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THE PONTIFICATE OF PIUS THE NINTH; Being the Third Edition of Rome and its Rulers,' continued to the latest moment and greatly enlarged. By J. F. MAGUIRE, M.P. Post 8vo, with Portrait, price 12s. 6d.

THE FOUR CARDINAL VIRTUES, IN RELATION TO THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF CATHOLICS.

Six Sermons for the Day. With Appendices, and a Photographic Frontispiece. By the Rev. ORBY SHIPLEY, M.A. Crown 8vo. 78. 6d.

THE TRUTH OF THE BIBLE;

Evidence from the Mosaic and other Records of Creation; the Origin and Antiquity of Man; the Science of Scripture; and from the Archæolory of Different Nations of the Earth. By the Rev. B. W. SAVILE, M.A. Crown 8vo. price 78. 6d.

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COTTON, D.D.,

MEMOIR OF G. E. L. Bishop of Calcutta, and Metropolitan. With Selections from his Journals and Correspondence. Edited by Mrs. COTTON. 8vo. with Portrait, price 188. [On Wednesday next.

MEMORIALS OF R. D. HAMPDEN, Sometime Bishop of Hereford. Edited by his Daughter, HENRIETTA HAMPDEN. 8vo. with Portrait, price 12s. [On Wednesday next. THE LIFE AND TRAVELS OF GEORGE WHITEFIELD,

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THE PLAYGROUND OF EUROPE.

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By W. STEUART TRENCH, Author of Realities of Irish Life." 2 vols. post 8vo. price 21s. [On Friday next.

LOTHAIR, 6s. CONINGSBY, 6s. SYBIL, 68.

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A VISIT TO MY DISCONTENTED
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ZIGZAGGING AMONGST DOLOMITES. By the Author of Our Children's Story,' &c. With above 300 Illustrations by the Author. Oblong 4to. price 15s.

WONDERFUL STORIES FROM NORWAY,
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THE STORY OF

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POEMS OF BYGONE YEARS. Edited by the Author of 'Amy Herbert.' Fcap. 8vo. price 5s.

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London: LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, and DYER, Paternoster Row.

Printed by GEORGE ANDREW SPOTTISWOODE, at 5, New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the County of Middlesex z and Published by WILLIAM GREIG SMITH, of 43, Wellington Street, Strand, in the said County.-Saturday, January 28, 1871.

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A Medium of Intercommunication

FOR

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No. 162.

P

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I. OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY, for JUNIOR CLASSES. Revised Edition. Price 2s. 6d. cloth.

"We foretell that these Outlines' will soon be in the hands of all who are preparing for one or other of our numerous literary tournaments."-Papers for the Schoolmaster.

II. MANUAL OF ENGLISH HISTORY, for SENIOR CLASSES. Revised Edition. Price 5s. 6d. cloth.

"As a practical Text-Book for the Student, it is exactly adapted to his wants, and from experience we can affirm that he will find in it all his studies may require. The arrangement is excellent."-English Journal of Education.

London: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO.

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THE TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM applied to

the FAMILY NAMES of FRANCE, ENGLAND and GERMANY. By ROBERT FERGUSON, Author of "The River-Names of Europe," "Swiss Men and Swiss Mountains," &c.

By the same Author, 12mo, cloth 48. 6d.

THE RIVER-NAMES of EUROPE.

"The most uninterested reader may find himself amused as well as edified.”—Atheneum,

*Mr. Ferguson brings much learning and ingenuity to his self-imposed task."-Notes and Queries.

WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London; and 20, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. 4TH S. No. 162.

Just published, in Two Vols. royal 8vo, price 208. DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATING THE HIS

TORY OF SCOTLAND, from the Death of Alexander III. to the Accession of Robert Bruce.

Collected from the Archives of Brussels, Ghent, Lille, &c.,

and from the Public Record Office, London.

By the REV. JOSEPH STEVENSON, M.A.

0. I.

Lately published, uniform with the above, price 10s. each. CHRONICLES of the PICTS and SCOTS,

and OTHER EARLY MEMORIALS OF SCOTTISH HISTORY. Edited by W. F. SKENE, ESQ.

II.

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Edited by COSMO INNES, ESQ.
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Now ready, 640 pp. crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

DR. REED'S SYSTEMATIC HISTORY: a

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A

Now Ready.

HISTORY of the PAROCHIAL CHAPELRY
FISH WICK, F.H.S. Foolscap Quarto (400 copies only printed), with
Illustrative Engravings and Pedigree Charts.
The Contents embrace:-

A General History of the Three Townships.
The Church, its Chantries, Monuments, &c.
The Curates, with Biographical Notices.
Whitechapel Church.

The Twenty-four Sworn Men of Goosnargh.
Goospargh Hospital and the other Charities.

The Old Halls and Old Families.

Manners, Customs, Folk Lore, &c. &c.

Together with copious Extracts from several early and original
MSS.

Price 158. A few of the large paper editions (100 only printed) may still be had, price 30s.

Manchester: CHARLES SIMMS & CO.
London: TRÜBNER & CO.

BURKE'S PEERAGE AND BARONETAGE FOR 1871. NOW READY, the 33rd Edition, corrected throughout, contains (for the first time) an ALPHABETICAL LIST of all holding titles and dignities. Complete in one volume, royal 8vo, cloth gilt, 38s.

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ITS CELEBRATED CHARACTERS AND PLACES.

FROM 1413 TO THE PRESENT TIME.

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quaries, Mr. Jesse has spoiled former writers upon London of their jewels; he has added others of his own finding, and has clustered the whole into a setting which sparkles with curious fact and gossip of the first water. His style is light and easy; his book is not the least dry or ponderous, and from first to last maintains a continuous and pleasant flow of personal and local anecdote."

RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street.

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Now ready, at all the Libraries, in Three Vols.
THERES A.

By NOELL RADECLIFFE,

Author of "Alice Wentworth," "The Lees of Blendon Hall," &c.

"Many passages of this novel are full of energy, contrast, and descriptive power. It is original in its plot, and in one of the chief elements of successful novel writing (in creating surprise by the sudden disclosure of wholly unforeseen circumstances) the author has shown distinguished ability."--Post.

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QUERIES:- Authors wanted-Medieval Barns - Legend on Bells-The Bird Cage Walk-British Scythed Chariots: Mrs. Markham -Denarius of Drusus, Senior- Curious Engraving - Meaning of " Fog"- The Kobold of Gröben - Manx Cats and Fowls Wife of George Nevill, &c.Phi-Beta-Kappa Society of Boston-The "Potters" of the Northern Counties - "The Hearts of Men which fondly," &c. Quotations wanted-St. Joseph's EveThomas Stanley, Bishop of Sodor and Man-"Thoughts of Patricius "The Times Whistle," &c., by "R. C." Mental Equality of the Sexes - Thomson a Druid -The Canal of Xerxes Government Stamp on Picture Canvas, 95. REPLIES:-A Rectorship of Eighty-one Years, 97-" Some go to Church," &c.: Old Rhymes, 99-Orders of Knighthood, 100- Barbarous Massacre, 101-King William III.'s Stirrups and other Relics at Carrickblacker, co. Armagh, 102 - Old Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight- Mount Calvary -Godwin Swift-Descendants of Bishop Bedell-" Dun" as a Local Prefix-Richard Terrick, Bishop of London, 17641777-Fert-Marriage of Infants - Local Tournaments -Shard or Sharn -- Parodies - The Patronymic "-ing" in North-English Place-Names-" His own opinion was his law"-Aurora Borealis, &c., 103. Notes on Books, &c.

Notes.

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ON THE MODERN USE OF THE WORD "ART." Within the memory of the present generation the popular use of the word art has greatly increased, while its popular signification has been much modified. It is indeed not uncommon to meet with fairly well-informed men who would deny its appropriateness when they hear it applied to certain pursuits and studies which from time immemorial have been classed among the arts. I venture to ask for space in " N. & Q" for some few remarks on this subject, in the hope that they may elicit replies and suggestions from your readers.

The Latin word ars, genitive artis, whence art is derived, signified with the Romans acquired skill, whether mental or manual. Hence art, according to Roman notions, was both theoretical and practical, and the arts either liberal or illiberal. A master of the liberal arts-artes liberales or ingenua was termed artifex, while one who laboured with his hands at the illiberal arts-artes sordide-was termed opifex. This distinction remains in our own language, as artist and artisan, or artist and craftsman.

Among the various arts, liberal and illiberal, named by Roman authors, we meet with ars medica, rhetorica, grammatica, musica, mechanica, mathematica, gymnastica, imperatoria, manuaria, &c.

In the Middle Ages, seven liberal arts were studied, divided into the Trivium, which comprised grammar, logic and rhetoric, and the Quadrivium, which comprised music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy. The university degree of magister artium implied a command of these liberal arts. They are constantly referred to in early writers, e. g., Dialogus in defensionem septem Artium liberalium, by Th. Gresmond, 1497.

The term "art" was widely used in the classical sense by early writers; thus the Ars Magna of Jerome Cardan, published in 1545, is a treatise on algebra. Erasmus published in 1526 a translation of Galen's Exhortatio ad bonas Artes præsertim Medicinam. So also we meet with Syntaxis Artis Mirabilis, 1581, De Arte Occulta, 1612, Of Certayne Sinistral and Divelish Artes, 1561.

Many of the arts above named would at the present day be rather termed sciences. The distinction between art and science is well expressed by Dr. Whewell in his History of the Inductive Sciences:

"The object of art is work, the solution of some problem, the production of some visible result. The object of science is knowledge. Hence in art, though knowledge is useful, it is useful as a means to an end. But in science it is itself the end."

Archbishop Whately, in the introduction to his Elements of Logic, says:—

"It is to be remembered, that as a science is conversant about speculative knowledge only, and art is the application of knowledge to practice, hence logic (as well as any other system of knowledge) becomes, when applied to practice, an art; while confined to the theory of reason

ing, it is strictly a science."

The terms "fine arts," 99 66 polite arts appear to have come into vogue about the middle of the last century. In the opening address of Sir Joshua Reynolds to the Royal Academy on January 2, 1769, he says: "An academy in which the polite arts may be regularly cultivated is at last opened among us by royal munificence."

From this date onwards numerous works on the fine arts appeared; thus-in 1782 Valentine Green published –

"A Review of the Polite Arts in France at the Time of their Establishment under Louis XIV. compared with their present State in England."

Thomas Robertson's "Inquiry into the Fine Arts."

1785.

Sealey's "Concise Analysis of the Belles Lettres, the Fine Arts, and the Sciences." 1788.

Bromley's well-known "History of the Fine Arts, Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture." 1793.

As compared with these, let us take two works issued respectively in 1765 and 1767:

Harris, Jas. (Author of Hermes), "Three Treatises. 1. Art; 2. Music, Painting, Poetry; 3. Happiness."

Duff, Rev. W., "An Essay on Original Genius and its various Modes of Exertion in Philosophy and the Fine Arts, particularly in Poetry."

Here the limitation of the terms “art” and "fine art" is not so definite as in the other works issued after 1769.

Hazlitt, in the article "Arts," contributed by him to the Encyclopædia Britannica early in the present century, says:

"The term fine arts may be viewed as embracing all those arts in which the powers of imitation or invention are exerted, chiefly with a view to the production of pleasure by the immediate impression which they make on the mind. But the phrase has of late, we think, been restricted to a narrower and more technical signification, namely to painting, sculpture, engraving and architecture, which appeal to the eye as the medium of pleasure, and by way of eminence to the first two of these arts." May it not be assumed that the restriction which Hazlitt notices was due to the influence of

the Royal Academy of Arts? In the present day the prevalence of Art Exhibitions, Art Schools, Art Museums, et hoc genus omne, has familiarised the public ear with the word used in this restricted sense, and has at the same time led the uninstructed and the unreflecting to suppose that art is something apart not only from the artisan or the artificer, but also from the master of arts, and that it should be confined solely to the artist and his works. A. C. K.

LETTER OF JAMES EARL OF GLENCAIRN TO JAMES VI., MARCH 4, 1607.

The original letter is amongst the valuable papers belonging to the Faculty of Advocates, which had been purchased from the representatives of Sir James Balfour, the Lord Lyon, towards the end of the century before last. It refers to the existing feud between the noble families of Cunningham and Montgomery, which, like the Corsican "Vendetta," had subsisted for a long period.

These two families, after the fashion of the Capulets and Montagues, being bitter enemies, took occasion to injure each other when a fitting occasion occurred. At last matters came to a crisis by the murder committed by the Cuninghames of Robertland, Corsehill, and others of the clan, upon Hugh fourth Earl of Eglinton, of the name of Montgomery (for the later earls are Setons). His lordship was riding from his own house upon April 15, 1586, when he was basely assassinated by these unscrupulous dependents of the house of Glencairn.

"It is for the first time, I believe, in the annals of your university that the fine arts will have received that consideration which I believe to be their due-a consideration which may, I hope, in time remove the reproach that our leading universities confer degrees as masters of arts upon students from whose course of study almost all reference to the fine arts has been, as it were, sedulously expunged."-Sir Digby Wyatt's Lectures on Fine Art, delivered at Cambridge.

Years elapsed, occasioned by the troublous times which followed the accession of James VI. to the Scotish diadem. So that it was not until James had been quietly placed on the English throne that he ventured to interfere between the two powerful families. Whatever may have been the monarch's demerits, and they were not a few, he never omitted any opportunity which presented itself of mitigating the mischiefs his original uncertain tenure of power had produced. His majesty, through his privy council, and especially with the aid of his great favourite the Earl of Dunbar, contrived to patch up matters between the rival noblemen; and it is to this settlement that the present letter- remarkable for the oddness of the spelling, as well as its singular phraseology-refers.

The earldom of Glencairn was originally a creation of James III.-a ruler who has met with little justice from the chroniclers of his time. He was an accomplished man, fond of architecture, delighting in music, and a patron of the fine arts. Hence his semi-barbarous nobles first despised and then rebelled against him. He was, after his defeat at what is called the Battle of Sauchie Burn, assassinated in the village of Sauchie by some unknown person. The house was in existence some years since. The honours conferred by him on his adherents were rescinded. Amongst these was the earldom of Glencairn, which was subsequently revived in the person of Cuthbert Lord Kilmaurs, his grandson.

"PLEISSE YOWR MOIST SACREID MAIESTIE, According to yowr Maiesteis command, I submittitt the partecular bluidis and contrawerseis standing betwix the name of Mongowmerej, me, and my name to seike freindis as was schosin befoir yowr Maiesteis consaill and the day appoyntitt be the consaill, to conwene befoir thame to exceptt the samen, qhilke day we haif all keipitt, and the Jugis exceptitt, and ower clames on ather syid was gifin in: then restitt the commoneris to agre on the owerisman, quhilke thay wald nocht do, and swa it is glayd, ewer expecting yowr Maiesteis moist gratiowse cummen in yowr Maiesteis handis, quhairof I am maist fawour to me and myne, quha hes and sall ewer carie maist serwyabill hartis as we salbe commanditt. Gif thair sall cumme any reportis of me to yowr Majestie, I am sertane, according to yowr Maiesteis wuntitt and moist gratiowse custowme, I wilbe callitt to my awin accont. I dowt nocht bott yowr moist Sacreid Maiestie will swa settill thatt turne, as heirefter thay be na cawisse of gruge on ather syd, and that ewerilke ane of ws may joisse ower awin kyndlie rowmes and posessiownis in all tymes cummeing. This erectiowne of the Abessej of Kilwyneing, quhilke my lord of Eglingtowne menis to suite att yowr Maiestie, will nocht faill to intertenej the seid of trubill amangis ws, for we wilbe all enterest thairby, and I protest befoir yowr Maiestie, I haid rather loisse my lyf or ony occatiowne war gifin be me to breke that whitej quhilke yowr Maiestej will command. I man crawe yowr Maiesteis humbill pardowne for this my fascheowse lettir and ewill wrytt. My moist humbill serwice presentitt to yowr moist Sacreid Maiestie. * See Balfour's Annals, ii. 16.

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