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Reproductions of Simple and Artistic Cabinet Work from Country COLLINSON and LOCK (late Herring), 109, FLEET STREET, E.C. Established 1782. TAPESTRY PAPERHANGINGS. Imitations of rare old BROCADES, DAMASKS, and GOBELIN COLLINSON and LOCK (late Herring), 109, FLEET STREET, LONDON. Established 1782. LONDON, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1871. CONTENTS.-N° 162. NOTES:- On the Modern Use of the Word "Art," 89 In the Middle Ages, seven liberal arts were studied, divided into the Trivium, which comprised grammar, logic and rhetoric, and the Quadrivium, which comprised music, arithmetic, geo Letter of James Earl of Glencairn to James VI., March 4, metry, and astronomy. The university degree of 1607, 90-Staffordshire and American Folk Lore, 91Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, 92-Lord Plunkett Antiquity of Ladies' Chignons - Coincidence of Thought The Straight Gate and Narrow Way-Kintyre Supersti: tions Thread Buttons - Curious Epitaph -The Sup posed Miltonic Epitaph - Photography: the War and The Times," 93. " of QUERIES:-Authors wanted-Medieval Barns-Legend REPLIES:-A Rectorship of Eighty-one Years, 97-" Some Shard or Sharn - Parodies - The Patronymic "-ing" in North-English Place-Names-" His own opinion was his law"- Aurora Borealis, &c., 103. Notes on Books, &c. Notes. magister artium implied a command of these liberal arts. They are constantly referred to in early writers, e. g., Dialogus in defensionem septem Artium liberalium, by Th. Gresmond, 1497. The term "art" was widely used in the classical sense by early writers; thus the Ars Magna of Jerome Cardan, published in 1545, is a treatise on algebra. Erasmus published in 1526 a translation of Galen's Exhortatio ad bonas Artes præsertim Medicinam. So also we meet with Syntaxis Artis Mirabilis, 1581, De Arte Occulta, 1612, Of Certayne Sinistral and Divelish Artes, 1561. Many of the arts above named would at the present day be rather termed sciences. The distinction between art and science is well expressed by Dr. Whewell in his History of the Inductive Sciences: "The object of art is work, the solution of some problem, the production of some visible result. The object of science is knowledge. Hence in art, though knowledge is useful, it is useful as a means to an end. But in science it is itself the end." Archbishop Whately, in the introduction to his Elements of Logic, says: "It is to be remembered, that as a science is conversant about speculative knowledge only, and art is the application of knowledge to practice, hence logic (as well as any other system of knowledge) becomes, when applied to practice, an art; while confined to the theory of reason ON THE MODERN USE OF THE WORD "ART." much modified. It is indeed not uncommon to The Latin word ars, genitive artis, whence art is derived, signified with the Romans acquired skill, whether mental or manual. Hence art, according to Roman notions, was both theoretical and practical, and the arts either liberal or illiberal. A master of the liberal arts-artes liberales or ingenue-was termed artifex, while one who laboured with his hands at the illiberal arts-artes sordide-was termed opifer. This distinction remains in our own language, as artist and artisan, or artist and craftsman. Among the various arts, liberal and illiberal, named by Roman authors, we meet with ars medica, rhetorica, grammatica, musica, mechanica, mathematica, gymnastica, imperatoria, manuaria, &c. The terms "fine arts," "polite arts" appear to have come into vogue about the middle of the last century. In the opening address of Sir Joshua Reynolds to the Royal Academy on January 2, 1769, he says: "An academy in which the polite arts may be regularly cultivated is at last opened among us by royal munificence." From this date onwards numerous works on the fine arts appeared; thus-in 1782 Valentine Green published — "A Review of the Polite Arts in France at the Time of their Establishment under Louis XIV. compared with their present State in England." Thomas Robertson's "Inquiry into the Fine Arts." 1785. Sealey's "Concise Analysis of the Belles Lettres, the Fine Arts, and the Sciences." 1788. Bromley's well-known "History of the Fine Arts, Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture." 1793. As compared with these, let us take two works issued respectively in 1765 and 1767 : : Harris, Jas. (Author of Hermes), "Three Treatises. 1. Art; 2. Music, Painting, Poetry; 3. Happiness.” Duff, Rev. W., "An Essay on Original Genius and its various Modes of Exertion in Philosophy and the Fine Arts, particularly in Poetry." "The term fine arts may be viewed as embracing all those arts in which the powers of imitation or invention are exerted, chiefly with a view to the production of pleasure by the immediate impression which they make on the mind. But the phrase has of late, we think, been restricted to a narrower and more technical signification, namely to painting, sculpture, engraving and architecture, which appeal to the eye as the medium of pleasure, and by way of eminence to the first two of these arts." May it not be assumed that the restriction which Hazlitt notices was due to the influence of the Royal Academy of Arts? In the present day the prevalence of Art Exhibitions, Art Schools, Art Museums, et hoc genus omne, has familiarised the public ear with the word used in this restricted sense, and has at the same time led the uninstructed and the unreflecting to suppose that art is something apart not only from the artisan or the artificer, but also from the master of arts *, and that it should be confined solely to the artist and his works. A. C. K. LETTER OF JAMES EARL OF GLENCAIRN TO JAMES VI., MARCH 4, 1607. The original letter is amongst the valuable papers belonging to the Faculty of Advocates, which had been purchased from the representatives of Sir James Balfour, the Lord Lyon, towards the end of the century before last. It refers to the existing feud between the noble families of Cunningham and Montgomery, which, like the Corsican "Vendetta," had subsisted for a long period. These two families, after the fashion of the Capulets and Montagues, being bitter enemies, took occasion to injure each other when a fitting occasion occurred. At last matters came to a crisis by the murder committed by the Cuninghames of Robertland, Corsehill, and others of the clan, upon Hugh fourth Earl of Eglinton, of the name of Montgomery (for the later earls are Setons). His lordship was riding from his own house upon April 15, 1586, when he was basely assassinated by these unscrupulous dependents of the house of Glencairn. "It is for the first time, I believe, in the annals of your university that the fine arts will have received that consideration which I believe to be their due-a consideration which may, I hope, in time remove the reproach that our leading universities confer degrees as masters of arts upon students from whose course of study almost all reference to the fine arts has been, as it were, sedulously expunged."-Sir Digby Wyatt's Lectures on Fine Art, delivered at Cambridge. Years elapsed, occasioned by the troublous times which followed the accession of James VI. to the Scotish diadem. So that it was not until James had been quietly placed on the English throne that he ventured to interfere between the two powerful families. Whatever may have been the monarch's demerits, and they were not a few, he never omitted any opportunity which presented itself of mitigating the mischiefs his original uncertain tenure of power had produced. His majesty, through his privy council, and especially with the aid of his great favourite the Earl of Dunbar, contrived to patch up matters between the rival noblemen; and it is to this settlement that the present letter- remarkable for the oddness of the spelling, as well as its singular phraseology-refers. The earldom of Glencairn was originally a creation of James III.-a ruler who has met with little justice from the chroniclers of his time. He was an accomplished man, fond of architecture, delighting in music, and a patron of the fine arts. Hence his semi-barbarous nobles first despised and then rebelled against him. He was, after his defeat at what is called the Battle of Sauchie Burn, assassinated in the village of Sauchie by some unknown person. The house was in existence some years since. The honours conferred by him on his adherents were rescinded. Amongst these was the earldom of Glencairn, which was subsequently revived in the person of Cuthbert Lord Kilmaurs, his grandson. Gif "PLEISSE YOWR MOIST SACREID MAIESTIE, According to your Maiesteis command, I submittitt the partecular bluidis and contrawerseis standing betwix the name of Mongowmerej, me, and my name to seike freindis as was schosin befoir yowr Maiesteis consaill and the day appoyntitt be the consaill, to conwene befoir thame to exceptt the samen, qhilke day we haif all keipitt, and the Jugis exceptitt, and ower clames on ather syid was gifin in: then restitt the commoneris to agre on the owerisman, quhilke thay wald nocht do, and swa it is glayd, ewer expecting yowr Maiesteis moist gratiowse cummen in yowr Maiesteis handis, quhairof I am maist fawour to me and myne, quba hes and sall ewer carie maist serwyabill hartis as we salbe commanditt. thair sall cumme any reportis of me to yowr Majestie, I am sertane, according to yowr Maiesteis wuntitt and moist gratiowse custowme, I wilbe callitt to my awin accont. I dowt nocht bott yowr moist Sacreid Maiestie will swa settill thatt turne, as heirefter thay be na cawisse of gruge on ather syd, and that ewerilke ane of ws may joisse ower awin kyndlie rowmes and posessiownis in all tymes cummeing. This erectiowne of the Abessej of Kilwyneing, quhilke my lord of Eglingtowne menis to suite att yowr Maiestie, will nocht faill to intertenej the seid of trubill amangis ws, for we wilbe all enterest thairby, and I protest befoir yowr Maiestie, I haid rather loisse my lyf or ony occatiowne war gifin be me to breke that wnitej quhilke yowr Maiestej will command. I man crawe yowr Maiesteis humbill pardowne for this my fascheowse lettir and ewill wrytt. My moist humbill serwice presentitt to yowr moist Sacreid Maiestie. * See Balfour's Annals, ii. 16. |