns stated under and opposite the amount "M." are estimated by the peltry standard of St. Louis, which is forty cents per pound for deer-skins; i. e., all furs and peltries are first reduced by their comparative value to pounds of merchantable deer-skins, which are then estimated at forty cents per pound. These establishments are not mentioned as being thought important, at present, in a Governmental point of view. A. Grand Osage. C. Grand Zo. E. Two. F. G. 1,200. H. 5,000. I. At the three forks of the Arkansas river, and eighty leagues up the Osage river on the south side. J. Merchants of St. Louis. K. At their villages. L. 15,000. M. 20,000. N. Principally skins of the small deer, black bear, some beaver, and a few otters and raccoons. O. Small deer-skins, black bear, and a much larger proportion of beaver, otter, raccoon, and muskrat. P. About the three forks of the Arkansas river, six hundred miles from its junction with the Mississippi. Q. With all their Indian neighbors, except the Little Osage, until the United States took possession of Louisiana. R. With the Little Osage only. S. Claim the country within the following limits, viz: commencing at the mouth of a south branch of the Osage river, called Neangua, and with the same to its source, thence southwardly to intersect the Arkansas about one hundred miles below the three forks of that river; thence up the principal branch of the same, to the confluence of a large northwardly branch of the same, lying a considerable distance west of the Great Saline, and with that stream nearly to its source; thence northwardly towards the Kansas river, embracing the waters of the upper portion of the Osage river, and thence obliquely approaching the same to the beginning. The climate is delightful, and the soil fertile in the extreme. The face of the country is generally level and well watered; the eastern part of the country is covered with a variety of excel lent timber; the western and middle country high prairies. It embraces within its limits four salines which are, in point of magnitude and excellence, unequalled by any known in North Americathere are also many others of less note. The principal part of the Great Osage have always resided at their villages, on the Osage river, since they have been known to the inhabitants of Louisiana. About three years since, nearly one-half of this nation, headed by their chief, The Big Track, emigrated to the three forks of the Arkansas, near which, and on its north side, they established a village, where they now reside. The Little Osage formerly resided on the southwest side of the Missouri, near the mouth of Grand river; but being reduced by continual warfare with their neighbors, were compelled to seek the protection of the Great Osage, near whom they now reside. There is no doubt but their trade will increase. They could furnish a much larger quantity of beaver than they do. I think two villages on the Osage river might be prevailed on to move to the Arkansas, and the Kansas, higher up the Missouri, and thus leave a sufficient scope of country for the Shawnees, Dille wars, Miames, and Kickapoos. The Osages cultivate corn, beans, &c. O. The same as the Osage. Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. P. On the north side of the Kanzas river, at a bluff one and a half miles from its confluence with the Missouri. Q. With all nations within their reach. R. They are sometimes at peace with the Ottoes and Missouris, with whom they are partially intermarried. S. The limits of the country they claim is not known. The country in which they reside, and from thence to the Missouri, is a delightful one, and generally well watered and covered with excellent timber. They hunt on the upper part of Kansas and Arkanzas rivers. Their trade may be expected to increase with proper management. At present they are a dissolute, lawless banditti; frequently plunder their traders, and commit depredations on persons ascending and descending the Missouri river; population rather increasing. These people, as well as the Great and Little Osages, are stationary, at their villages, from about the 15th of March to the 15th of May, and again from the 15th of August to the 15th of October; the balance of the year is appropriated to hunt ing. They cultivate corn, &c. A. Ottoes. B. Wâd-doké-tâh-tâh. C. La Zóto. D. Missouri. E. Ottoes and Missouris, one. F. G. 120. H. 500. S. These are the remnant of the most numerous nation inhabiting the Missouri, when first known to the French. Their ancient and principal village was situated in an extensive and fertile plain on the north bank of the Missouri, I. South side of the river Platte, fifteen leagues just below the entrance of the Grand river. Re from its mouth. J. Merchants of St. Louis. peated attacks of the small-pox, together with their war with the Saukees and Renars, has K. On the Missouri, below the river Platte; reduced them to their present state of dependence not stationary, and at their villages. L. 4,000, including the Missouris. M. 8,000, including the Missouris. N. Principally deer skins, black bear, a greater proportion of beaver than the Osage, some otter and raccoons. O. Skins of the deer, black bear, beaver, otter, raccoon, muskrats, and wolves, buffalo robes, tallow and grease, bears' oil, deer and elk tallow, , elk skins dressed and in parchment, all in much larger quantities than they do at present. P. The Council Bluff, on the southwest side of the Missouri, fifty miles above the mouth of the river Platte. Q. With the Mahas, Pon'cârs, Sioux, the Great and Little Osage, Kanzas, and Loups. R. With the Panis proper, Saukees and Re nars. S. They have no idea of an exclusive possession of any country, nor do they assign themselves any limits. I do not believe that they would object to the introduction of any well-disposed Indians. They treat the traders with respect and hospitality, generally. In their occupations of hunting and cultivation, they are the same with the Kanzas and Osage. They hunt on the Saline, Nimmehaw rivers, and west of them, in the plains. The country in which they hunt on the Ottoes, with whom they reside, as well in their village as on their hunting excursions. The them amiss. These people are the real proprieOttoes view them as inferiors, and sometimes treat tors of an extensive and fertile country lying on considerable distance, and as low as the mouth of the Missouri, above their ancient village for a the Osage river, and thence to the Mississippi. Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. rats and wolves, buffalo robes, tallow and grease, elk skins and grease, also a number of horses. P. The Council Bluff, on the southwest side of the Missouri, fifty miles above the mouth of the river Platte. Q. With the Pania-pique, Great and Little Osage, Kansas, La Play, Sioux, Ricaras, and Paducas. R. With the Loups, Mahas, Poncars, Ottoes, Missouris, and Ayauwais. S. With respect to their idea of the possession of soil, it is similar to that of the Ottoes; they hunt on the south side of the river Platte, higher up and on the head of the Kansas. A great proportion of this country is open plains, interspersed, however, with groves of timber, which are most generally found in the vicinity of the water courses. It is generally fertile and well watered; lies level, and free of stone. They have resided in the country which they now inhabit, since they were known to the whites. Their trade is a valuable one, from the large proportion of beaver and otter which they furnish, and it may be expected yet to increase, as those animals are still abundant in their country. The periods of their residence at their village and hunting, are similar to the Kansas and Osages. Their population is increasing. They are friendly and hospitable to all white persons; pay great respect and deference to their traders, with whom they are punctual in the payment of their debts. They are, in all respects, a friendly, well disposed people. They cultivate corn, beans, melons, &c. A. Panias Republican. B. Ar-rah'-på-hoo. C. Republic. D. Pania. . R. Panias proper, and Panias Republican. S. These are also a branch of the Panias proper, who separated themselves from that nation many years since, and established themselves on a north branch of the river Platte, to which their name was also given. These people have likewise no idea of an exclusive right to any portion of country. They hunt on the Wolf river above their village, and on the river Platte above the mouth of that river. This country is very similar to that of the Panias proper, though there is an extensive body of fertile, well-timbered land between the Wolf river below their village, and the river Corn de Cerf, or Elkhorn river. They E. Panias proper and Panias Republican live cultivate corn, beans, &c. The particulars rela in the same village. F. G. 300. H. 1,400. I. With the Panias proper. J. Merchants of St. Louis. K. See page 1044 K. L. See page 1044 L. S. Are a branch of the Pania proper, or, as they are frequently termed, the Big Paunch. About ten years since they withdrew themselves from the mother nation, and established a village on a large northwardly branch of the Kanzas, to which they have given name. They afterwards subdivided, and lived in different parts of the country on the waters of the Kanzas river, but being harassed by their turbulent neighbors, the Kanzas, they rejoined the Panias proper last Spring. What has been said with respect to the Panias proper is applicable to these people, except that they hunt principally on the Republican ted of the other Panias is also applicable to them. They are seldom visited by any trader, and therefore usually bring their furs and peltry to the village of the Panias proper, where they traffic with the whites. Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. Q. Great and Little Osage, Kanzas, Loups, Ottoes, Missouris, and all the Sioux, except the Yankton Ahnâ. R. With the Panias proper, Panias Republicans, Yanktons Ahna, Saukees, Renars, and Ayouwais. E. Three. G. 500. I. On the south west side of the Missouri, 1,440 miles from its mouth. J. Merchants of St. Louis. N. Buffalo robes principally, a small quantity of beaver, small foxes and grease. O. Buffalo robes, tallow and grease, skins of P. About the mouth of the river Chyenne, on the Missouri, or at the mouth of the Yellow Stone River. S. They have no idea of exclusive possession of soil. About ten years since, they boasted 700 warriors. They have lived in a village, on the west bank of the Missouri, 236 miles above the mouth of the river Platte, where they cultivated corn, beans, and melons: they were warlike, and the terror of their neighbors. In the summer and autumn of 1802, they were visited by the small-beaver, small and large foxes, wolves, antelopes pox, which reduced their numbers to something and elk in great abundance: also otter, deer and less than 300; they burnt their village, and have grizzly bears. become a wandering nation, deserted by the traders, and the consequent deficiency of arms and ammunition, has invited frequent aggressions from their neighbors, which have tended to reduce them still further. They rove principally on the waters of the river Quicurre, or Rapid river. The country is generally level, high, and open it is fertile, and tolerably well watered. They might easily be induced to become stationary: they are well disposed towards the whites, and are good hunters: their country abounds in beaver and otter, and their trade will increase and become valuable, provided they become stationary, and are at peace. The Tetons Bois brûle killed and took about 60 of them last summer. Q. With the Crow Indians, Snake Indians, Panias Loups, Assinniboins, Nemosen, Alitan, la Plays, and Paunch Indians. R. Chyennes, Wetepahatoes, Kiawas, Kanenavich, Staetan, Cattako, Dotame, Castahanas, Mandans, Ah-wah-haways, Minetares, and partially with the Sioux. S. Are remains of ten large tribes of Panias, who have been reduced, by the small-pox and the Sioux, to their present number. They live in fortified villages, and hunt immediately in their neigborhood. The country around them, in every direction, for several hundred miles, is entirely bare of timber, except on the water courses and steep declivities of hills, where it is sheltered from the ravages of fire. The land is tolerably well watered, and lies well for cultivation. The remains of the villages of these people are to be seen on many parts of the Missouri, from the mouth of Tetone river to the Mandans. They claim no land except that on which their villages stand, and the field which they cultivate. The Tetons claim the country around them. Though they are the oldest inhabitants, they may properly be considered the farmers or tenants at will of that lawless, savage, and rapacious race the Sioux Teton, who rob them of their horses, plunder their gardens and fields, and sometimes murder them, without opposition. If these people were freed from the oppression of the Tetons, their trade would increase rapidly, and might be extended to a considerable amount. They maintain a partial trade with their oppressors, the Tetons, to whom they barter horses, mules, corn, beans, and a species of tobacco, which they cultivate; and receive in return, guns, ammunition, kettles, axes, and other articles which the Tetons obtained from the Yanktons of the N. and Sissatones, who trade with Mr. Cammeron, on the river St. Peters. These horses and mules the Ricaras obtain from their western neighbors, who visit them frequently for the purpose of trafficking. G. 250. H. 1,250. I. On both sides of Missouri, 1612 miles from its mouth. J. The Hudson Bay and Northwest companies, from their establishment on the Assinniboin. K. At their villages. L. 2,00. M. 6,000. N. Principally the skins of the large and small wolves, and the small fox, with Buffalo robes, some skins of the large fox and beaver, also corn and beans. O. The same as the Ricars (see page 1048 0.) except the grizzly bear. They could furnish, in addition, the skins of a large species of white hare, a very delicate fur. P. At or near the mouth of the Yellow Stone river. Q. With no nation except a defensive war with the Sioux. R. With all nations who do not wage war against them. L. 3000. M. 1,000. N. See page 1049, N. Q. Defensive war with the Sioux, and offensive with Snake Indians and Flatheads. R. With all who do not wage war against them, except the Snake Indians and Flatheads. S. They differ but very little, in any particular, from the Mandans, their neighbors, except in the unjust war which they, as well as the Minetares, prosecute against the defenceless Snake Indians, from which I believe, it will be difficult to induce them to desist. They claim to have once been a part of the Crow Indians, whom they still acknowledge as relations. They have resided on the Missouri as long as their tradition will enable them to inform. A. Minetares. B. E-hât`-sâr, C. Gross Ventres. F. G. 6,000. Me-ne-tar-re, 1st village. I. On both sides of Knife river, near the Misfive miles above the Mandans. J. See page 1049, J. K. At their villages and hunting camps. M. 3,000. N. See page 1049, N. O. The same as the Mandans (see p. 1049, O.) with the addition of the white bear. P. See p. 1049, P. S. These are the most friendly, well disposed Indians inhabiting the Missouri. They are brave, humane, and hospitable. About 25 years since they lived in six villages, about forty miles below their present villages, on both sides of the Missouri, souri. Repeated visitations of the small-pox, aided by frequent attacks of the Sioux, has reduced them to their present number. They claim no particular tract of country. They live in fortified villages, hunt immediately in their neighborhood, and cultivate corn, beans, squashes, and tobacco, which form articles of traffic with their neighbors the Assinniboin: they also barter horses with the Assinniboins for arms, ammunition, axes, kettles, and other articles of European manufacture, which these last obtain from the British establishments on the Assinniboin river. The articles which they thus obtain from the Assinniboins and the British traders who visit them, they again exchange for horses and leather tents with the Crow Indians, Chyennes, Wetepahatoes, Kiawas, Kanenavich, Stactan and Cataka, who visit them occasionally for the purpose of traffic. Their trade may be much increased. Their country is similar to that of the Ricaras. Population increasing. A. Ahwahâway. C. Gens des Soulier. D. Menetarres. E. One. F. G. 50. H. 200. Q. Defensive war with the Sioux, and offensive with the Snake Indians and Flatheads. R. With all, except the Snake Indians and Flatheads, who do not wage war against them. S. They claim no particular country, nor do they assign themselves any limits; their tradition relates that they have always resided at their present villages. In their customs, manners, and dispositions, they are similar to the Mandans and Ahwahhaways. The scarcity of fuel induces them to reside, during the cold season, in large bands, in camps, on different parts of the Missouri, as high up that river as the mouth of the river Yellow Stone, and west of their villages, about the Turtle mountain. I believe that these people, as well as the Mandans and Ahwahhaways, might be prevailed on to remove to the mouth of Yellow Stone river, provided an establishment is made at that place. They have as yet furnished scarcely any beaver, although the country they hunt abounds with them; the lodges of these animals are to be seen within a mile of their villages. I. On the southwest side of the Missouri, three These people have also suffered considerably by miles above the Mandans. J. See page 1049, J. K. At the Mandan and Menetare villages. the small-pox; but have successfully resisted the attacks of the Sioux. The Northwest Company intend to form an establishment in the course of |