CITY-MANAGER MUNICIPALITIES CORRECTED TO JUNE 1, 1922.*

*From The Story of the City-Manager Plan, published by the National Municipal League.

CITY-MANAGER MUNICIPALITIES CORRECTED TO JUNE 1, 1922.

(Continued.)

Greensboro

19,746 May 1921

Hickory

5,076

May 1913

High Point

14,302

May 1915

Morganton

2,867

May 1913

Reidsville

Thomasville

Akron

Ashtabula

Portland

Royal Oak

St. Johns

Cleveland

Cleveland Heights
Dayton

E. Cleveland

Mo.
Mont.

Nebraska

N. Mex.

N. Y.

Auburn

CHAPTER X

GOVERNMENT OF DEPENDENCIES

Definition and Nature of a Dependency.-A dependency is any country, province, or territory subject to the sovereignty of a state but not forming territorially a constituent part of that state. Thus India is a dependency of Great Britain, Angola is a dependency of Portugal, the Philippine Islands are a dependency of the United States. These territories may be considered an integral part of the sovereign states to which they owe allegiance; yet the fact of actual separation by intervening land or water has invariably operated to make their form of government different from the government as exercised within the strict territorial confines of the state. Such separated territories have been treated as dependent upon the will of the sovereign state; their people have not possessed the rights of citizens of the home state in the central government of that state, except where such rights have been expressly accorded them; their governments have been subject to the will of the central government of the state.

I. TYPES OF DEPENDENCIES

Various Types of Dependencies. The extension of the sovereign power of great states over detached territories has sprung from a variety of causes and has resulted in radically different types of dependencies.

Colonial Dependencies.-In some cases these detached and perhaps distant territories have been populated by citizens of the parent state, who for one reason or another have left that state to establish their fortunes in a new land. Such citizens

in the new land are willing to acknowledge the sovereignty of the state from which they have emigrated; and such a state on its part is glad to accept as its possession the land which its citizens have settled. Dependencies of this character are more properly called colonies, from the Latin word colonia, meaning a planting place or a group who plant or settle.

Examples of colonial dependencies are numerous. The Puritans who fled from England to escape religious persecution in the seventeenth century and established themselves in the new world developed into one of the American colonies. The Englishmen who, employed by a great English trading company, emigrated to the new world and established the beginnings of Virginia did in actual fact start a colony. The convicts who were transported by judicial sentence to the wilds of Australia formed there the beginnings of an English colony. The French men and women who were bribed or forced to go to North America settled the French colony in what is now Canada. Various reasons caused the emigration from the parent country and the settlement in the new, but the vital character of the colony is due to the fact that in all instances the settlers did establish themselves permanently in their new surroundings, and that a recognized bond of allegiance to the country from which they came was maintained.

Direct Dependencies.-In contrast to these colonial dependencies are detached territories of savage or semi-savage races which by one means or another have been brought into subjection to a great power. Thus in many cases states have by force of arms brought a country into subjection, as England conquered large sections of India. Again, states have inveigled half-civilized chieftains into signing away their independence, as agents of Germany and agents of England did for their respective states throughout parts of Africa. Again, a state may be the first to assert a legal claim to a relatively vacant and idle territory, as France did to a large portion of the Desert of Sahara. A characteristic feature of all dependencies of this class is that they are mainly inhabited by a people for

eign in blood and in habits from the people of the sovereign state.

Transitory Stages Toward Direct Dependence.-Two transitory stages which in some cases have marked the progress of these direct dependencies from their primitive freedom to their position of direct dependence may be noted. These stages are called, respectively, spheres of influence and protectorates.

Sphere of Influence.-The sphere of influence is a relatively new development in history, being the result of the disgraceful land-grabbing ambitions which led the great powers of Europe during the nineteenth century to preëmpt much more territory than they could at the moment absorb. England, France, and Belgium, especially, pushing ahead to lay claim to great sections of barbarous Africa on slight grounds of discovery and prior assertion of right, soon realized that the forcible assumption of such territories was certain to result in serious misunderstandings and war. By international conferences of the land-grabbing powers, therefore, it was agreed that any single power might, by giving due notice to the other land-grabbing powers (dignifiedly called "colonial powers"), and by a reasonable definition of claims and boundaries, preëmpt territory not belonging to another civilized power. Disputed claims at the time were adjusted by agreement and solemn treaty, and the agreeing nations extended their claims by all conceivable methods. Such preëmption, thus guaranteed by agreements among the land-grabbing powers, simply means that no great power other than the one claiming such preëmption shall exercise or attempt to exercise any measure of political control over the territory in question. The territory need not be actually occupied by the great state which claims it, need not be actually governed by the said great state, but by international agreement no other great state may assert or exercise control therein. "A sphere of influence may be defined as a tract of territory within which a state, on the basis of treaties with neighboring colonial powers, enjoys the exclusive privilege of exercising political influence, of concluding treaties of pro