speaking, refers to motion forth from any place. Thus in Cicero, Div., i., 24, Hannibal is said to have been ordered, in a dream, by Jupiter, "ut pergeret protenus,” i. e., uno et perpetuo tenore procedere. (Voss, ad loc.)-Eger. Because stripped of all his possessions by the soldiery. Heyne, with less propriety, refers the term to bodily sickness. Our explanation, however, has the sanction of Voss, Wunderlich, Spohn, Jahn, Doering, and Wagner. Others, again, make æger equivalent here to ægre, "with difficulty." But this has little to recommend it, especially as vix immediately succeeds.

Duco. The other she-goats he drives before him, but the one here referred to he with difficulty leads along by a cord, in consequence of its feeble health.

14-15. Hic inter densas corulos, &c. "For here, amid the thick hazels, having just brought forth twins, with many a throe, on the bare rock, alas! she hath left behind her the hope of my flock." Observe the gesture indicated by hic, as he points to the spot.Densas corulos. In the cold shade, away from the fostering warmth of the sun. And then, again, silice in nudâ, on the bare, rocky ground, with no herbage spread beneath for a couch. Hence we see the force of connixa, "having brought forth with many a throe," as marking a painful delivery, amid circumstances of great discomfort. Servius trifles, therefore, when he makes connixa to be employed here for enixa, merely to avoid an hiatus in the line. The she-goats generally bring forth twice a year: once in March, and again towards the beginning of winter.

16-19. Lava. "Stupidly infatuated," i. e., stupidly perverse, and disinclined to regard the monition. Observe the peculiar force of lavus here, which it gets from the idea of weakness and unluckiness commonly attached, in popular belief, to the left as opposed to the right.-De cœlo tactas. "Struck with lightning." Literally, "touched from heaven."-Quercus. According to Pomponius Sabinus, an old commentator, who apparently gets his information from works now lost of the ancient grammarians, when fruittrees were struck, it was regarded as an evil omen generally ; when olive-trees, it indicated sterility; when oaks, exile.

Sæpe sinistra, &c. "Often did the ill-omened crow," &c. This whole verse is deservedly regarded as spurious by both ancient and modern critics. It is wanting, also, in all the Paris MSS. Spohn very properly objects, moreover, to the awkward repetition in prædixit and ilice, when prædicere and quercus have just preceded. The line belongs properly to another Eclogue. (Consult Eclog., ix., 15.) Iste Deus. "That God of thine," i. e., that God to whom thou

so fondly referrest thy present felicity. Observe here the force of iste, as the pronoun of the second person, and compare the remark of Wagner: "Hoc pronomen semper a Virgilio, ac nescio an ab omni probo scriptore, ad secundam personam refertur." (Quæst. Virg., xviii., 1.)--Da. "Tell." Equivalent to ede or dic.

20-26. Urbem quam dicunt, &c. Tityrus, instead of answering directly who the deity in question is, deviates, with a pastoral simplicity, into a description of Rome itself.-Huic nostræ. "To this one of ours." Supply urbi. The reference is to Mantua.-Pastores. "We shepherds." He alludes to himself, among the number of these, as driving occasionally to Mantua some of the young of the flocks, by his master's orders.-Depellere. "To drive down." Andes, Virgil's native village, lay in the Mantuan territory, three miles distant from Mantua itself. It stood on high ground, and hence the road was downward from Virgil's farm to the city.Nôram. "I knew." Incorrectly rendered by some, "I thought."

Verum hæc tantum, &c. "This one, however, rears its head among other cities, as much as cypresses do among the pliant wayfaring trees." His meaning is this: I thought that Rome was merely, on a large scale, what Mantua was on a small one; that the two cities were the same in their nature or general character, but differed merely in size; or, in other words, that the resemblance between the two would be pretty much the same as that between a young animal and its parent. I found, however, on visiting Rome, that it not only exceeded Mantua in size, but also differed from it in other respects as much as the tall and firm cypresses do from the humble and pliant wayfaring trees.-Viburna. The viburnum, or wayfaring tree, is a shrub with bending, tough branches, which are therefore much used in binding fagots. The name is derived by some from vico, "to bind." The ancient writers seem to have called any shrub that was fit for this purpose viburnum ; but the more modern authors have retained that name to express only the wayfaring tree. (Martyn, ad loc.) Fée translates viburnum by "la viorne," and seeks to identify it with the lantana of the Italians, or the Viburnum lantana of Linnæus.-(Flore de Virgile, p. clxxv.)

28-30. Quæ tanta causa. "What so strong inducement."-Lib

ertas.

"Freedom," i. e., the desire of regaining my freedom. Consult introductory remarks.-Quæ sera, tamen, &c. "Who, late 'tis true (in her arrival), still, however, looked kindly upon me (at last), though indolent of spirit." The true force of inertem here may be deduced from verse 32, where he describes himself as careless of

his little gains, and consequently of the means of procuring for himself an earlier freedom. The expression sera, tamen, &c., is the same, in fact, as sera quidem, sed venit tamen. Compare the Greek form of expression, óyè μèv, áλλ' ǹ20ɛv.—Respexit. When the deities turned their eyes towards their worshippers, it was a sign of favour; when they averted them, of displeasure. The gaze of the Goddess of Freedom had long been averted from him.

Candidior postquam, &c. "After my beard began to fall of a whiter hue unto me removing it." More literally, "unto me lopping it." A playful circumlocution for "after I was now beginning to grow gray with years." Supply mihi with tondenti.—Longo post tempore. Industrious and diligent slaves might obtain their freedom after five years' servitude, or even earlier, as Voss remarks, who refers to Cic., Phil., viii., 11. This will serve to explain the excessive indolence of Tityrus in procuring his manumission. (Compare inertem, v. 28.)

31-36. Nos habet. "Holds possession of me," i. e., sways my affections. There was no marriage between slaves; it was merely a contubernium, or living together.-Galatea. The name of another female fellow-slave, with whom he had previously lived.-Nec cura peculi. "Nor care (taken by me) of my little gains." He spent his money as fast as he made it, and took no care to hoard up a sum by which he might purchase his freedom. A slave, strictly speaking, could have no property of his own. Since slaves, however, were often employed as agents for their masters in the management of business, it may easily be conceived that, under these circumstances, especially as they were often intrusted with property to a large amount, there must have arisen a practice of allow-` ing a slave to consider part of the gains as his own. This was his peculium, and with it he might, with his master's consent, purchase his freedom, when it amounted to a certain sum. Quamvis multa meis, &c. Alluding to the cattle and other animals driven by him, from time to time, to Mantua, and there sold as victims for sacrifice. According to Fronto (Different. Vocab.), the term victima means an animal of large size, as, for example, a calf; and hostia a smaller one, as a lamb. (Spohn, ad loc.)-Meis septis. "From my enclosures." Not folds, but enclosures for larger animals.-Ingratæ urbi. "For the ungrateful city." The city of Mantua is here called "ungrateful," because not giving him as high a price as he ought, in his own opinion, to have had, and thus stinting him in his means of procuring finery for Galatea. (Consult Spohn and Wagner, ad loc.) Some commentators, with

K

much less propriety, make ingratus equivalent here to infelix.Gravis ære. 66 'Heavy with money."

37. Mirabar. "I used to wonder." Melibus now finds out, from what Tityrus has just said, the cause of the grief of Amaryllis, namely, her lamenting the absence of Tityrus whenever business called him to the city.-Quid. "Why." Supply propter.— Amarylli. Some commentators, regarding the whole of this Eclogue as allegorical, and making Tityrus to be Virgil himself, fancy that the poet means Rome by Amaryllis, and Mantua by Galatea. And since they find the presence of Amarylli, therefore, in this line, militate against their theory, they read Galatea in place of it. Their view of the matter, however, is entirely erroneous, and there is no allegory at all. Melibus merely wonders why certain rural labours were suspended. Now Galatea had been accustomed to be indolent, and this conduct, therefore, was not at all surprising in her case. But it was surprising in the case of Amaryllis, who had before this been quite active in her duties, and a careful housewife. The common reading, therefore, must stand.

Pendere. To hang ungathered."-Poma. "The fruit," a general term for fruit growing on trees; hence Pomona, the goddess of fruit.-Pinus. The pine-tree (Pinus pinea of Linnæus) was planted in gardens, not only on account of its fruit and pleasing appearance, but also because it furnished the bees with wax and hive-dross, or erythāce (ερυθακή). It must be remembered, that the pine here meant is what is commonly called the stone pine. In the southern parts of Europe, and in the Levant, the seeds, which are large and like nuts, are eaten. The Spaniards are particularly fond of them. -(Fée, Flore de Virgile, p. cxxx.)

Fontes. The fountains here referred to indicate the pasturegrounds of Andes, which descended from the woody hills (Eclog., ix., 7) to the meadows watered by the Mincius, and which were accustomed to be irrigated, either during the summer heats or before harvest. (Eclog., iii., 111.) By the rivulets that watered these grounds, Amaryllis used to sit in the shade, during the noonday heats, with her small flock, awaiting the return of Tityrus.-Ipsa hæc arbusta. "These very copses." Arbusta is here equivalent to fruticeta, as Spohn and Wagner maintain, and as appears from v. 2 and 14, seqq. Voss, with less propriety, refers the term to the spots of ground in which trees for training vines, especially elms, were planted at intervals of from twenty to forty feet, and the ground between them was sown with seed.

41-44. Neque licebat. "It was neither allowed me in any other

way," i. e., I could not help it. I had to disregard the entreaties of Amaryllis, and betake myself to Rome, since I could obtain manumission in no other way.-Nec tam præsentes, &c. 66 Nor could I elsewhere find gods so propitious;" more literally, "become acquainted with." Observe the literal force of præsentes, "present (and ready) to aid." Deified mortals, to whom, in their lifetime, sacrifices were offered, were thus addressed; hence the allusion to Augustus.

Juvenem. Alluding to Augustus, who was about twenty-two years old when the division of the lands was made among the soldiers. Quotannis bis senos, &c. "For whom my altars smoke twice six days every year," i. e., in honour of whom, unto whom as a deity. Heyne makes fumant equivalent here to fumabunt, but this is incorrect. Tityrus had set out for Rome in the beginning of July, as may be inferred from the mention of the ripe fruit in verse 38, and the present dialogue took place in October of the same year. His altars, therefore, had already begun to smoke. Tityrus worships Augustus, moreover, as a Lar domesticus, not for twelve continuous days, but one day every month, either on the Kalends, Nones, or Ides, for the Lares were worshipped at these periods. (Compare Cato, R. R. 143, 2: " Kalendis, Idibus, Nonis, festus dies cum erit, coronam in focum indat; per eosdemque dies Lari familiari pro copia supplicet.")

Ob

45-46. Hic mihi responsum, &c. "He first gave an answer unto me, entreating him," i. e., he first gave this answer to my suit. serve here the peculiar force of primus, which is equivalent, in effect, to demum or tandem. 66 He was the first one from whom I heard the words of safety;" that is, from him at length, and not from any other before him. (Consult Wagner, Quæst. Virg., xxviii., 5.)—ResponUsed here in its simple meaning of an answer to a request, and not, as some pretend, in the sense of a response from a protecting divinity.

sum.

Pueri. "Swains."-Submittite tauros. "Yoke your steers." Supply jugo. The meaning appears to be, in fact, "break them to the yoke;" literally, "send them under the yoke." They who favour another interpretation should consider the following objection of Wunderlich: "De supplendo grege si capias, vide ne dicendum fuerit juvencos submittere, non tauros; tauri enim jam adulti, non submittendi igitur, sed jam submissi. "Vitulos submittere." Georg., iii., 159.

47-49. Ergo tua rura manebunt! "Thy fields, then, will remain (for thee)!" i. e., will remain untouched by a ruthless soldiery.