Y. Supp. 65; People v. Green (1905), 103 App. Div. 79, 84, 92 N. Y. Supp. 508, 19 Crim. Rep. 316.

Subd. 1.-State v. Atherton, 58 Iowa, 189; Hornback v. State, 35 Ohio St. 277, 35 Am. Rep. 608; Queen v. Barratt, L. R., 2 Cr. Cas. Res. 81, 7 Eng. Rep. 320; Bloodworth v. State, 6 Baxt. 614, 32 Am. Rep. 546; State v. Crow, 10 West. L. Jour. 501.

Subd. 2.-People v. Dohring (1874), 59 N. Y. 374, 17 Am. Rep. 349; People v. Draper (1882), 28 Hun, 1, 1 N. Y. Cr. 138; People v. Bowles (1884), 3 N. Y. Cr. 447; People v. Clemons (1885). 37 Hun, 581, 3 N. Y. Cr. 565; People v. Connor (1891), 126 N. Y. 278; People v. Burns (1902), 73 App. Div. 613, 76 N. Y. Supp. 1022, 19 Am. L. Rev. 857; see also Gongleman v. People, 3 Park, 15; People v. Monnais, 17 Abb. 345; Don Moran v. People, 25 Mich, 356, 12 Am. Rep. 283; Oleson v. State, 11 Nebr. 276, 38 Am. Rep. 366; State v. Johnson, 67 N. C. 55; Williams v. State, 1 Tex. Ct. App. 90, 28 Am. Rep. 399; Whitaker v. State, 50 Wis. 518, 36 Am. Rep. 856; Smith v. Fingar, 1 Alb. L. 101; Reg. v. Hallett, 9 C. & P. 748; Reg. v. Fletcher, 8 Cox C. C. 131; Reg. v. Dee, 15 Cox. Cr. 579, 36 Eng. Rep. 615, 6 Crim. L. Mag. 220; Com. v. Fogerty, Gray, 489.

Subd. 3.-Reg. v. Fletcher, L. R., 1 Cr. Cas. Res. 391, 19 Cox Cr. Cas. 248, 2 Bish. Crim. Law (6th Ed.)

Subd. 4.-People v. Quinn, 50 Barb. 128; Com. v. Burke, 105 Mass. 376, 7 Am. Rep. 531; Reg. v. Young, 14 Cox Cr. Cas. 114, 28 Eng. Rep. 548; Reg. v. Mayers, 12 Cox. Cr. Cas. 311, 4 Eng. Rep. 559.

Subd. 5.-Baccio v. People (1869), 41 N. Y. 265; Higgins v. People (1874), 58 N. Y. 377, aff'g 1 Hun, 317; Woods v. People (1874), 55 N. Y. 515, 14 Am. Rep. 309, rev'g 1 Th. & C. 610; Singer v. People (1878), 13 Hun, 418, aff'd 75 N. Y. 608; People v. Bowles (1884), 3 N. Y. Cr. 447; People v. Clemons (1885), 3 N. Y. Cr. 570; People v. Crowley (1886), 102 N. Y. 234; People v. Stott (1886), 5 N. Y. Cr. 61; People v. O'Sullivan (1887), 104 N. Y. 481, 58 Am. Rep. 530, citing Whart. Crim. Ev. 35, 46, 49; People V. Sharp (1887), 107 N. Y. 427, rev'g 45 Hun, 460; People v. Patterson (1888), 50 Hun, 44, 2 N. Y. Supp. 376; People v. Maxon (1890), 57 Hun, 367, 10 N. Y. Supp. 593; Zopfit v. Smith (1890), 55 Hun, 547, 8 N. Y. Supp. 876; People v. Flaherty (1894), 79 Hun, 48, 29 N. Y. Supp. 641, 9 N. Y. Cr. 253, aff'd 145 N. Y. 597; People v. Grauer (1896), 12 App. Div. 465, 42 N. Y. Supp. 721; People v. Nelson (1897), 153 N. Y. 90, 12 N. Y. Cr. 368, rev'g 91 Hun, 635, 36 N. Y. Supp. 1130; People v. Freeman (1898), 25 App. Div. 583, 50 N. Y. Supp. 984; People v. Flaherty (1900), 162 N. Y. 532, rev'g 27 App. Div. 535, 50 N. Y. Supp. 574; People v. Ragone (1900), 54 App Div. 498, 67 N. Y. Supp. 23; People v. Dickerson (1901), 58 App. Div. 202, 68 N. Y. Supp. 715, 15 N. Y. Cr. 365; People v. Garner (1901), 64 App. Div. 410, 72 N. Y. Supp. 66, aff'd 165 N. Y. 585; People v. Mosier (1902), 73 App. Div. 9, 76 N. Y. Supp. 65, 16 N. Y. Cr. 541; People v. Estell (1905), 106 App. Div. 517, 94 N. Y. Supp. 748; see also People v. Abbott, 19 Wend. 192; People v. Aldrich, 11 N. Y. Supp. 464; Brown v. People, 7 How. 171; Conkey v. People, 1 Abb. Dec. 418, 5 Park. 31; Crossman v. Bradley, 53 Barb. 125; Hays v. People, 1 Hill, 351; People v. Jackson, 3 Park 391; People v. McGee, 1 Den. 19; People v. Stamford, 2 Wheel. Cr. Cas. 152; Woodin v. People, 1 Park. 464; Lawson v. State, 20

Ala. 65, 66 Am. Dec. 182; Barnes v. State, 88 Ala. 204, 16 Am. St. Rep. 48; Dawson v. State, 29 Ark. 116; People v. Benson, 6 Cal, 221; People v. Mayes, 66 Cal. 597, 56 Am. Rep. 126; State v. Kinney, 44 Conn. 153, 26 Am. Rep. 436; see also 80 Am. Dec. 371, note; Stephen v. State, 11 Ga. 225; State v. Walters, 45 Iowa, 389; Sherwin v. People, 69 Ill. 55; State v. Robinson, 38 La. Ann. 618, 58 Am. Rep. 201; State v. Tilman, 30 La. Ann. 1249, 31 Am. Rep. 236; Com. v. Roosnell, 143 Mass. 32; Com. v. Murphy, 165 Mass. 66, 30 L. R. A. 735; Com. v. Nichols, 114 Mass. 285; Shartzer V. State, 63 Md. 149, 52 Am. Rep. 501; Strang v. People, 24 Mich. 1; State v. Vandnais, 31 Minn. 382; State v. Patterson, 88 Mo. 88, 57 Am. Rep. 374; State v. Way, 5 Nebr. 287; Oleson v. State, 11 Nebr. 276, 38 Am. Rep. 366; State v. Murray, 63 N. C. 31; State v. Knapp, 45 N. H. 156; State V. Marvin, 35 N. H. 22;

State v. Wallace, 9 N. H. 515; Clivir v. State, 45 N. J. L. 46; O'Meara v. State, 17 Ohio St. 515; Moore v. State, 17 Ohio, 521; Hornbeck v. State, 35 Ohio St. 277, 35 Am. Rep. 608; Sharp v. State, 15 Tex. App. 171; State v. Reed, 39 Vt. 417; Hardtke v. State, 67 Wis. 552; Reg. v. Connelly, 26 Upp. Can. Q. B. 323; Reg. v. Rearden, 4 F. & F. 76; Reg. v. Jones, 4 Law Rep. 154; Rex. v. Chambers, 3 Cox Cr. Cas. 92; Williams v. State, 8 Humphr. 585; Com. v. Lahey, 14 Gray, 92; Com. v. Merriam, 14 Pick. 518; Benstine v. State, 2 Lea, 169, 31 Am. Rep. 593; Reg. v. Wood, 14 Cox Cr. Cas. 46, ?0 Eng. Rep. 393; Reg. v. Langfield, 58 Law Times (Folio) 127; Reg. v. Riley, 18 Q. B. Div. 481, 38 Eng. Rep. 537; Titus v. State, 7 Baxt. 132; Com. v. Regan, 105 Mass. 593; State v. Turner, 1 Houst. 76; Reg. v. Holmes, L. R., 1 Cr. Cas. Res. 334, 12 Cox. Cr. Cas. 137, 1 Eng. Rep. 226.

§ 2011. Penetration sufficient.

Any sexual penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete the crime.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 280.

People v. Crowley (1886), 102 N. Y. 237, 4 N. Y. Cr. 168; People v. Tench (1901), 167 N. Y. 520, rev'g 59 A. D. 627; People v. Estell (1905), 106 App. Div. 516, 518, 94 N. Y. Supp. 748; see also Brown v. State, 76 Ga. 623; Taylor v. State, 111 Ind. 279; Reg. v. Hughes, 9 C. & P. 752.

§ 2012. When physical ability must be proved.

No conviction for rape can be had against one who was under the age of fourteen years, at the time of the act alleged, unless his physical ability to accomplish penetration is proved as an independent fact, beyond a reasonable doubt.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 279.

People v. Croucher, 2 Wheel. Cr. Cas. 42; People v. Randolph, 2 Park. 174, 213; Williams v. State, 14 Ohio, 222, 45 Am. Dec. 536; Hitabiddle v. State, 35 Ohio St. 52, 35 Am. Rep. 595; Foster v. Com., 96 Va. 306, 42 L. R. A. 589; Wagoner v. State, 5 Lea. 352, 40 Am. Rep. 36.

§ 2013. No conviction for rape on unsupported testimony. No conviction can be had for rape or defilement upon the testimony of the female defiled, unsupported by other evidence. Derivation: Penal Code, § 283, as amended L. 1886, ch. 663.

Kenyon v. People (1863), 26 N. Y. 203; People v. Plath (1885), 100 N. Y. 590, 4 N. Y. Cr. 53; People v. Powell (1886), 4 N. Y. Cr. 586; People v. Stott (1886), 5 N. Y. Cr. 61; People v. Crowley (1886), 102 N. Y. 234; People v. O'Sullivan (1887), 104 N. Y. 481; People v. Kearney N. Y. 481; People v. O'Sullivan (1887), 104 N. Y. 481; People v. Kearney (1888), 110 N. Y. 188, rev'g 47 Hun, 129; People v. Terwilliger (1893), 74 Hun, 310, 26 N. Y. Supp. 674; People v. Flaherty (1894), 79 Hun, 48, 29 N. Y. Supp. 641, 9 N. Y. Cr. 253, aff'd 145 N. Y. 597; People v. Grauer (1896), 12 App. Div. 464, 42 N. Y. Supp. 721; People v. Flaherty (1898), 27 App. Div. 535, 50 N. Y. Supp. 574, conviction reversed, 152 N. Y. 540; People v. Page (1900), 162 N. Y. 272, 14 N. Y. Cr. 517, rev'g 20 App. Div. 637, 47 N. Y. Supp. 1145; People v. Butler (1900), 55 App. Div. 361, 66 N. Y. Supp. 851, 15 N. Y. Cr. 207.; People v. Panyko (1902), 71 App. Div. 324, 75 N. Y. Supp. 945, 16 N. Y. Cr. 438; People v. Miller (1902), 70 App. Div. 592, 75 N. Y. Supp. 655, 16 N. Y. Cr. 396; People v. Swasey (1902), 77 App. Div. 185, 78 N. Y. Supp. 1103, 17 N. Y. Cr. 138; People v. Haischer (1903), 81 App. Div. 559, 81 N. Y. Supp. 79, 17 N. Y. Cr. 287; People v. Green (1905), 103 App. Div. 79, 92 N. Y. Supp. 508; People v. Biglizen (1906), 112 App. Div. 225, 98 N. Y. Supp. 361; People v. Smith (1906), 114 App. Div. 513, 100 N. Y. Supp. 259; see also People v. Brandt, 14 N. Y. St. 419, aff'd 110 N. Y. 647; Conkey v. People, 1 Abb. Dec. 418; Crandall v. People, 2 Lans. 309; People v. Cullen, 5 N. Y. Supp. 886; People v. Kirwan, 22 N. Y. Supp. 160; People v. Morris, 12 N. Y. Supp. 492, 35 N. Y. St. 942; Woodin v. People, 1 Park, 464.

ARTICLE 182.

REAL PROPERTY.

SECTION 2030. Contracts in relation to Indian lands.

2031. Buying lands in suit of person not in possession.

2032. Buying pretended titles to real property.

2033. Mortgage of lands under adverse possession not prohibited.

2034. Forcible entry and detainer.

2035. Returning to take possession of lands after being removed by

legal process.

2036. Unlawful intrusion on real property.

2037. Person leaving the state to elude provisions of this article. 2038. Witnesses' privilege.

2039. Unauthorized applications for loans upon real property.

§ 2030. Contracts in relation to Indian lands.

A person who without the authority and consent of the legis lature, in any manner or for or on any terms, purchases any lands within this state of any Indian residing therein, or makes any contract with any Indian for or concerning the sale of any lands within this state, or gives, sells, demises, conveys or otherwise disposes of any such lands, or any interest therein, or offers so to do, or enters upon or takes possession of or settles upon any such lands, by pretext or color of any right or interest in the same, in consequence of any such purchase, or contract made or to be made, since October fourteenth, seventeen hundred and seventyfive, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 384a, added L. 1893, ch. 692.

§ 2031. Buying lands in suit of person not in possession. A person who takes a conveyance of any lands or tenements, or of any interest or estate therein, from any person not being in the possession thereof, while such lands or tenements are the subject of controversy, by suit in any Court, knowing the pendency of such suit and that the grantor was not in possession of such lands or tenements, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 129.

Meigs v. Roberts (1899), 42 App. Div. 290, 59 N. Y. Supp. 215; Arents v. Long Island R. Co. (1899), 36 App. Div. 379, 55 N. Y. Supp. 401; Danzinger v. Boyd (1890), 120 N. Y. 628, aff'g 55 N. Y. Super. 537; City Real

Estate Co. v. Clark (1902), 36 Misc. 709, 714, 74 N. Y. Supp. 405; see also Chamberlain v. Taylor (Ct. of App.), 12 Abb. N. C. 473.

§ 2032. Buying pretended titles to real property.

A person who buys or sells, or in any manner procures, or takes or makes any covenant or promise to convey any right, or title real or pretended, to any lands or tenements, unless the grantor thereof or the person making such covenant or promise has been in possession, or he and those by whom he claims, have been in possession of the same or of the reversion and remainder thereof, or have taken the rents and profits thereof for the space of one year before such covenant or promise made, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 130.

$2033. Mortgage of lands under adverse possession not prohibited.

Sections two thousand and thirty-one and two thousand and thirty-two shall not be construed to prevent any person having a just title to lands in the adverse possession of another, from executing a mortgage upon such lands, nor shall said sections. apply to any conveyance or release of lands or tenements to any person in the lawful possession thereof.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 131, as amended L. 1888, ch. 282.

§ 2034. Forcible entry and detainer.

A person, guilty of using, or of procuring, encouraging or assisting another to use, any force or violence in entering upon or detaining any lands or other possessions of another, except in the cases and the manner allowed by law, is guilty of a misdemeanor.

Derivation: Penal Code, § 465.

McMorris v. Howell (1903), 89 App. Div. 272, 277, 85 N. Y. Supp. 1018; see also People v. Anthony, 4 Johns. 198; Cain v. Flood, 21 Civ. Proc. 116, 38 N. Y. St. 197, 14 N. Y. Supp. 776; People v. Carter, 29 Barb. 208; Carter v. Newbold, 7 How. 166; People v. Farrell, 28 N. Y. St. 43, 8 N. Y. Supp. 232; People v. Field, 52 Barb. 198, 58 Barb. 570, 1 Lans. 222; People v. Leonard, 11 Johns. 504; Mather v. Hood, 8 Johns. 44; Mickle's Case, 1 City Hall Rec. 96; Mickle v. Edwards, 1 City Hall Rec. 119; People v. Nelson, 13 Johns. 340; People v. Reed, 11 Wend. 147; People v. Rickert, 8 Cow. 226; People v. Shaw, 1 Cai. 125; People v. Smith, 24 Barb, 15; People v. Van Nostrand, 9 Wend. 50; People v. Wilson, 13 How. 446; Matthews v. rers