by far the ablest of the Republican papers, by ple-in which he will find few of his party to dant upon a hotly contested election, will have no turns argued, scolded, ridiculed and implored-but concur-that it belongs to the people of those difficulty in discovering the origin of similar all to no avail. The voters of the Fifth Con- States, just as in other States of the Union, to practices among ourselves, and that, however disgressional District remained joined to their most determine what form of republican government honest the practices may be, we come by them unprepossessing idol. Faneuil Hall waked its will best accord with their institutions. "I do honestly, having inherited them, along with Trial thunders of applause at the General's burly pres- not ask or require," says Mr. Seward, "that rep- by Jury, and the immortal tongue of Bacon and ence. The clergy rallied with pious fervor to the resentatives here, or governors there, shall be Shakspeare, from a common ancestry. We wonsupport of the "great Radical," the favorite rep-white or black, or mixed. I only insist that they der whether our Minister, Mr. Johnson, who is resentative of "moral ideas," to the exclusion shall be representative men, freely chosen, in perfectly familiar with the details of American (we suppose) of practices. The roughs, in their those States, by the people themselves, not by political management, will discover in the resemzeal for Butler, forgot the courtesy due to "a dis-outside compulsion or dictation." Of General blance afforded by the canvass now going on untinguished soldier of the Union," and all the Grant and the programme of his administration der his eyes, and the elections which are soon to charities of political discussion as they are so per- no prophecy is hazarded. His election he thinks follow, another bond of union which is to bind fectly understood and practised in Massachusetts, will prepare the popular mind to expect "the the two countries together in perpetual amity. and actually hooted "little Kilpatrick" from the most practical and easy solution of the national stand. And Butler is re-elected-destined to be embarrassments," but the meaning of this is as a thorn in the side of the Republican party-ac- mystic and impenetrable as the persistent silence cording to The Nation, a marplot in its counsels, of the President elect. a kill-joy at its feasts. He is, inter alia, the bitter enemy of the President elect. More may grow out of this feud among the brethren than at present appears upon the cards.

There must be something in the air-in the moon, which is thought by many to exert a control over other things besides the tides-or in the planets;-some sinister and mysterious influence A New Orleans paper of recent date records of nature, akin, perhaps, to that which has the observations made by a traveller journeying brought about such terrible terrestrial disturbances through the parish of St. Charles. During a ride in South America, which has toppled walls and of more than thirty miles he saw neither woman chimnies down in San Francisco, and set the cups nor child-no evidence of peaceful and quiet and platters to dancing on cottage dressers in The speech of Mr. Seward, delivered at Au-home-life relieving the monotony of the way. In Warwickshire, England;—some cause, in short, burn, New York, on the 31st ultimo, like most of reply to his inquiries he was told that the negroes there must be, adequate to the effect, to account his public addresses, is distinguished by calmness had assumed an attitude so menacing that the for the disposition generally manifested all the and philosophical analysis. His own attitude defenceless portion of the population had been world over to indulge in rioting and demonstratoward parties is, in many respects, so peculiar, sent to New Orleans for safety. Such is another tions of lawlessness. In quiet, sober Rotterdam, that great interest naturally attaches to any illustration of the blessings of Reconstruction-on Saturday last, the staid and usually peaceably studied expression of his views; and we believe of the peace the governments it establishes assure disposed Dutch folks got to fighting among themthere exists, throughout the country, a very gen- to those who live under them. Faciunt solitudi-selves, and order was only restored after troops eral readiness to attribute to his judgment, upon nem-appellant pacem. political subjects, both accuracy and sincerity.

had been sent from the Hague, and several per

As the Premier of both Mr. Lincoln's and Mr. The Parliamentary canvass in England is draw-sons were killed in the streets. The cause of the disturbance, says the cable dispatch, was not poJohnson's Cabinets, he has had the fullest oppor-ing near to a close. According to the latest aclitical. Only a few days before there had been a tunity to observe all the changes through which counts, the writs of election will be issued on the the Republican party has passed during the last 11th of this month. The borough nominations row among the commissionaires or street porters eight years; and his testimony as to its original will take place on the 16th, and the polling on class grievance-some question of privilege or of Dresden-growing out of some personal or purposes and wide departure from the line of the 17th. The county nominations will take place

earthquakes, may occur in communities the most remote from each other, and under circumstances the most dissimilar, and that New Orleans, therefore, has no monopoly or exclusive patent-right in lawlessness.

policy they involved, cannot be rejected or dis- on the 18th, and the polling on the 20th. The pay-which in like manner was only quelled by credited. When, therefore, he asserts that Mr. new Parliament, it is said, will meet on the 10th the exhibition of military force. It is so unusual Johnson's theory of the proper and constitutional or 11th of December. The contest between the for the peace of European cities to be disturbed mode by which the relations of the Southern two parties-Conservatives and Liberals-has been by occurrences of the kind, apart from political States to the Union should be restored, is identi- conducted with unusual spirit, the principal quescauses, that it suggests either that the evil excal with that of Mr. Lincoln, he convicts the tion involved, that of the dis-establishment of ample of our Southern communities has proved Republican party of abandoning the faith of its the Irish Church, exciting a deep interest in all contagious, or-which the New York Tribune and canonized President, and assailing both his judg-classes, and the elective franchise having been The Nation will be loth to admit that riots, like ment and his patriotism, by their attacks upon largely extended since the last general election. his successor. And it is not singular that Mr. Upon the result of this election depends, of Seward, in the strength of his own consistent ad- course, the further tenure of power by the Derby, herence to the policy of restoration-as declared or, as it is now properly, the D'Israeli Ministry; by both Executives-should find in the purposes for having made the appeal to the country, it is and administration of the Congressional Recon- hardly to be presumed that Ministers will con- At present-whatever may betide in the futurestruction laws, subjects of earnest and severe tinue to hold office in the face of a popular ver- the political watchmen in Spain may say of the condemnation. Even a mind, so habitually calm dict against them. The Liberals are confident of skies over them-how soon destined to be overand cautious as his, must feel something of ex-success. The spirit, however, in which the con- cast none may answer-that they are all serene. citement as he recalls the long catalogue of op- test has been conducted on their part, in some The wheel of Revolution, for the nonce, is stapressions and usurpations which have marked instances, has been singularly inconsistent with tionary. Everything is quiet, and there are no every progressive step of Radicalism; and we are the name. To lampoon and vilify the Premier new developments afforded by which we may even not surprised, therefore, by his indictment of the on account of his Israelitish name and origin, we shape a conjecture as to the future course of Republican party, charging it with the commis- should suppose extremely illiberal, not to say, events. The most favorable augury for that future sion of great crimes, perpetrated to-day in the blackguardly-a species of tactics, in short, quite is to be found in the character of the men by name of Liberty, sacrilegiously invoked, as was worthy of American Radicalism. Any one who whom, for the time being, the destinies of the done in 1789, with similar sacrilege, by the Jaco-is familiar, however, with the coarse electioneer- Spanish nation are controlled. Foremost among bins of the French Republic. Of the future, ing tactics resorted to in England, the vulgar, and these is General Prim. This impetuous little Mr. Seward seems to speak without much as- often indecent placards and caricatures, the ribald hero-the idol for the hour of the Spanish people, sured confidence. He thinks that the peace and scurrilous allusions, that are tolerated and has a character and a will of his own, it seems, which the country needs can best be attained by bandied to and fro, as the legitimate weapon, of sufficient to command respect and enforce obedithe admission of loyal representatives from all political warfare, to say nothing of the treating, ence on the part of the most lawless and boisterthe Southern States; and he asserts the princi-and the wholesale bribery and corruption atten-lous elements of the Spanish population. When

the Madrileños, the other day-who are veritable ing the north-western corner or tip-end-so to Tuesday which we find comfort in believing, and lambs, however, in comparison with the turbulent speak-of this continent, and over the native pop- that is, that the election of General Grant cannot Catalans were raging like wolves for the blood of ulation of seals and polar bears resident therein, be considered the exclusive triumph of Radia wretched fugitive, the private Secretary of the it was by no means a sign that the Russian Gov-calism. It will be claimed as such, of course, late Queen's Minister, Gonzales Bravo-Prim, ernment was about to enter upon a policy of ter- but saying so will not make it so. We do not stepping out upon the balcony of the Palacio de ritorial retrenchment. It only signified that it believe that General Grant is a Radical himself; la Gobernacion, into which the hunted man had had no desire to extend its possessions in the di- we do not consider him to have been elected solely been carried for safety, spoke to the mob in rection of the North Pole, and that that particu- by the Radical vote. He has been elected by words, which, as a contemporary justly remarks, lar slice of territory, being utterly worthless to what-only for want of a better word—we must "deserve to be chiselled in marble," and said to them-and to us also, for the matter of that-call the Conservative vote of the country, by them: they were perfectly willing to sell, for seven mil- which we mean that large body of independent "Go home to your families and to your work, if lions of dollars in American gold. By way of ad- voters identified with neither party, and sympayou have any to do. The time for drumming, ditional compensation for this abridgement of thizing wholly with neither, having no historical trumpeting and hymn-singing is past. Go to your homes, do your business, act like reasonable Russian dominion suffered in one direction, we or traditional associations with the Democracy, men, having mercy, charity and love in your read constantly of fresh acquisitions made in an- and less disposed than ever that way, on account hearts-not base and bloody vengeance. There are many amongst you who are scoundrels in dis- other. The item of news above given suggests of the doubtful or rather divided attitude of the guise. Beware of them, honest men!. It is they the rapid progress made by Russian arms in Cen- Party during the war, yet, at the same time, who incite you to these frantic acts; it is they who induce you, for their shameful ends, to disgrace tral Asia, and the near approach of the Russian having nothing in common with Radicalism, deyourselves. Try not to make me despair of liberty, outposts to the confines of British empire in precating its violence and condemning its excesses. I entreat you."

On another occasion, when the fickle mob sought to pay the General the compliment of a serenade, he flatly refused to listen to their music, soundly berated them for their misconduct, and bade them, as before, to betake themselves to their

work and to their homes.

India.

THE RESULT.

This large and controlling mass of voters, which, after the failure of impeachment and before the assembling of the New York Convention, showed It is very possible that we may have given of every disposition to affiliate for the purposes of fence to some of our Democratic friends, who the late canvass with the Democratic party-this believe in keeping up appearances at all hazards it is which has elected General Grant. We have and under any circumstances, because, in advance expressed our conviction that the Democratic The greatest danger of Spain, as we have inti- of the result of last Tuesday, we thought proper managers last July missed or threw away a golden mated in previous articles, lies in the want of per- to intimate our opinion as to what that result opportunity. It only needed the selection of rfect accord and sympathy-particularly upon the would be. They would, perhaps, have had us proper candidates, upon a suitable platform, to religious question-between the inhabitants of affect a confidence in the success of the Party unite, under the Democratic standard, all the the towns and cities and the rural population. which we could not feel-for fear that the zeal of elements of opposition to Radical extravagances The Church is the real difficulty, and we question others might be dampened by our want of faith. and misrule. The Democratic leaders, however, greatly whether the short and violent method Now, of course, we did not wish to chill the ardor either could not or would not see matters in that taken by the revolutionists to get rid of that dif or depress the hopes of a single Democrat, bat- light. They thought it safe to risk a straight-out ficulty does not aggravate matters, instead of tling in what we believe to have been the cause fight with the Republicans upon old party issues smoothing them. Among a people, the great of Constitutional Liberty in this country. At which the people had decided against them in majority of whom are sincerely and devotedly Cath- the same time, as honest journalists-as men 1860 and again in 1864, and with candidates who olic, the decided measures of the Junta, particu- having respect for our own character and for the brought no accession of foreign strength to the larly in relation to Church property, and the truth-we could not avoid saying what we be- support of the Party. We have the result. suppression of the religious orders, cannot fail to lieved, or, at least, if it was not one of those ocbe received with a feeling nearly akin to that of casions which called for "the whole truth," as well apprehension and distrust. Such violent changes cannot be effected without a shock to all pre-existing religious opinions and prejudices. That we may not fall into the error of prejudging, however, or reasoning from imperfect or mistaken data, we are content to await hopefully the fulfillment of the promise contained in a letter recently addressed by the same General Prim to the Paris journal Le Gaulois, thanking it for the sympathy shown for the popular movement in Spain, and expressing astonishment at that portion of the French press which was not satisfied at the progress already made, but wanted everything settled in a day. He says:

There is a further fact to be noted. All the Conservative vote which the Democratic party as for "nothing but the truth," we were bound might have secured, but failed to do so, after the to avoid saying what we did not believe. It is July Convention, went over to the other side, due to candor to confess that for some time past without, however, adopting the principles of that we had failed to see the slightest chance of success side. No more do we believe that General Grant, for the Democratic party. This opinion, which, personally, by his acceptance of the Chicago homprior to the October elections, we regarded as in- ination, adopted the principles of the Chicago trinsically and probably correct, confirmed by the Platform, or of the Convention that framed it. evidences of popular sentiment which those elec- Not one whit more than we would be compelled tions afforded, became, in our judgment, as near to believe that Chief Justice Chase, by his acto a certainty as any matter of mere conviction ceptance of the Democratic nomination, had it could be. This opinion, therefore, we have during been tendered to him, would have become ipso facto the brief period this paper has been in existence, a Democrat. Democrat and Radical are words more than once indicated in its columns. We which represent, or ought to represent, ideashave, accordingly, really nothing to add to-day to ideas which are as diametrically opposite as light "Eight days sufficed for us to overthrow a dy- what we have said heretofore. The result of and darkness. They are less words than things. nasty three hundred years old, and to establish a new Government. We shall not delay now to Tuesday has been discussed by us beforehand, in Now, General Grant and Chief Justice Chaseconsolidate our position through a Constituent As- the light of a foregone conclusion; and some ef- we couple the latter with the former for the sake sembly, on the basis of our programme which is known to you. We shall then have succeeded in fort we have made to analyze in advance the of illustration--are not what mere party nomenattaining the political ideal of contemporary Spain, causes that made, in our opinion, Democratic de- clature or platforms designate them to be, but namely, a really constitutional monarchy, founded upon the most extended, liberal basis compatible feat inevitable. We have done this not for the what they are in themselves, by virtue of their purpose of arrogating to ourselves any credit for opinions, their antecedents and their associations. superior political sagacity; for, what was so plain, Now, Chief Justice Chase has been more in pubor seemed so plain to us, we took for granted was lic life, more of a politician than General Grant, equally apparent to every intelligent man who and his opinions consequently are better known. gave proper consideration to the subject; but Would it be too much to say that those opinions because all history is experience teaching by ex- would probably have been the same, whether the ample, and by the errors of the past we may be Chief Justice be called a Democrat or Republibest taught to shape our course for the future. can-whether he had been nominated at New There is one fact connected with the result of York or Chicago? So of General Grant, whom

with that kind of government."

According to a cable dispatch of Sunday last, the Khan of Khokand has sent an embassy to St. "Petersburg, "to make offers of friendship and submission to the Czar." When Russia-for a consideration-parted, in favor of the United States, with a barren sovereignty over some thousands of square miles of rocks and icebergs, form

we all know to be a slow-headed and obstinate important interests, which is cherished by no in- cial rivalry with that spirit of fair competition man, and whose opinions and associations, so far considerable portion of the Northern press and which adds to the strength of geographical posias we know anything about them, point him out people. We have had occasion, already, to note tion only the advantages which are derived from much more distinctly as a Democrat than as a how possibly, in the honesty of a very simple energetic and enlightened enterprise. The most Radical. Of course, about all this there is a great belief, certain persons in Boston have warned for- powerful agency employed in this very laudable deal of uncertainty, as there must continue to eigners of the peril they would encounter by so- effort is undoubtedly its great railroad. The skill be, until General Grant has entered into office; journing in our midst, and more than once we and statesmanship which mark its management until his Cabinet has been announced, and his have excited surprise, not to say incredulity, when are recognized everywhere. Rival corporations policy indicated. As he is elected, we think it is we have assured gentlemen at the North that no perceive in the energy which has attained, for the perhaps a misfortune that he cannot enter upon more quiet, orderly, and effective municipal gov- Baltimore and Ohio Road, its Western connections. his duties at once. The next four months of ernment exists in the country than that which is and, with silent but constant effort, is rapidly anxiety and suspense, with all the opportunities administered by our authorities. It is impossible uniting the South and Southwest to the shores of afforded for endless intrigues and cabals, will to account for the frequent and continued mis- the Chesapeake, evidences of that sagacity which probably constitute the most trying part of the representation of an entire community, to which anticipates the future and secures its harvests; and ordeal through which the country is called upon we refer, upon any hypothesis of misapprehen- they do not fail to comprehend also the ultimate to pass. To our Southern friends, whose cause is sion. The papers which have originated the cir- results of that policy which, by a line of prosperour own—with whom we are identified by inter- cumstantial falsehoods, and those which have ous ocean steamers, has already established a new est, principle and sympathy-we have but one been swift to give them circulation, have shown and important point of debarkation for a numerword to say, and that is-Patience. We know no willingness to atone, by explanation and re- ous class of European immigrants. The advanhow deeply their feelings have been enlisted in the traction, for the slanders they have made current. tages which Baltimore will derive from the comcontest, and with what a pang of disappointment We have, consequently, the singular spectacle pletion of enterprises like these, needs no prethey will regard the result. We beg of them to of a city upon the only great line of Northern phecy to determine. Its rank among the Atlanact now as they acted three years ago, when the and Southern travel, visited daily by thousands tic cities will be greatly advanced; its trade, close of the war left them in ignorance of their from each section, and connected with every point wealth, and manufactures will be immeasurably fate, prostrate at the feet of the conqueror, and of the compass by telegraph, represented as law- increased, and its financial and commercial imby patience and forbearance under the provoca- less, riotous, and unsafe to strangers, although portance will relieve it from the disadvantages and tions to which they may be subjected, by address- no telegram announces an instance of violence, embarrassments which are incident to a position ing themselves promptly and resolutely to the and no reporter records an act of more than ex- of subordination, such as it has, hitherto, undischarge of those duties, which, under any polit- ceptional disorder. We do not consider it strange doubtedly occupied. It cannot be concealed that ical conditions, they will continue to owe to their that malice should originate the calumnies of this prospective improvement and advancement country, their families, and themselves, by turn- which we speak, but it is certainly extraordinary have aroused something beyond rivalry, which ing their thoughts from the unprofitable consider- that they should be received with such willing approaches, if it do not reach, positive hostility. ation of questions the solution of which has been and ready credulity, by numbers who claim to pos- In the press of Northern and Eastern cities, we taken practically out of their hands, and by de-sess something of both intelligence and justice. have more than once observed expressions which voting their energies exclusively to what is of We are led, therefore, to inquire whether what can only be characterized as spiteful; indicating more immediate concern, their material interests, is else without explanation, may not be accounted nothing of good feeling; but, on the contrary, their business, and their work-rob defeat of half for by reference to causes which are of deeper tinged with a bitterness equally unreasoning and its sting-deprive their enemies, the Radicals, of and more permanent import than belong to the impotent. But, so far as the Baltimore and Ohio the pretext for further outrage and oppression, passion and injustice of temporary excitement. Railroad is involved, the enmity which it has which they would only be too glad to have-and It needs very slight observation to perceive that aroused is unmistakable. Every possible ground so not forestall the possible good which, under the commercial importance of Baltimore has been of misrepresentation has been seized upon. ConProvidence, may yet be evolved out of so much very materially enhanced since the close of the peting railroads have sought to embarrass it with seeming evil. war. Sympathies may have but little weight in difficulties; politicians have made it an object of directing the currents of trade, but when enter- fierce attack; while certain classes of reporters prise opens the channels of communication, and and letter-writers have lost few opportunities to to the poised balance of interest is added the in- produce inimical and injurious impressions upon Our readers have generally read the correspon- fluence which springs from unity of sentiment, it the public mind by unfounded imputations and dence which the Board of Police Commissioners is entirely natural that people who have identity assertions. The link which its Washington deemed it necessary to make public, touching the of interest and feeling should become closely branch constitutes in the great line between North alleged insults and maltreatment of Radical vo- connected in all the relations of business and and South has been the occasion of no little jealters who passed through Baltimore, en route to commerce. The truth of this is exhibited by the ousy, and intimations have not been wanting of a their homes in the North prior to the October relative position of Baltimore to the South and purpose to make the complaints of such people. elections. As a mere incident, attending an ex- West. The Valley of the Ohio, and a large area as Tulloch and Hinton, occasions for Federal intercited election period, this allegation deserves no of that of the Mississippi, find their readiest and ference and usurpation. How utterly idle is all further mention than to say its reckless falsehood most accessible seaboard market here, while most this, we are well aware. Vigor and energy has been fully demonstrated. The results of the of the Southern States-with our coastwise lines win their just rewards against all opposing odds. investigation, promptly made by order of the of steamers and immediate railroad connection- and although we have no fears that any possibl Police Commissioners, the statements of Mr. are prompted by neither profit nor convenience action can be organized which, however hostile Hinckley, President of the Philadelphia and Wil- to go beyond a community where sympathetic in purpose, can injuriously affect the ultimate inmington Road, and the letter of Mr. Garrett, after liberality has so often kindled their most grateful terests of Baltimore and its enterprises, we may thorough inquiry and report, by officers of the emotions. Looking to the future-to that day trace, in futile efforts to retard them, evidences Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, all combine to show when time shall have healed the wounds of war, of that spirit which finds its most natural exposi that the statements of Tulloch and the complaint and the peculiar products of those States shall tion in persistent calumny and envious misrepre of Vanderbilt were without the pretence of justi- restore to them a prosperity which was once un-sentations.

BALTIMORE AND ITS CALUMNI-
ATORS.

fication. We might dismiss the whole subject, rivalled-Baltimore seeks by new avenues of To these sources of hostility may, we are sorry including even the truculent oratory of an office- communication to direct into its own mart most to say, be added another springing from political holder, named Hinton, without a word of com- of that trade which has contributed in the past animosity. Since the people of Maryland_suement, were it not that this affair is but another illus- so much to Northern strength and Northern cessfully asserted the right to regulate their own tration of that persistent and predetermined hos- wealth. Its emulation of other cities is honora- internal affairs, there have not been wanting, both tility toward the city of Baltimore, and its most ble and generous; it enters the field of commer-in and out of Congress, those who were ready to

restore the reign of an usurping minority, with It is very evident that the founders of our Gov- opening roads, and throwing pontoon bridges all its burden of proscription and disabilities. ernment regarded the organization of the militia across rivers, it has acquired the benefit of that The sentiments and sympathics of a majority of as essential, in every sense, to the preservation knowledge which is derived only from example our citizens are habitually represented as dis- and protection of freedom; and their jealousy and and experiment. The consequence is, that the loyal, simply because they have nothing in com- distrust of a hireling soldiery, their apprehension British volunteer, if called into service, would not mon with that reckless Radicalism which employs of the dangers which would result to popular lib- be unfamiliar with its duties; and, for the purpolitical power only as a means by which the erty from the establishment of large standing ar- pose of home defence, he is, in most respects, dignity and independence of a State may be out-mies, when read by the light of our present expe- fully equal to the regular. It is not strange, raged and its people oppressed; and the firmness rience, seem to have been prophetic, indeed. therefore, that the Government of Great Britain with which, even in the face of menaced danger Out of the militia system, too cumbrous for discovers in the organization of the volunteer serto our liberties, we have refused to compromise practical employment, and, necessarily, too incapa- vice the most economical provision against the principle or repress the utterance of our sincerest ble of instruction and improvement, have sprung contingency which may demand a sudden and convictions, seems to have stimulated partisan an- the volunteer organizations of the country. De- available increase of its military force. tagonism to an extreme of bitter animosity. riving all their material from the people, and Hence, in the Republican journals do we so fre- serving without pay, they combine all the elequently discover expressions of hostile feeling; ments essential to a citizen soldiery. Their memhence, the constant perversion of the acts of our bers have the personal and political interest in the authorities and the decisions of our courts; the community which belong to the civilian; while, persistent calumny which seeks to destroy all fra- by thoroughness of training and drill, they can ternity between our own and other communities, readily acquire much of that steadiness and availand prompts that insolent interference with our ability which belong to disciplined regulars. domestic and municipal concerns, which can only provoke the indignant resentment of a spirited people.

In this country there are not the same necessities, perhaps, for an organization so extensive and thorough. Nor can the States accomplish, individually, what requires the broader patronage of the General Government. But so far as it is necessary to have an organization of citizen soldiery-and the measure of that necessity need not now be discussed-it is proper that it be made It was a recognition of the Constitutional prin- effective and complete; that it be fostered and ciple to which we have referred, and an apprecia- encouraged; and that it be recognized, by the tion of the value of a complete volunteer organi- people, to be both useful and essential. Thus the We are free to say that we regret the injustice zation, which gave rise to the Maryland Militia proper esprit will be aroused, emulation will be and wrong of which we have so much reason to Law of 1868. Under its provisions, all between excited, and whenever the civic authority finds complain. We are equally free to declare, how- certain prescribed ages are enrolled in two classes. itself incompetent to deal with lawlessness and ever, on behalf of Baltimore and Maryland, that The one is styled the "National Guard," composed disorder, there will be, ready to its hand, an neither malice nor envy, neither clamor nor ca- of volunteers thoroughly uniformed, equipped and agency whose power cannot be resisted. lumny shall be permitted to repress the utterance, organized into regiments, brigades and divisions. We do not propose to examine the details of at all proper times, of the political convictions of The other constitutes the "Reserves," unorgan- the existing system at present. It certainly has their people, or retard the progress and develop-ized and unequipped, and to be called into service defects which need correction, and we trust they ment which are the just rewards of their energy only in cases of extraordinary peril of the public will be brought to the attention of the next Legisand enterprise. safety. The wisdom of this law has been vindi- lature, by those most familiar with their character cated by the result. A large and available force, and extent. The most glaring, we think, is the OUR VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATION. composed of the best material, generally, well large number of organizations it permits. For “In a land of liberty it is extremely dangerous officered, disciplined and drilled, is ready to meet example, "a single brigade, composed of full regito make a distinct order of the profession of arms. any emergency which may disturb the peace and ments, would be more available, in every sense, In absolute monarchies this is necessary for the good order of society, or threaten the rights and than the two brigades which form the First Divisafety of the Prince, and arises from the main integrity of the State. It is not designed merely sion of the National Guard. With every comprinciple of their constitution, which is that of for pageantry and parade. In its ranks are many pany recruited up to the legal standard, and governing by fear; but in free States, the profes- who have tested in march, bivouac and trench, every regiment having its complement of comsion of a soldier, taken singly and merely as a the hardships of a soldier's life; who have heard panies, there can be no doubt that the organizaprofession, is justly an object of jealousy. In the thunders of fierce battle; and not a few, who, tion would attain that degree of effectiveness these no man should take up arms but with a view under either flag, have won those proudest testi- which is the design of the law, and the ambition to defend his country and its laws; he puts not monials to a soldier's merit-honorable wounds. off the citizen when he enters the camp; but it is Our object in making the Maryland volunteer But, leaving this and similar subjects for future because he is a citizen, and would wish to con- organization the subject of a brief article, at the examination, we submit, briefly, one or two sugtinue so, that he makes himself, for a while, a present time, is simply to present one or two con- gestions upon other points. The armories of the soldier." Such is the language of the great com-siderations of a practical character, which may be different regiments in this city afford ample acmentator upon the English Constitution and Law. not without interest to our readers. Whoever commodation for the company drills, and there is The principle here embodied, carefully pre- glances at an English paper will perceive how no reason why these should not become almost served during our Colonial history, was made the thoroughly identified with every class is the Brit- perfect. But we believe there is universal comcorner-stone of American Constitutional Govern- ish volunteer system. From the Queen down to plaint on the part of the field officers of the inment, when resistance to oppression kindled the the humblest civic dignitary, all authority seems frequency and unsatisfactory character of the fires of successful revolution. As far back as May, devoted to its encouragement and improvement. battalion drills. The space is not afforded by the 1776, the Virginia Bill of Rights declared "that Every branch of military service is represented, armories, and there is difficulty in finding suitable a well regulated militia, composed of the body of including, even, the higher Staff departments. ground of convenient propinquity to the city. the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natu- We happen not to have at hand the precise num- The remedy is the establishment of a public paral and safe defence of a free State; that standing bers, but the force, consisting of volunteers alone, rade-a regular place d'armes, of ample area— armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as which could be summoned, without delay, to the which could be used by the different regiments in dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the defence of the English coast, is large and formi- turn. Thus, in addition to all the other benefits military should be under strict subordination to, dable. If not composed of men who have seen too apparent to require mention, emulation beand governed by, the civil power." The Consti- active service, it has the advantage of being well tween the regiments would be stirred, and a tution of the United States recognizes the same officered, and of having had that discipline which spirited competition would soon result in the imprinciple in the preamble to that amendment can only be acquired in encampments, conducted, provement of them all. To go one step further, which asserts "the right of the people to keep not as holiday amusements, but with military provision should be made for periodical encampand bear arms;" and it is repeated in almost the strictness and vigor; besides, in the manoeuvres ments like the English. The men are prepared terms of the Virginia Article, in the Maryland of the field, with divisions, brigades and corps, in to take all the chances of weather; they gener Declaration of Rights. attack upon lines, in constructing defences, in ally wear the sensible uniforms of modern times

of its officers and men.

STEAM: JAMES WATT.

II.

by the condensation of steam, were elementary discoveries, which had been brought to light from time to time long before these principles were reduced to practice in the Newcomen machine. They were for the first time properly put to use in this

loose and easy fitting, with no useless and tawdry and was apprenticed to an instrument maker of ever devised. His first patent was dated March, lace; their motions are free and unrestrained; Glasgow. Having made the acquaintance of the 1769. When application was made to Parliament many of them are accustomed to hardships, and savans of the University of that city, he had im- to extend his patent, it was contested by Gainsboothers, in strictly organized and governed camps, for philosophical studies. In 1761 he experimented which was its chief excellence, was a previous inproved the opportunity afforded to gratify his taste rough, on the ground that the separate condenser, would soon become indifferent to rain or sunshine, successfully upon the principles of the high-pres-vention of the contestant. This claim, however, and would, moreover, learn the essential dutiessure engine, then unknown; but having abandoned was not allowed. sentinel, guard, police, &c.-which cannot be his experiments, never returned to their practical The machine we have described was, in proper taught in any other school than actual experience. application. In 1763-4 he was employed to repair parlance, a single-acting condensing engine. It The day for show and parade has passed. Even a working model of the Newcomen engine for the succeeded, practically, to the entire satisfaction of the most unaccustomed eye looks rather to the University. From this time his subsequent im- its inventor, and superseded the atmospheric enstep, the guide, the march, and the drill, than to provements and discoveries began. He had turned gine of Newcomen. In a single mine at Cornthe lace and the button. War has taught the his attention to steam as a motive power about wall, where three of Watt's engines were employed reality of all military organization, and, almost 1755, but with no practical success. Upon exami- about this time, one-third of the saving in fuel, nation of the model aforementioned, he ascertained over Newcomen's machine, was £8,000 sterling unconsciously, one judges a battalion or regiment how imperfect was the condensation gained by the per annum. by its apparent fitness for all the stern realities of Newcomen method, as well as the imperfect exIt has been seen, if the explanation given is sufactual service, and not by the freshness of its pansion of the steam introduced by the same pro- ficiently clear, that the engine of Watt, we have uniforms or the brightness of its accoutrements. cess into the cylinder, by reason of its being par- endeavored to describe, depended for its operation, tially cooled-that is, he found a loss of steam, in part, upon the use of a counterpoise, so that, power, time, fuel and heat. By successive experi- after the steam had pressed the piston down into ments-among the scientific discoveries set down the cylinder, it might be raised again to complete to his credit-he ascertained that the power of steam the double stroke. The next step undertaken by In a series of memoranda, previously published, or the force it can exert is proportioned, not to the the inventor, in the improvement of this machine, it has been seen that, while the idea of the application of steam to useful purposes had obtained at quantity of water evaporated or to the surface ex- was to render it double acting-that is, make steam various times and places through successive peri-posed to evaporation, but to the amount of heat serve the purpose both of lowering and raising ods, it had not been satisfactorily and fully real-that could be made to enter the steam. He also the piston. This motion he accomplished by the discovered the weight of coal required to evapo- introduction, first, of an extra steam valve, or, ized until about the middle of the eighteenth cen-rate a given quantity of water, and the propor-more technically, "by making the equilibrium tury. The machine which first successfully applied tionate expansion of the water on becoming steam. valve a steam valve," and adding an additional the discoveries in steam already made and the He also, in connection with Dr. Black, of the Uni-valve to communicate with the condenser and the various inventions adapted to their use, was the He extended the engine of Newcomen, Cawley and Savary. The versity, established the doctrine, experimentally, upper part of the cylinder. increase in volume which takes place in the evap-heated steam. A knowledge of these phenomena, condensing pipe to the upper. of latent heat, and the expansive power of super-steam-pipe to the lower pair of valves, and the By this means oration of water, and the production of a vacuum together with previous discoveries, readily estab-steam was admitted both above and below the pislished in his mind the general defects of the Newton, and taken off above and below to the concomen engine already pointed out. In fact, these denser. By this arrangement he had reached the imperfections were among the discoveries which primary working principle of the Double-Acting are themselves directly due to his scientific know- Condensing Engine-a machine moved, at length, ledge and mechanical ingenuity. He ascertained entirely by steam. This was accomplished in the impart a general knowledge of the early history of would relieve it of the steam that had been used; the patent (alluded to in a previous paper) for the that a vacuum communication with the cylinder year 1778, and the patent is dated 1782. In 1775 applied steam, preliminary to more particular tothat this vacuum, maintained in a certain temper-single-acting engine having expired, Watt obpics in the same connection, we may best illustrate both the progress of discovery and mechanical in-ature, would produce the required condensation. tained an extension for twenty-five years. The Thus he conceived the idea of a separate Con- double-acting engine was variously improved from vention relative to steam, by describing, in brief, denser, situated apart from the cylinder. This time to time; first, by imparting to it a rigid rectithe powers and defects of the machine alluded to. constituted his principal improvement upon New-lineal motion, by means of ratchets on the workThe Newcomen engine was used for pumping comen's machine. By it he relieved the cylinder beam instead of the chain-gearing of Newcomen; water. It was adapted mechanically to this single of steam; created a vacuum therein, so as to per- then by the rotary ratchet wheel motion, known as purpose, and was what is known as the single-act-mit the return of the pump-rod, without lowering the "sun and planet wheels," and then by the ing, atmospheric engine-that is to say, steam was the temperature of the cylinder, and avoiding the adoption of the crank, first patented by Pickard. applied simply to create a vacuum under the pis- partial condensation of the steam, whose force, he He also, from time to time, made accessory imton, the upper atmosphere pressing upon its sur- had discovered, should act expansively. In ap- provements. He invented the steam-guage, the face to push it down. The expansive power of plying this invention he did away with atmos- barometer-guage for the vacuum of the condenser. steam was relied upon to drive out the air under-pheric pressure, and resorted to the expansive the self-feeding apparatus, the self-regulating neath, and its condensation to create a vacuum. power of steam alone operating upon the top of damper, and the form of boiler most generThe primary power was, therefore, atmospheric, the piston, instead of beneath. He made the cyl-ally employed in double-acting condensing enand to obtain this steam was employed in a sec-inder air-tight, avoiding, for this purpose, the use gines. He also greatly improved, as has beer ondary office. The piston was returned to its place of water, which he found wasted the heat of the seen, the hand-gear of Beighton; besides this. at the top of the cylinder standing vertically, by a cylinder, and was liable to evaporation. For this he was undoubtedly among the first to demonweight on the pump-rod attached to the opposite purpose he used tallow and a packing of hemp strate the power of steam acting expansively, extremity of the working beam. The cylinder was around the piston rod. To keep heat in the cylin- upon which theory all subsequent experiments made air-tight by water kept upon its upper sur- der he invented a jacket. To exhaust his conden- in high-pressure engines were based. It is due, face. Steam entered directly from the boiler be- ser he added an air-pump, which worked with the therefore, to the memory of James Watt, to low, and was condensed by a jet of water pumped motion of the crossbeam (or "working-beam,") record, in place, that to him this great physical into the steam chamber of the cylinder. and, also, a pump operating in the same manner, agent of modern civilization owes its perfection. The principal defects of this machine were: a by means of which, to save heat, he pumped the Without his ingenious and penetrating mind, his great waste of steam; loss of the expansive power water of condensation back into the boiler. He spirit of patient investigation, his mechanical skill of steam by partial condensation; the great amount improved the valves of Beighton, so that, by their and scientific knowledge, this great engine might of water required; the large amount of heat or alternate operation attached to the rod of air-pump have labored many years through the tedious inerfuel, and the unnecessary waste of both; the want of the condenser, they opened and closed to re-tion of gradual improvement, not in one, but of adaptability to impart a rotary motion; loss of ceive the steam from the boiler, or pass it off, in through successive generations. With his skili the power of atmospheric pressure by incomplete vacuo, as required. The piston was returned, as and science, it became a thing of vital energy, recondensation in the cylinder; the non-application before mentioned, by a weight attached to the ceiving the forces of nature like the breath of life. of heat to steam generated at a certain tempera- pump-rod-the cylinder being exhausted of steam He was a patient, industrious, prudent, persevering ture, so as to produce greater expansive force; and, and air-tight-and thus offering no atmospheric man, taught equally in the science and the prac in general, imperfect mechanical construction. tice of his craft. For these things, among the disJames Watt, a native of Greenock, Scotland, tinguished examples of the Intelligent Mechanic (born 1736, died 1819,) had studied physical science, we shall have occasion to mention, no one better

contrivance. As these outlines are intended to

resistance.

Thus James Watt constructed the first practical
STEAM ENGINE, in the proper sense of the term,