from this dreadful calamity, which he attributes partly to the air,* and partly to their warm method of clothing. He adds, if a num ber of perfons meet in a room, where there is no fire, and they feel cold, no pleasant converfation takes place, and warm clothing ought therefore to be used, if for no other reason than for the preservation of good humaur. BOERHAAVE's favourite receipt for health was, "to leave off our winter clothing on Midfummer day, and to refume it the day following."

To keep an animal in health, befide the retaining of a due degree of animal heat, there must be a continued generation of new juices, and a perpetual discharge of the old. Without the due quantity of PERSPIRATION, which in a great measure depends on our clothing, neither the vegetable or animal can continue in health; a plant whofe perfpiration is ftopt becomes fickly and dies; and an egg whofe fhell has been covered with a yarnish, and the perfpiration ftopt by this means, will produce no living animal, either by the application of common heat, or that of incubation from the hen. The celebrated SANCTORIUS affirms, that the infenfible perfpiration alone discharges more than all the fenfible evacuations together; and that the proportion of this to all the other evacuations, is as 5 to 3 though this proportion varies in different ages, climates, and conftitutions, yet is it of fuch importance in all, that where it is in any confiderable degree deficient, a diseased state of the body muft enfue. The matter of infenfible perfpiration, or in other words, the fubtile vapour that is continually exhaling from the furface of the body, is not fecreted by any particular glands, but feems to be derived wholly from the extremities of minute arteries, that do not terminate in veins, and are every where difperfed on the furface. Thefe exhaling veffels are eafily demonftrated in the dead fubject, by forcing water into the arteries; for then small drops exude from all parts of the fkin, and raise up the cuticle, the pores of which are clofed by death; and in the living fubject, a looking-glafs placed against the fkin, is foon obfcured by the vapour. When the perfpiration is by any means increased, and feveral drops that were infenfible when feparate, are united together, they form upon the fkin thofe vifible drops called fweat. This particularly happens after much exercife, or whatever occafions an increafed determina tion of fluids to the furface of the body; a greater quantity of per fpirable matter being in fuch cafes carried through the paffages that are destined to convey it off.

*These confumptive patients, whom we hurry off to the clear air in the fouth of France, the French phyficians, on the contrary, order to the foggy air of Lyans. As they cannot both be right, and as the HOT WELLS favours the fentiments of the latter, being near a great town, where innumerable works are carrying on, and fituated on the borders of marshy ground, and a river the moft choaked up with mud of any in the world, there is fome proba ble grounds for doubting of the juftness of our prevailing practice.

Now the reafon of the propriety of fleecy hofiery in fummer is, that though it promotes the perfpiration, it equally favours its evaporation: and we know that evaporation produces pofitive cold, the aqueous dif charge being the means defigned by Nature for carrying off the fuperabundant heat, whether arifing from climate, exercife, or fever.

*

In CHILDREN, where the food is continually combining with oxygen, and the fibres are irritable, it is of the utmost confequence to keep the body temperate, but never to fuffer it to get chilled. Thus, without being enervated, they may efcape the bad confequences arifing from the fudden changes in this inconftant climate; for it is not true, that cold hardens children as it hardens feel. If delicate children are fubject to diseases and danger in ENGLAND, to which they would not be fubject in the warmer climate of ITALY, is it not evident that the difference between the climate of ENGLAND and ITALY is the cause of these diseases and dangers? I firmly believe, fays Dr. BEDDOES, that the greatest mortality is among thofe children who are hardily brought up. Nearly one third of the poor, born in this island, fink into the tomb, as foon almost as they have catched a few glimpfes of the light of heaven. And even when they have weathered out the early inclemencies of their station, unlefs they afterwards wear warm and comfortable clothing,† they enjoy no fuch advantage of freedom from pulmonic complaints as we are taught to imagine. Among the peafantry of Warwickshire and Staffordshire, I am creditably told that confumptions are not less frequent, than among the better order of people who are more delicately bred up.

FAT PEOPLE need a less warm raiment than those that are lean; for oil, as being a bad conductor of heat, acts as a fleecy hofiery waistcoat, reflecting back the vital warmth. Here we cannot but admire the benevolent care of PROVIDENCE to the lower order of animals, by giving the whale, the bear, and other animals who inhabit the colder climates, a deep covering of fat.

OLD PEOPLE, as requiring abundant excitement, ought more efpecially to be warm clad, and rather to exceed, than to be deficient in the quantity of their clothing, and to wear that which affords them the greatest warmth with the leaft poffible weight. They will not then be liable to be injured by fitting all day in the chimney corner, breathing an unwholefome air, and in a current of wind. A perfon fufficiently cloathed with the fleecy hoftery next his fkin may wear any flight fubftance for ornament above it, and will, I am certain, feel more comfortable even at fome distance from

* When dogs are exercifed, who do not perfpire, they carry off the fu perabundant heat by the kidneys, as well as by the tongue.

No people are better clothed than the farmers in this iftand, who usually enjoy rude health.

On the Superiority of the Northern Hemisphere over the Southern. 21 the fire, than when he was fcorching on one fide, and felt half frozen on the other.

The under garment of fleecy hofiery ought to be frequently chang ed, as it promotes the perfpiration, and is continually abforbing it. Diseases of the fkin are chiefly owing to want of cleanliness. They may indeed proceed from other caufes; but they feldom continue long where cleanliness prevails. To the fame cause must we im pute the various kinds of vermin which infeft the human body, &c. These may always be banished by cleanliness alone, and wherever they abound, we have every reason to believe it is neglected. It is remarkable that, in most eastern countries, cleanlinefs makes a great part of their religion. Indeed the whole fyftem of the Jewish laws has a manifeft tendency to promote cleanlinefs. Whatever preten fions people make to politeness and civilization, I will affirm, that as long as they neglect cleanlinefs and appear nafty, they are ftiled Goths and barbarians. Cleanlinefs is certainly agreeable to our nature. It fooner attracts our regard than even finery itself, and often gains esteem where that fails. It is an ornament to the higheft as well as the lowest station, and cannot be dispensed with in either.

Few things are more unreasonable, than the dread of cleanliness in fick people. They had rather wallow in all manner of filth, than change a tatter of their apparel. Yet how refreshed, how cheerful, how comfortable do people feel when in health upon being fhaved, washed, and fhifted! If cleanlinefs be proper for perfons in health, it is certainly more fo for the fick. By being neglected the flightest diforders are often changed into the most malignant. The fame miftaken care which prompted people to prevent the leaft admiffion of fresh air to the fick, feems to have induced them to keep them dirty. If the fleecy hofiery waistcoat was changed on going to bed, which is the time we are in the habit of being expofed to cold, there can be no danger of catching cold, nor can there be any impropriety of doing this at least twice a week in the fummer, and once in the winter. The only caution neceffary, is to fee, previous to its being put on, that it contains no dampness.

On the SUPERIORITY of the NORTHERN HEMISPHERE over the SOUTHERN, from the Rev. Mr. JONES' Philofophical Difquifitions.

T

HE fuperiority of the northern hemisphere of the world, above the fouthern, is very manifeft. It has more land, more fun, more heat, more light, more arts, more fenfe, more learning, more truth, more religion. The land of the fouthern hemifphere, that is, the land which lies on the other fide of the equinoctial line, does not amount to one fourth part of what is found on the north fide.

*Dr. BUCHAN.

22 On the Superiority of the Northern Hemisphere over the Southern

The fun, by reafon of the excentricity of the earth's orbit, and the fituation of the aphelion, makes our fummer eight days longer than the fummer of the other hemifphere; which, in the space of four thousand years, (for so long it is fince any univerfal change has taken place in the earth) amounts to upwards of eighty feven years; and fo much more fun has this hemifphere enjoyed than the other. What effects may have been arifing gradually in all that time, we cannot afcertain; but fuch a cause cannot have been without its effect and I think it is allowed, that the temperature of the earth and atmosphere, in the higheft latitudes of the north, is much more mild and moderate than in the correspondent latitudes of the fouth. The dreary face of Statenland, with the weatherbeaten Cape of South-America, a climate fo fevere as fcarcely to admit of any human inhabitants, is no nearer to the pole than the northern counties of England: but the difference in the atmosphere, and in the aspect of the earth, is almost incredible; and this is the more remarkable, because there is no mountainous country betwixt that and the pole to account for the icy blasts that prevail there.

But it is also further obfervable, that the northern hemisphere is better provided for by night as well as by day. The ftars of fuperior magnitudes are much more numerous on this fide the equi noctial than on the other: we have nine stars of the first magnitude, and they but four; and the stars of the Great Bear, fo confpicuous in this hemifphere, have nothing to equal them about the other pole. When the fun is remote from us in the winter, our longest nights are illuminated by the principal ftars of the firmament; when the fun enters Capricorn, there comes to the meridian, about midnight, the whole conftellation of Orion, the brightest in the heavens, containing two stars of the firft magnitude, four of the fecond, and many others of inferior fizes; and upon the meridian, or near it, there are four more stars of the firft magnitude, Capella, Sirius, Procyon, and Aldebaran. No other portion of the heavens affords half fo much illumination; and it is exactly accommodated to our midnight, when the nights are longest and darkeft. If the midwinter of the southern hemifphere be compared, the inferiority of the nocturnal illumination is wonderful.

Though it will carry us a little beyond the bounds of phyfics, the parallel is fo glaring between the natural and intellectual fuperiority of this part of the world, that your time will not be loft while we reflect upon it. Here the arts of war and of peace have always flourished; as if this part of the globe had been allotted to a fuperior race of beings. Afia and Europe, from the remotest times, have been the feats of fcience, literature, eloquence, and military power; compared with which, the fouthern regions have ever been, as we now find them, beggarly and barbarous; poffeffed by people stupid and infenfible, illiterate, and incapable of learning. Where are the poets, and the hiftorians, the orators, the philofophers, of the fouthern world? We may as well fearch for the fciences amongst the beasts of the wilderness.

All the inventions, by which mankind have done honour to themfelves in every age, have been confined to this fide of the world. Here the mathematical sciences have flourished; printing has been found out; gun-powder and fire-arms invented; navigation perfected; magnetifm and electricity cultivated to the astonishment of the wifeft; and philofophy extended by experimental inquiries of every kind. There would be no end, if we were to trace this comparison through every improvement; for here we have every thing that can adorn human life, and there they have nothing.

But the difference is most confpicuous, when we compare the north and fouth in point of religion; to which, indeed, that pre-eminence is owing on our fide, which has extended to every branch of focial civilization and intellectual improvement. It is notorious at this day, that arts and learning flourish to the highest degree, in thofe countries only that are enlightened by christianity, and no where fo much as in this kingdom, where that religion is established in its purest form. May it long continue! and may we know our own felicity in the enjoyment of it! for religion is undoubtedly the fun that gives light to the mind; the vital spirit that animates the human understanding to its higheft atchievements; though many have been indebted to it, without being fenfible of their obligation, or without confefling it; and others have turned against it that light which they borrowed from itself.

The northern hemifphere then, whatever preference it may have in a phyfical capacity, has been much more honoured by the fuperior advantages of learning and religion: here knowledge firft began to be diffused, and the world itself was first inhabited, in the finest climates of the earth, which are about the latitudes 36°, &c. north: here the church was first fettled; and the Hebrew nation, raifing by degrees till the reign of Solomon, formed a wife, wealthy, and fplendid kingdom, long before the powers of Greece and Rome were heard of: here the light of Christianity was afterwards manífested, and with it the lights of learning have been extended to parts where they were never known before, till both of them reached to the utmost boundaries of the weft, in the once unknown regions of the Atlantic world.

CONCLUSION of "LECTURES on NATURAL and EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY;" By George Adams.

I have now finished my courfe of Lectures, and have given you a general view of the principal phenomina in nature; nor have I been inattentive to the difcoveries made therein by man. I have endeavoured to point out the abuse that may be made of phyfical inquiries, and to guard you againft the errors by which they may be perverted, and rendered a prop to fupport the weak fabric of infidelity and falfehood. From thefe Lectures it evidently appears, "Ift, That Man is composed of two Subftances, of which one perceives without being perceived by the fenfes; and the other is perceived