Flaccus (v. 196): "Tot freta, tot dure properantia Sidera passis. fave."-634. For 66 a country."-639. tantis, i. e. tam magnis et manifestis.-646. Rhoeteia = Trojana. Conf. iii. 108.-651. tali munere. Such as that of assisting at the sacrifice to the venerated Manes of Anchises.-654. malignis, constrained, without abandonment. 655. miserum, which agitates violently, which torments incessantly.-656. regna vocantia (=ad se invitantia ipsas) fatis, by the destiny which the oracles had made known to them.-657. paribus. Conf. iv. 252.-658. secuit arcum, i. e. secando aerem effecit arcum.-663. Read abjete, the ablat. of the material.-669. castra (nautica).-672. vestras, pronounced emphatically, has more effect than the adversative sed vestras.-673. Ascanius casts off his helmet to be more easily recognized by all.-678. lucis. Conf. iv. 451.679. Juno = furor a Junone immissus. Silius says of the reckless Minucius: "Jam monita et Fabium exuerat mente."-683. est = edit or exedit.-687. Ordinarily omnes ad unum; but Cicero, like Virgil, says also, "sunt assensi ad unum (Epist. Fam. x. 16).— 688. pietas, here, the love of the gods towards men. Conf. ii. 536, and pia numina, iv. 382.-691. quod (solum mihi) superest.-692. demitte (me).-694. sine more, immoderate, immodice.-697. super, overboard, over the gunwale.

702-773. NAUTES ADVISES ENEAS TO LEAVE IN SICILY ALL

WHO ARE WEARIED OF THE SEA. THE GHOST OF ANCHISES SANCTIONS THIS ADVICE. ENEAS MUST GO AND CONSULT THE SIBYL, WHO WILL PUT HIM IN THE WAY OF REACHING HIS FATHER IN THE ELYSIAN FIELDS. ENEAS OBEYS, AND SETS OUT, AFTER FOUNDING A CITY.

702. mutabat versans = versabat, by a varied repetition of the idea contained in nunc . . . nunc. This is the meaning of mutabat, which must not be changed into nutabat.-705. "A Pallade institutus fingitur Nautes, quia ipse Romam Palladium detulit. Unde Nauticorum familia Minervæ sacra retinebat." Servius.710. quidquid erit (quod hoc prodigio ostenditur).—711. divinæ. See 38, 39.-713. qui superant, who are too many (after the diminution of the vessels).-720. "'Twas then that.., as a resumption from 701, 702-731. Dis, Pluto.-733. impia, i. e. quæ sunt impiorum (sedes).—736. nigrarum. Conf. 97.-739. sævus, cruel towards the spectres and phantoms which his brightness put to flight. Oriens = sol oriens.741. deinde, so hastily. Proripis (te).—744, cana

antiquæ. Vesta was one of the goddesses of the ancient Theogony, of the dynasty before the birth of Jupiter. Her statues and altars were placed in the most retired parts (penetralia) of the houses.-749. consiliis (exsequendis).—750. transscribunt, properly ex vetere civitate in novam.-751. For gloriæ minime appetentes.-755. It was usual to mark out by a plough-furrow, traced according to certain rites, the circumference of the city to be built.-756. Ilium, the city; Troja, the environs. Eneas does not give these new places the names of their ancient country; he merely says: hæc vobis sint pro Ilio, pro Troja.-758. forum, time and place for administering justice.-759. There was a Mount Eryx (i. 570), a celebrated temple of Venus.-762, epulata (erat).

-764. Construe: et creber (i. e. validior nec intermissus, conf. iii. 530) adspirans.-766. se, governed by the verb, is not expressed by the side of inter se; e. g. amant inter se.-772. To Eryx as the hero of the place.-773. ex ordine, of each vessel successively. 779-826. VENUS IMPLORES THE FAVOUR OF NEPTUNE ON BEHALF OF THE TROJANS. HE PROMISES TO CONDUCT THEM INTO ITALY. ONE HOWEVER SHALL PERISH; THE REST SHALL

BE SAVED.

782. preces descendere in omnes, involves the idea vel in humillimos.-784. From impingo.-785. exedisse, as in English to devour, is an allusion to the destruction by fire. Exedere is often used in this sense.e.-786. For traxisse.-790. molem: ingentes fluctus.— 791. nequidquam, for Neptune had not delayed to repress the violence of the winds.-796. quod superest (classis).—797. Laurens, which waters the soil of Laurentum, in Latium, now Torre di Paterno.-798. ea, sc. ibi ad Tiberim condenda.-803, &c. These facts are recounted Iliad xx. and xxi.; the intervention on behalf of Eneas, xx. 318, &c.-813. The lake Avernus, between Cumæ and Puteoli, was made to communicate with the sea by Agrippa. The poet means to speak of Æneas's arrival at Cumæ. See vi. 2. -817. auro, to this golden chariot.-818. feris. Conf. ii. 51.-822. tum (adsunt or sequuntur). Cete, knτη.823. senior, all the marine gods are represented as old men.-825, 826. Names of Nereides.

827-871. DURING THE NIGHT THE GOD OF SLEEP SEIZES PALINURUS, THE PILOT OF ENEAS, AND PRECIPITATES HIM INTO THE WAVES.

HIS FLEET.

ENEAS WAKES AND TAKES THE MANAGEMENT OF

829. brachia, poeticè for the sail-yards. The common phrase is vela intendere antennis; but we must not think that the other expression, velis intendere antennas, is the same as the former, with merely an inversion of the cases. It has a peculiar meaning, which may perhaps be expressed in English by rigged with sails (in German bespannen). Intendere lyram chordis, to mount the lyre.830. pedes, in Greek módeç, in English sheets, two ropes attached to the lower corners of the sail, which pass aft, and fasten near the stern. Facere pedem vela facit (281), made sail. Pariterque (nunc) sinistros, nunc ... -831, solverunt sinus for explicavere vela, trying sometimes the starboard, sometimes the larboard tack, according as the wind varied.—832. cornua, i. e. antennarum. quent, detorquentque = torquent huc et illuc. Sua, favorable. 842. Phorbas, son of Priam.-843. Son of Iasus.-851. et is here intensive.-857. vix primos artus laxaverat = vix inceperat laxare.— 861. ales, the winged sleep.-864. Sirenum scopuli, three rocks in the Gulf of Pæstum (now Gulf of Salerno), a short distance from Capri. The fable of the Syrens, recounted Odyssey xii., is generally known.-866. Construe: rauca sonabant, i. e. raucum sonum edebant.-867. Auitantem, i. e. classem, the subject of the commencement of the sentence, or else ratem, which follows.-871. According to one grammarian, in the publication of the Æneid by

Tor

Varius and Tucca, this fifth book ended with the two first lines of the book following. There results from this arrangement the fresh inconvenience of a separation between allabitur oris, and obvertunt pelago proras, i. e. between an action and the manœuvre which accompanies it.

BOOK VI.

1-53. ENEAS AT LENGTH LANDS AT CUME, AND GOES TO THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO TO CONSULT THE SIBYL.

1. immittit habenas, lit. lets loose the rein; i. e. sets every sail to hasten his course. We have already seen other metaphorical uses of this expression (v. 662).-2. The city of Cumæ received within its walls, but several centuries after Æneas, a colony from Chalcis in Euboea, now Negroponte.-3. The ancients, on arriving near shore, turned their vessel, and landed by the stern.—7, 8. [rapit = rapido cursu perlustrat. H.] tecta densa ferarum, apposition to silvas. [Dr. Dübner says, " silvas for ligna de silvis," meaning, I presume, that rapere to fetch hastily.]—9. altus, whose temple was placed upon the mountain (arces).-12. Apollo is the inspirer of all the Sibyls.-13. aurea tecta, the temple of Apollo in the wood consecrated to Hecate (Trivia).—14. Cf. Ov. Metam. viii. 180.— 16. "Towards the north," from Sicily to Cumæ. - 18. his for hic terris redditus, as above, i. 534; iv. 46, hic cursus for cursus huc directus.-20. in foribus, supply erat, represented by the art of Dædalus. Ανδρόγεω, gen. of Attic declension of ̓Ανδρόγεως, son of Minos and Pasiphaê. See Metam. vii. 456; viii. 152.-21. Cecropida, the Athenians.-22. sortibus, of those who were to be sent into Crete as expiatory victims.-23. For Creta. See iii. 115.27. labor domus (gen.) domus magno labore confecta, the labyrinth, the abode of the Minotaur.-28. regina, Ariadne, daughter of the king.-31. For si sineret.-33. omnia in two syllables, omnya.· 36. Glauci, underst. filia. Glaucus had also the gift of divination.41. alta templa would appear to indicate the temple of Apollo, with which the cave of the Sibyl might have a communication. Templum, however, is so often used to designate any sacred place whatsoever, that it is more natural to understand by alta templa the deep cavern of the Sibyl, the description of which immediately follows.-42. Euboice for Cumana, see ver. 2. In antrum, i. e. ita ut antrum efficeretur.-47. unus for idem (qui ante). We must carefully retain the features of this detailed description of the divine and prophetic fury with which the Sibyl is seized, because the poets, who often speak of similar transports, content themselves generally with depicting them by two or three well-chosen traits.-49. videri depends on major,-a Greek idiom for the supine visu or aspectu. Cf. Hor. Odes, iv. 1. 59.-51. cessas in vota ? tardus es ad facienda vota et fundendas preces ?-53. domus, here the interior of the cavern (adytum, v. 98); attonita," astonished, affrighted," to see itself thrown open.

56-97. THE SIBYL PREDICTS TO ENEAS THE WARS WHICH YET AWAIT HIM ON THE SOIL OF ITALY.

57. For direxisti. We know that Paris, by the aid of Apollo, slew Achilles.-58. Æacidæ, grandson of Æacus.-62. "The fortune

race.

of Troy," i.e. misfortune.-64. obstitit, gave umbrage to.-69. "Ut solet Virgilius, carmini miscet historiam. Nam hoc templum in Palatio ab Augusto factum est." Servius. It is the celebrated temple of Apollo, which Augustus built on the Palatine (Palatinus Apollo), in which, as we see by this line, Diana (Trivia) was also worshipt. Cf. the Carmen Sæculare of Ho70. Ludi Apollinares, celebrated 5th July.—72. hic, in this temple of the Palatine Apollo. The Sibylline books, till that time preserved in the Capitol, were transported to this temple, and shut up in the pedestal of the statue of the goddess.-73. lectos viros, the quindecemviri appointed to guard the Sibylline books, which they were also charged to consult and explain, when the senate ordered them, in times of great calamity.-77. The state of prophetic ecstasy was so violent and painful, that the Sibyl sought to escape it. So too Statius says of Theodamas under inspiration: "Impatiensque dei, fragili quem mente receptum Non capit" (Thebaid, x. 165. See note 79).—78. si expresses a hope. Cf. ii. 756. [Such a notion as 'to try' is implied; si, if = whether.]—79, 80. In this whole passage the expressions are those which apply to a steed subdued by his rider. We say properly equus sessorem patitur, sessoris patiens, or impatiens; sessorem excutit; equum fatigare, to tame by weakening him with fatigue; equum fingere, to train. Premendo for coercendo (frenis). The same metaphors are again found 100, 101. -84. [terrā (by land). W. reads terræ, dat., in the same sense. Db. says] terræ (pericula) graviora te manent. - 88. Dorica for Græca. Cf. ii. 27.-89, 90. Turnus, “ cui diva Venilia mater” (x. 26). Addita, "fastened upon," in a hostile sense.-93. iterum, as Helen of old; alluding to Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, sought in marriage by Turnus.-96. With more resolution than thy fortune will allow, i. e. his fortune by itself, without the succour which was to come to him from Evander. Te, underst. contra ire. - 97. Graia (= Græca} urbe, Pallanteum, a city founded on the Palatine by Evander and a colony of Arcadians.

100-153. ÆNEAS PRAYS THE SIBYL TO CONDUCT HIM TO THE INFERNAL REGIONS; BUT THE GOLDEN BOUGH IS NECESSARY. THE SIBYL INSTRUCTS HIM WHAT HE MUST DO TO OPEN TO HIMSELF THE ENTRY OF ACHERON.

100. ea for talia, tam valida.-101. vertit for vertens or versos figit, from the action often repeated.-106. hic (esse).-107. A lake near Cuma was called palus Acherusia, which they believed to be formed by the overflowing of the Acheron, refuso Acheronte (115, 116. See v. 735, &c.).—121. According to the fable Castor was born from Tyndarus, and Pollux from Jupiter; but the latter shared his immortality with his brother, and passed, in his place, six months of the year in the infernal regions: hence these "comings and goings," itque reditque viam.-122. Theseus had descended to the infernal regions through friendship for Pirithoüs; Hercules to fetch up Cerberus.-126. Tows, in Latin Trojanus. Averno, dat. for in Avernum; here for the infernal regions.—131. dis geniti, those who have just been enumerated, 119, &c.-137. lentum vimen, the twig, the body of the branch (ramus), as opposed

to the leaves.-138. Juno inferna, Proserpine, as Pluto is Jupiter infernus (iv. 638). Dictus sacer sacratus, consecratus. — 140, 141. A combination of two different constructions (non ante datur quam si quis et non alii datur quam (ei) qui...) to express these two senses. — 141. fetus is used by Ovid also to designate a branch: fetus olivæ cum baccis.-145. Construe: et repertum carpe rite manu, with the hand, and without using any instrument whatever. 147. vocant (ad inferos).—149. jacet, without sepulture.151. pendes for hæres.-152. Cf. 328. Refer involves the notion of debitis.-153. duc (ad aram). Prima [= prius, ante. W.] means, "which must precede thy descent to the infernal regions.' 164-211. THE DEATH OF MISENUS, AND DISCOVERY OF THE

GOLDEN BOUGH.

164. Son of the Trojan Æolus (xii. 542).—165. Periphrasis for tubicen. In the heroic age, faithfully represented by Homer, the use of the trumpet in war was unknown, but the tragic poets assign it to it. Virgil has several times preferred to follow the latter.171. concha is here taken for a poetical motonymy for tuba; but why may not Misenus have sounded a marine conch, the trumpet proper to Triton? This was to provoke the god in a more direct manner, and to call for a prompt chastisement.-173. exceptum, surprised. Cf. iii. 332. This si credere dignum est is very well placed in a didactic poem, Georg. iii. 391; but for an Epic poem, such a condescension to the enlightenment of the age is quite inappropriate. -177. ara sepulcri, the funeral pile.-179. stabula, and at ver. 8 tecta, for lustra, which is the proper term.-180. [I have retained voce precatur. Dübner (aft. W.) defends forte thus]: Eneas utters by chance this prayer, with which his encountering Misenus's corpse, and the fulfilment of the prophecy, inspire him; " and it happens (forte, 190) at the same time that two doves..." It will be perceived that forte is here far from being useless, as Servius asserts: "Vacat forte, additum ad solam metri sustentationem," &c. It was afterwards changed into voce, a word out of place here, as the poet is not speaking of a prayer uttered aloud and in some degree solemn.-191. ora for aspectum.-199. pascentes prodire, i. e. procedunt ita ut interquiescant interdum pabulum quærentes. 203. optatis (ab Ænea).—204. aura, the reflexion; as Priscian says, aura viridi splendet iaspis.-211. cunctantem, as any branch does, which one pulls from a green tree. The majority of commentators supposes without reason, that this word contradicts what the Sibyl said at 146.

213-234. THE FUNERAL OF MISENUS.

213. ingrato: "gratiam nec sentienti nec referenti." Heyne.215. atris, of a dark, sombre green, like the cypress.-225. KpaTipes, the es short, as in Topyóveç, 289.–229. circumferre aliquos, "to make the round of-, carrying..." After the funeral they purified the assembly, according to the rites here described, regarding it as defiled by the proximity of a dead body.-230. felix is the epithet of fruit-bearing trees, which alone were admitted in the ceremonies offered to the gods of heaven (Superi).— 231. Scil. vale or ave.-234. Still Capo Miseno.