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FOREIGN VIEWS OF IRELAND AND IRISH POLICY.

L'Irlande, Sociale, Politique, et Religieuse. (Ireland, Social, Political, and Religious.) By Gustave de Beaumont. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1839.

One of the greatest advantages to be derived from a foreign review is the opportunity it affords us of discovering the estimate formed of us by foreign nations, and the opinions of persons unfettered and unprejudiced by our local parties, on our domestic as well as our foreign policy. Nations, as well as individuals, may profit by "seeing themselves as others see them;" as civilization extends, it creates an intellectual brotherhood of nations, establishes a tribunal of public opinion for empires, kingdoms, and republics, daily rendering the perpetration of iniquity in the gross as perilous as the progress of private society has rendered the practice of vice in the detail. To no country in Europe can this new tribunal be an object of less indifference than England; our country has been summoned by Providence to take the lead, to head the van, in the march of social improvement; our physical power, however mighty, is inferior to our moral force, and the proud position of our country can only be maintained while the belief in our moral superiority endures.

No one who has visited the continent can be ignorant that Ireland is regarded as the gangrened and untended limb of the British empire; to every remonstrance against the social evils a British. traveller encounters, the retort is always ready, "Physician, heal thyself." The Russian declares that we should not vituperate the wrongs of Poland while equally grievous wrongs remain unredressed nearer home; the Austrian avers that he holds Italy with milder grasp than we do the sister kingdom, and that the Protestants of Hungary are better treated than the Catholics of Ireland. Far be it from us to assert that these taunting retorts are merited, but there is no doubt that they are uttered. Irish questions can no longer be confined to committees or to parliaments: foreigners insist on taking a share in the discussion; and they are not likely to be satisfied with that solemn trifling, that venerable nonsense, and that grave absurdity, periodically vented by itinerant orators, who rest satisfied with the applause of their own little senate.

We do not lament this change in the arena of debate, though it will cut off countless opportunities for display, and remove a thousand hackneyed topics of declamation. We grieve not that itinerant oratory must soon be at an end, that choice phrases which are now current coin must be depreciated to base counters, and that opportunities will be cut off for proving one's self better than one's neighbours, which would be exceedingly unpleasant to many good kind of people. No doubt there will be many who VOL. I.—NO. III.-JULY, 1839.

Q

will still cling to the applause of the coterie, and mistake the echo of a packed assembly for the voice of public opinion. "The snail," says the proverb, " sees nothing beyond its shell, and believes it the finest palace in the universe;" it is well for the selfsatisfaction of some people that their vision is equally limited.

Gustave de Beaumont is already favourably known to fame as the associate of De Tocqueville in his great work on America, and also as the author of "Mary, or Slavery in the United States." Few writers of the present day equal, none surpass him in the power of philosophical analysis, in tracing actions to institutions and institutions to opinions, and in developing the mutual relations of that triad which includes the entire history of humanity. Avoiding the extremes of the fatalists, he shews how predominant opinions of necessity generate actions, while he vindicates the free agency of man by tracing the influence of the passions in distorting opinion, hiding its partial truth, and giving prominence to its partial falsehood, making it operative for evil, and inefficient for good. We may doubt some of his premises, we may dissent from many of his conclusions, but we cannot doubt that the former were not taken up without honest inquiry, or the latter deduced without a strict attention to the rules of logic. In matters of mere opinion we frequently dissent from him, but we do so with all the respect due to a man who has fully acted on that noble aphorism of Lessing-" Think wrongly if you please, but think for yourself."

M. de Beaumont commences his work with a rapid sketch of the social condition of Ireland. It is a frightful picture, but its features are not exaggerated:

Misery, naked and famishing, that misery which is vagrant, idle, and mendicant, covers the entire country: it shews itself every where, and at every hour of the day; it is the first thing you see when you land on the Irish coast, and from that moment it ceases not to be present to your view; sometimes under the aspect of the diseased displaying his sores, sometimes under the form of the pauper scarcely covered by his rags; it follows you every where, and besieges you incessantly; you hear its groans and cries in the distance; and, if the voice does not excite profound pity, it importunes and terrifies you. This misery seems inherent to the soil, and one of its natural products; like some of those endemic scourges that pollute the atmosphere, it blights every thing which approaches it, smites the rich man himself, who cannot, in the midst of his joys, separate himself from the miseries of the poor, and makes vain efforts to rid himself of the vermin which he has produced, and which cling to him.

The physical aspect of the country produces impressions not less saddening, Whilst the feudal castle, after seven centuries, shews itself more rich and brilliant than at its birth, you see here and there wretched habitations mouldering into ruin, destined never to rise again. The number of ruins encountered in travelling through Ireland is perfectly astounding. I speak not of the picturesque ruins produced by the lapse of ages, whose hoary antiquity adorns a country-such ruins still belong to rich Ireland, and are preserved with care as memorials of pride and monuments of antiquity-but I mean the premature ruins produced by misfortune, the wretched cabins abandoned by