The Acute Accent (') lays the emphasis on a short syllable, as river,

mineral.

The Circumflex Accent (~) either shews a vowel to be long, or denotes contraction, as Francis, Honble. a.

The Apostrophe (') denotes contraction, and more especially the elision of the vowels & or i, as se'ennight, loo'd, man's. The contractions 'tis, is't, can't, don't, shan't, 'em, &c. used for it is, is it, cannot, do not, shall not, them, &c. ought generally to be avoided as inelegant.

The Diæresis () denotes separation, and shews that two vowels meeting together do not form a diphthong, as aerial, Capernaum.

Elision() shews that some letter is to be exterminated.

Marks. A section (§) shews the principal divisions of a discourse. A paragraph (¶) shews that the subject of discourse is changed. It is used chiefly in the Bible.---An index () refers to something remarkable.--Parenthesis () includes in a sentence something useful to elucidate the meaning, without perplexing the construction. It ought to be but seldom used.--Brackets or crotchets [ ] enclose a word or phrase by way of comment or interpolation to fix the meaning, and prevent mistakes. The seldomer they are used the better. Braces (}) are used in tables, to connect things that have a common relation; as also at the end of triplets in poetry. A quotation (" ") distinguishes words that have been formerly used by the writer himself, or by some other person.---Asterisms (****), Ellipsis (—), and Caret (A) denote an omission or defect in the manuscript; besides which, the caret shews that the defect has been supplied by an interlineation.--References to marginal authorities are made in various ways, as by letters of the alphabet, by numerical figures, and by certain signs. The signs more frequently made use of are the asterisk (*), the obelisk (†), the dagger ( + ), the double dagger (†), and parallels (II).

Arithmetical Signs.-Adddition +, Subtraction or, Multiplication x or., Division or a line — separating the Dividend or Numerator above, from the Divisor or Denominator below, and Proportion: :::. The sign of Addition + is named plus, that of Subtraction minus, or the difference between. The other signs signify multiplied by, divided by, and is to as: to. The sign signities root, or square root. Roman Notation.-One I, two II, three III, four IV, five V, six VI, seven VII, eight VIII, nine IX, ten X, twenty XX, thirty XXX, forty XL, fifty L, sixty LX, seventy LXX, eighty LXXX, ninety XC, a hundred C, two hundred CC, three hundred CCC, four hundred CD, five hundred D or [, six hundred DC, seven hundred DCC, eight hundred DCCC, nine hundred CM, a thousand M or CIO. In the Roman notation a less number placed before a greater is to be taken from it, but a less number placed after a greater is to be added to it; thus, IX. denotes nine, but XI. signifies eleven.

Arabian Digits.--One 1, two 2, three 3, four 4, five 5, six 6, seven 7, eight 8, nine 9, nothing 0... The value of these figures encreases tenfold, a hundred fold, a thousand fold, &c. according to the order in which they are together taken.

Chemical Characters.--Gold, silver D, mercury, copper, antimony , iron, steel filings, tin 2, lead h, fire A, air A, earth V, water ▼, quicklime, sand common salt, oil O, sulphur 4, tartar 7, nitre, vitriol, vinegear, caput mortuum.

Apothecaries' Weight.--Pounds or pints lb, Ounces 3, drams 3, scruples 9, gr. grains, fs. half any thing.

Geographical Measures.---Degrees o, minutes', seconds".

Signs of the Ecliptic.--Aries Y, Taurus 8, Gemini п, Cancer, Leo N, Virgo my, Libra, Scorpio m. Sagittarius 4, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces X. That is, the ram y, the bull 8, the twins , the crab, the lion, the virgin mg, the balance, the scorpion m, the archer ↑, goat's horn, the water bearer, the fishes X.

the

Planetary Characters.--The sun, moon ), Mercury, Venus ?, the earth, Mars ♂, Jupiter 2, Saturn, Herschel H, a star *.

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED.

A. B. Bachelor of Arts. A. C. After Christ. A. D. In the Year of our Lord. A. M. Master of Arts; Before Noon; or In the Year of the World A. R. In the Reign of Queen Anne. B. Bath. B. A. Bachelor of Arts. B. C. Before Christ. B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. B. V. Blessed Virgin. C. A Hundred. C. C. Hartshorn. C. C. C. Corpus Christi College; or Hartshorn calcined. C. P. S. Keeper of the Privy Seal, C. R. Charles the King C. S. Keeper of the Seal. D. Duke, Dukedom, Deanery, Doctor. D. C. L. Doctor of the Civil Law. D. D. Doctor in Divinity. E. East, Evening. Evangelist. F. A. S. or A. S. S. Fellow of the Antiquarian Society. F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh G. R. George the King. I. H. S. Jesus Saviour of Men. L. D. Doctor of Law. J. R. James the King. K. King, or Kings. L. Lord, Lake, Book. L. D. Lady-day. L. L. D. Doctor of Laws. L. S. Place of the Seal. M. Morning, Mix. M. A. Master of Arts. M. D. Doctor of Medicine. M. P. Member of Parliament. M. S. Manuscript; or Sacred to Memory. MSS. Manuscripts. N. Note, North. N. B. Mark well. N. S. New Stile, O. Oliver. O. S. Old Stile. P. Publius, President. P. M. Afternoon. P. S. Postscript. P. W. Prince of Wales. Q. Queen, Question, R. King. S. South. S. S. S. Stratum super Stratum, Layer above Layer. S. A, According to Art. S. N. According to Nature. SS. T I. Professor of Theology, V. Virgin. W. West. Abp. Archbishop. Admrs. Administrators, Agt, Against, Agent. Ap. Apostle. Aug. August. Bart. Baronet. Bp. Bishop. Capt. Captain. Cent. Centum, a Hundred. Ch. Chapter. Cit, Citadel, Citizen, City. Cl. Clergyman. Co. County, Company. Cochl. a spoonful, or half an ounce. Col. Colonel, College. Cong, a gallon, or eight pounds. Cr. Creditor. Cur. Curate. Curt. Current. Čwt. Hundred weight. Deut. Deuteronomy. Do. Ditto, the same Dr. Doctor, Debtor. Dum. Dukedom. Eliz. Elizabeth. Eng. English. Ep. Epistle, Esqr. Esquire. Ex. Exodus. Exp. Explanation, Exposition, Express. Feb. February. Fr. France, French. Gen. Genesis. Genmo. Generalissimo. Gent. Gentleman, IIhd. Hogshead. Honble. Honourable. Ja. James. Jac. Jacob. Jno. John. Km. Kingdom. Knt. Knight. Ld Lord. Lp. Lordship. Ldp. Ladyship. Lt. or Lieut. Lieutenant. Hastr. Master. Mr. Master. Mrs. Mistress. Messrs. Messieurs, or Sirs. No. Number. Oz. Ounces. Rev. Reverend. Rt, Right. St. Saint. Sr. Sir. Wp. Worship. Xian. Christian. Xmas. Christmas. à ana, of each. aaa, amalgamation. e. g. for example. gr. grains. h. s. at bed time. id. the same. i. e. that is. lib. book. Ib. pounds. m. a handful. n. 1. it does not appear. p. a pugil, or eighth part of a handful. p. æ. equal quantities. q. d. as if one should say. q. 1. as much as you please. q. s. as much as is sufficient. scil. to wit. v. verse. vid. see viz, namely, ye. the. yn. then. ys. this. &c. et cætera, and so

forth.

C 2

LIST

Grandeur, grander, gre- Pail, pale, peal, peel, pall

Hour, our, oar, ore, o'er Pleas, please

Hue, hew, Hugh, you, u, Plait, plate

Knit, nit, net, neat, nut Principal, principle