and dash, 181. On the dash and
its accompanying point, 189, 190;
193. On the apostrophe, 201-203;
205-207. On the hyphen, 221-
223; 226, 227. On marks of quota-
tion, 233, 234. General, 241-254.
Explanation of proof-marks, 316-318.
66 Expression," meaning of the word,
22, VII.

Expressions, inverted, 83-85. Cor-
relative, 93, 94. Divided into sim-
pler parts, 116, 117. Having a
common dependence, 120, 121; 178.
In the form of questions, 155, 156.
Indicating passion or emotion, 159
-161.

Extracts, consisting of words or
expressions, 228-231. Composed
of successive paragraphs, 232.

F.

"Father,"
," "Fathers," distinctions
made in the initials of, 260, g;
262, c.

Figures, Arabic, how punctuated,

112; 150, IV. Not abbreviations,
149, e; 150, IV.

Final phrases, 70, g; 78-80. Clauses,
89, 90.
"First,"
," "finally," "for the most
part," often pointed with commas,

72, a.

"First Cause, Father of mercies,"

the initials of, 260, f, g.

First word in a book, tract, &c.,
258, I. In phrases or clauses
separately numbered, 258, I., b.
After a period, or note of interro-
gation or exclamation, 258, II. b;
259, c.
"For," between two clauses, the
latter being explanatory, 113, 114.
Beginning sentences, 134, b; 143, e.
Foreign words that have been Ang-
licized by contraction, 149, d.
66 Formerly," often unpointed, 72, c.

G.

General exercises, 241-254.
Genitive case, rule and remarks on
the sign of the, with exercises,
204-207.

Geographical and geometrical signs,
301.

"God," when used with a capital,
and when with a small initial,
259, a.

"Gospel," initial of, varied in ac-

cordance with its meaning, 264, d
Governing words, the last of two or
more, 33, d; 34, e; 38, g.
Grammar, some acquaintance with,
necessary to a knowledge of punc-
tuation, 20.

Grammatical punctuation different
from rhetorical, 15-17; 27, 28.
Grammatical points, rules and re-
marks on the, with exercises, 26-
152.
Grammatical and rhetorical points,
rules and remarks on the, with
exercises, 153-196.

H.

Hand, or index, 237, IV.
Headings and subheads, 147, 270.
Heads of chapters, sections, articles,
put entirely on capitals or small
capitals, 268, XIII.

"Heaven," not to be printed heav'n,
199, f. The initial letter of, 260, d;
262, b.

"Heavenly" should have a small
initial, 260, e.

"Hence," "here," 73, e, f.
"However," the pointing of, as a
conjunction and an adverb, 73, h.
Hints on the preparation of copy,
and on proof-reading, 303-315.
"Holy Spirit," "Holy Ghost," the
initials of, usually put in capitals,

260, i.

"How," 109, g; 160, b.

Hyphen, rules and remarks on the,
with exercises, 208-227. As used
in compound words, 209-218. In
derivatives, 219, 220. In syllabi-
cation, 224-226.

I.

"I. e.," "that is," 128; 138, d.
"If," 89, a, e; 109, g.
Imperative absolute, 69, b.
Importance of punctuation, 1-18.
"In conclusion," when put at the
beginning of a paragraph, 131, e.
"In fine," "in short," "in truth,"
"in general," &c., usually pointed
with commas, 72, a.

"In order that," 90, g, h.
"In order to," 79, i.

"Indeed," as an adverb and as a

conjunction, 73, h.
Independent phrases, 69, 70.
Independent sentences, 142.
Index, or hand, use of the, 237, IV.
Indirect quotations, questions, &c.,
108, c; 109, g; 155, b; 229, b.
"Indisputably," 72, a.
"Infinite One," begun with capital
letters, 260, f.

Initial letters of words, when to be
capitalized, 257-267.
Inscriptions, capitals and small ca-

pitals used in, 268, XIII.
Institutions, principal words in the
rules and reports of, 261, a.
Interlineations to be made in copy
with great distinctness, 304.
Interlocutors, names of, 194, c.
Intermediate words, phrases, and
clauses, 22, VIII.; 46, j; 50, c;
57, b; 58, e; 64, 65; 69, d-f; 72,
XI., d; 73, g-i; 186, 187.
Interrogation-point, rules and re-
marks on the, with exercises,
154-158.

Inverted expressions, 83-85. When

the comma should be omitted in,

84, d; 85, f. When inserted, 84, e;
85, g.

Italics, how distinguished in manu-
script, 269. To be sparingly used,
229, d-f; 269, 270.

K and L.

"King," sometimes put with a capi-
tal K, and sometimes with a small
one, 259, b; 261, b.

Language, oral, rendered more ex-

pressive by variation of tones,
inflections, and pauses, 1, 2. Writ-
ten or printed, elucidated by
points, 2.

Larger portions of sentences, 116,
117.

Leaders, or dots, 238, IX.

Letter-writers cause trouble by their
loose style of pointing, 5.
Letter, syllabic,and quotation points,
rules and remarks on the, with
exercises, 197-234.

Letters of the alphabet, sometimes

signs, not abbreviations, 149, f.
Used instead of Arabic figures or
numeral words, 150, 151.
"Lord," "lady," initials of, 259, b;
261, IV., b.
Lunar signs, 302.

M.

"Madam," the initial of, 261, IV., b.
Marks, not pointed as abbreviations,
150, IV.

Marks, miscellaneous, explanation
of, 235-240. Arithmetical and
other, 301.

Marks of parenthesis, rule and re-
marks on the, with exercises, 167-
174.

Marks of quotation, rules and obser
vations on the, with exercises,
228-234.

Marks, typographical, explained and
exemplified, 316-321.

Mathematical signs, 301.

Medical signs, 301.

Members of sentences, explanation
of, 21, IV. Conjoined, 134, 135.
Miscellaneous abbreviations, list of,
277-300.

Miscellaneous marks, 235-240.
"More, greater, &c.,-than," the
correllatives, 93, a; 94, d, e.
"More, the,-the better," the cor-
relatives, 93, a.

"Most High," "Highest," applied
to God, begin with capitals, 260, ƒ.

"Neither-nor," the correlatives,
29, g; 93, a; 94, h.

"No," when equivalent to a sen-
tence, 130, d.

Nominative and verb, 50-54. Abso-
lute or independent, 69, a, c.
Nominative clause, what it is, 21, V.;
50, a. Phrase, 22, VI.; 50, a.
"Nor," between two words of the
same part of speech, 28, 29. In a
series of words, 37, 38. As a cor-
relative, 93, a; 94, h. Between
phrases and words in the same
construction, 98, b; 99, g. Be-
tween two short clauses, a verb
being understood in the latter,
104, c.

"Not," between two words con-
trasted or mutually related, 46, d.
Preceding the first of two con-

trasted words or phrases, 46, f, h,
and i.

Notes of interrogation and exclama-
tion, difference between the, 154.
Rules and remarks on the, with
exercises, 155-166.
"Notwithstanding," 74, j.
Nouns in apposition, 41, 42; 213.
In the possessive case, 204, 205;
216. Compound, 212. Used ad-
jectively, 213. Gentile, initials
of, 263.

"Now," as an adverb and a con-
junction, 73, h.

"Now and then,” 72, a.

Number of a house or shop and the
name of street, 100, j.

Numeral adjectives, with respect to
the hyphen, 214.

Numeral figures and words, how
pointed, 112.

by prepositions, 46, g.
Paragraph-mark, 240, 304.
Paragraphs sometimes connected by
a dash, 194, b. To be distinctly
marked in manuscript, 304, 305.
Parallel lines, 240, 301.
Parentheses and parenthetical ex-
pressions, difference between, 64,
a, b.

Parenthesis, marks of, rules and ob-
servations on the, with exercises,
167-173. How points are to be
used with, 168, 169.
Parenthetical words and expressions,
22, VIII.; 46, j; 50, c; 57, b; 64,
65; 69, d-f; 186, 187. The com-
mas often omitted before and after
short, 65, e.

Participles used relatively, 60, j-m.
Participial phrases, 22, VI.; 69, 70.
Particulars of a series, 23, XI.; 37,
38; 58, d; 98, 99; 120, 121; 125,
126.
Pauses marked and unmarked, 15,
16; 51, 52.

"Perhaps," 72, c, d.

Period, rules and remarks on the,
with exercises, 142-152.
Persons and places, initial letters of
the names of, 262.

Plurals of letters of the alphabet and
of Arabic figures, 198, b. Of nouns
and pronouns in the possessive
case, 205. All plural nouns to be
clearly written in copy, 304.
Poetical quotations beginning with
a broken line, 195, b.

Poetry requires more semicolons and
colons than prose, 125, b. When
to be marked with inverted com-
mas, 229, g.

Points, enumeration of the, 26, 153,
197.

Political parties, initials of the names
of, 265, h.

Possessive case, 42, h; 204, 205; 216,
217.

"Power" not to be written pow'r,
199, f.

Prefixes in derivative words, 219,
220.

Prepositions, two, joined by "and,"

"or," "nor," 29, b.

Primitive word, what it is, 23, XII.
Pronoun I, and interjection O, 265.
Pronouns in appositional phrases,
41, 42.
In the possessive case,
Referring to God and

205, e.

Christ, 261, j.

Pronouns, relative, 57-59.
Proof-readers, a knowledge of punc-
tuation indispensable to, 11, 12.
Proof-reading, hints on, 308-315.
Proof-marks explained, 316-318. Ex-
emplified, 320. Corrected, 321.
Proper names in apposition, 41, 42.
In an address, 68. In signatures
to documents, 147, 148. When
pronounced in accordance with
their abbreviated forms, 149, g.
In the possessive case, 204, 216.
The simples of, when to be con-
solidated, and when to be hy
phened, 215, 216. To be correctly
spelled and clearly written in co-
py, 302.

Prosopopoeia, or personification, 266,
267.
"Providence" and "providential,"
the initials of, 260, d, e.
Punctuation, its importance, 1-17.
What it is, and what its aim, 2, 19.
Useful to all, but much neglected,
3-5. Even by authors and print-
ers, 5, 6. Means of acquiring a
knowledge of its principles, 6, 7.
Appeal, on its behalf, to authors,
journeymen compositors, appren-
tices, and proof-readers, 7-12. Ob-
jections to the study of it stated
and answered, 12-14. Its essen-
tial principles fixed, 14. Imper-
fectly treated by grammarians, 14.
Regarded by speakers in a false
light, 15. Confounded with rhe-
torical, 15, 16. Determined chiefly
by grammatical principles, 16, 17.
Illustrated, 4, 18. Exemplified in
general exercises, 241-254.

R.

Reader of proof-sheets, matters to be
attended to by the, 11, 12; 308-
315.

Reading-boy, directions to the, in
reading copy aloud, 309, 310.
Reference-marks, 240.
References to books, chapters, and

verses in the Bible, 100, j; 151, b, c;
274. To other works, 268, XII., a;
273.

Relative clause, definition of a, 21, V.
Explaining the antecedent, 57, § I.,
and a, b. Restricting the ante-
cedent, 57, § II., and a; 58, c.
Whose antecedent consists of par-
ticulars, 58, d.

Relative pronoun followed by an ex-
pression enclosed by commas, 58, e.
Separated by several words from
its grammatical antecedent, 58, ƒ;
59, g.
"Of which," "of whom,"
59, h. Adverb put for a preposi-
tion and relative, 59, i. Relative
and verb understood, 59, j; 60,
1, m. Present participle used for
a relative and verb, 60, k. The
relative only understood, 60, n.
"Such as," denoting that which,
60, 0.

Remarks, short, 108, 109.
Remarks formally introduced, 138.
Repetition of nominative in a differ-
ent form, 53, g 8, h. Of words or
phrases, 34, i, j; 182, 183.
Representative letters, and abbrevia-
tions, 272-300.

"Revelation," initial of the word,
264, d.

Rhetorical punctuation contrasted
with grammatical, 15-17.

Rules and reports of societies, initial
letters of the principal words in,
261, a.

Running titles, or headlines, expla-
nation of, 270, III.