[N. B. A brief Description of some of the Fossils mentioned in the present Volume, is given in the Index, for the use of those who may be entirely unacquainted with Fossil Organic Remains.]
AIGUILLES, granitic peaks in the Alps, how formed, 81, 90. Alcyonites, fossil alcyonia, nearly resembling sponges, the pro- duction and habitation of poly- pi, 271.
Alluvial depositions, 15, 422, 436. Alpnach coal, contains teeth and
bones of the mastodon, 303,465. Alternation of marine and fresh- water formations, 300; hypo- theses respecting them, 328. Alumine or Clay, 48. Alum shale, 265–268. Ammonite, or Cornu Ammonis, (provincially snakestone,) a fossil chambered shell, supposed to resemble the closely coiled ram's horns on the head of Jupiter Ammon; twenty species of this shell found in lias, 263. Amphibole; see Hornblende. Amygdaloid, 190, 210. Amygdaloidal, 59.
Basalt, description of, 188; varie- ties of, and its passage into phe- nolite, pitchstone, and obsidian, 189; its connection with por- phyry, sienite, and granite, 190; caps of basalt, 201; columnar basalt of the Hebrides and the north of Ireland, 202, 204; ba- salt of Iceland, 206; of Auvergne, 207, 358, 359; coral in basalt, 208; imbedded basalt, 209; al- ternation of with limestone, 210; experiments on, 212; igneous, origin of, 215; Werner's theory of, 217.
Basaltic dykes, 191, 198, 200. Basin, Paris, strata of, 297; fossil remains in, 310, 315, 323. Belemnite, a round straight cham- bered shell, frequently about the size of a finger, but tapering to a point; from the Greek Be- lemnon, a round arrow-head, Bi263, 270.
Anhydrous gypsum, 57; see Gyp- Bind or Clunch, induratedclay, 156.
Animals, division of, by Cuvier, into
radiated, articulated, moluscous, and vertebrated, Chap. II. 35. Anthracite, a species of coal that
burns without smoke, 160, 170. Atlantades, 478.
Augite, 120, 188; one of the prin-
cipal component minerals in dark lava and basalt, 377. Auvergne, geology of, 358, 365. Azores, forty-two volcanoes in the, 349.
rds, bones of, rarely found fossil, 41; in Stonesfield slate, 275, 276, 311, 462.
Bitumen, 162; in the volcanic tufa of extinct volcanoes, 364, 369. Black-lead mine, Borrowdale, 494. Blocks of granite and other primary
rocks on calcareous mountains, and in valleys, 89--97, 433. Blue John, or Fluor Spar, mine of, 402.
Boiling springs, 354; see Thermal
Cader Idris, columnar trap-rock on, 205.
Calcaire grossier, fossil remains in, 298, 303, 304. Calcaire siliceux, 310.
Calcaire alpin, observations on, 227.
Calcareous tufa, 443. Calcareous sandstone of Austra- lasia, and of Cornwall and Gua- daloupe, 452.
Carbon, 50, 161; in volcanic pro- ducts, 369.
Cardona in Spain, salt formation at, 252.
Carnivorous quadrupeds, fossil re- mains of, most abundant in ca- verns, 459. Caverns in transition or mountain
limestone, 139; how formed, 140. Caverns with bones of carnivorous animals in Germany and Hun- gary, 459, 460; at Kirkdale in Yorkshire, Professor Buckland's discoveries in, 461, 463; subsi- dence of their roofs, 464; ca- vern in Derbyshire containing the entire skeleton of an ele- phant, 465.
Cawk, or Sulphat of Barytes, 410. Central Fire, observations on, 75, 381.
Cetaceous animals of the whale fa- mily, rarely fossil, 41; in Italy, 319. Chalk. Upper, lower, and middle
thickness of the strata in En- gland and France, 288; chalk with flints, 288, 289; sometimes intermixed with siliceous sand,
289; some chalk contains mag- nesia, 289; characters by which magnesian chalk may be distin- guished, 289; on the constant occurrence of flint in chalk, 290, 291; fossils in chalk, 292; loca- lities of chalk, 292. Charnwood Forest, granite of, more ancient than that of the Alps,222; sandstone of, 241; sienitic rocks of, 245; hills, geology of, 500, 502.
Cheshire, rock-salt of, 249. Chimborasso, 95; formation of tra- chyte on, 365.
Chlorite, 54; in the granite of the Alps, 89; chlorite slate, 129; see Talcous Slate. Classification of rocks, 10; of ani- mals, by Cuvier, 35; of shells, defects in, 44, 83.
Clay, or Alumine, 48, 189. Clay-stone, 189; of Braid Hill, re- bles trachyte, 373.
Cleavage of slate, mistaken for stratification, 128.
Clermont in Auvergne, 358. Cleveland Basalt Dyke, 197; hills, 276.
Clinkstone, or Phonolite, 377. Coal Formation, the strata which compose it, contain almost ex- clusively fossil vegetable re- mains, 147; strata under the regular coal formation, 147, 148, 170; imperfect coal formations, 171; coal formations in various parts of the world, 176, 177. Coal, mineral, varieties of, 148, 149.
Coal-fields, or Coal-basins, of limit- ed extent, 149-152; deranged by faults, 153; coal mines, 155; an elucidation of the structure of coal-basins, 157; ironstone ac- companying coal strata, 159; great coal-field in South Wales, 151, 181; coal-fields in England and Wales enumerated, 496, 498. Coal, origin of, 161, 163, 165,
168; conversion of vegetable matter into coal, 168, 170; coal of Alpnach, containing bones
and teeth of the mastodon, 173; search for coal, how it should be made, 174, 175; on the pe- riod when the coal of England will be exhausted, 178. Cols, or Passages in the Alps, 81; height of, 527. Columnar structure, 62, 205. Compact structure, 59. Comparative Anatomy, its impor- tance in Geology, 315. Conchology, defects in the classi- fication, 44.
Conformable position, 67, 73. Conglomerate, rounded masses of rock in sand or clay, 132; sepa- rates slate from transition lime- stone in Denbighshire, 491; in Cumberland, 493; conglomerate of trachyte, 376. Coral rag, 271.
Coral rocks formed by zoophytes, 36, 115, 271, 452. Cordier, his mechanical analysis of lava, 377.
Cotemporaneous formations, 222, 227.
Crag of Norfolk, 320; fossil re-
mains in, 321. Craters, elevation of, 345. Crocodiles, fossil remains of in oolite, 270; at Tilgate Forest, 281; at Highgate and Islington, 306.
Cross courses, 405.
Cross Fell in Cumberland, 492, 493.
Crust of the globe, comparative thickness of, 6, 185, 388. Crystals, of the same mineral, as- sume different forms in different districts, 417.
Cuvier, Baron, his classification of animals, 35-39; new animals discovered by him, 297, 312— 314; his observations on the structure of fossil animals, 415, 418.
Daubeny, Dr., on the geology of Sicily, 210.
Density of the earth, 4. Denudation, what, 473.
Diabase, or Greenstone, 120. Diableret mountains, fossil re- mains in, 225.
Diallage, crystallized serpentine, 116; in Cornwall, 487; in Rad- norshire, 490.
Diluvial agency, 473, 476. Diluvial deposits, 15, 422; fossil bones in, 453-458. Disintegration of rocks, 421. Dolerite, 120. Dolomite, 57, 237.
Dome-shaped mountains in Au- vergne, their origin, 364. Dragon, flying, fossil remains of, 234.
Droitwich, rock-salt of, 251. Druses, 399.
Dudley, transition limestone of,
135. Dudley, basalt of, 212; geology of, 505. Dye-earth, 136.
Earthquakes and Volcanoes, their connection, 331; distance at which earthquakes are felt, 332; affect distant springs and wells, 332; frequency at particular pe- riods, 335; at Lisbon in 1759, its effects, 336; more powerful in mines than on the surface, 338; at Chili, effects and extent of, 104, 105.
Earths of which rocks are princi- pally composed, 47, 48. Eboulements, what, 424. Echinites, fossil Echini seldom found below the oolite lime- stone, 271; characteristic of chalk, 291.
Echinus, a sea urchin, pl. Echini. Elephants, fossil remains of, 453, 458, &c.
Elks, fossil remains of, in Ireland, 457.
Elvan, of Cornwall, 122. Encrinites, sometimes called En-
trochi; fossil zoophytes with a round and jointed stem, and round and jointed arms, or branches, surrounding the mouth, which when closed bear
a resemblance to a lily, a cap, or a turban, &c., hence called the lily encrinite, the cap encrinite, &c.; common in transition lime- stone, 137. Escarpments of mountains, 79. Euphemia, engulphed by an earth- quake, 332.
Eurite, finely granular, or compact Felspar, 101.
Fair Head, basaltic columns of, 203. Faults; see Dykes. Faulty ground, 156. Felspar, 52, 87. Fire-damp, 176.
Fish thrown out during volcanic eruptions, 353.
Fish, fossil remains of, 311; see Magnesian Limestone, Lias, &c. Flint, in and under chalk, 288; its origin, 290. Flinty slate, 130.
Floetz rocks of Werner, 233. Fluan, (a term used by miners,) 405.
Fluor-spar mine, 402. Fontainebleau sandstone, 319. Forest marble, 272. Formations, 65.
Fossil organic remains, called also Extraneous fossils and petrifac- tions; see Chap. II. et passim. Freestone; see Oolite. Freshwater formations, indications of their occurrence in the regular coal formation, 165, 167; in the strata between the upper oolite and the green-sand below chalk, 279-285; observations on the alternations of freshwater and marine formations, 327, 329. Freshwater limestone, 322, 326; formed in recent lakes, 445. Fuller's earth, 272.
Geodes, in green-sand, 286. Geognosy, 3.
Geology, derivation of the word, 2; speculative, 3.
Geology of England and Wales, 483; the principal mountain range on the western side of the
island denominated the Great Alpine Chain, 484; divided into three groups or ranges: the Devonian range, 485; mineral treasures of, 489. The Cam- brian range, 489; mountains of, 490; principal mineral treasures of, 491. The Northern range, extent of, 491. Structure of the calcareous mountains explained by a section of England, 492; mountains surrounding the lakes, 494; branch from the northern range extending into Derbyshire, 495. These three ranges comprise the Alpine di- stricts. The middle district, coal- fields in it enumerated, 495- 498; this district in some parts covered by red marle and sand- stone containing rock-salt and brine springs, 499. Primary rocks and ancient trap rocks ap- pear in the middle district, 499; at Charnwood Forest, 500, 504; in Warwickshire, 504; Glouces- tershire, Somersetshire, 506, 507. The upper calcareous di- strict contains no beds of good coal nor any metallic veins, 507. Magnesian limestone bordering the coal strata, extent of, 507. Lias limestone, extent and du- ration of through England, 508, 509.
Oolite limestone, range
of through England, and its ab- rupt termination, 509, 510; strata between the oolite and chalk, 510. Chalk, extent of in England, 511. Tertiary forma- tions covering chalk, 511, 512; alluvial and diluvial depositions, 512; subterranean and subma- rine forests, 513; thermal wa- ters of England, 514; Obser- vations on the total thick- ness of the different rock forma- tions of England, 516, 517; on coal districts concealed by upper calcareous strata, 517; on the cause which prevented the further extension of the oolite and lias to the north-west, 519. Giant's Causeway, 202.
Glentilt in Scotland, peculiarities
of the granite there, 99. Globular structure, 62; in basalt, explained, 214.
Gneiss or Slaty granite, 108; alter- nates with and passes into com- mon granite and into mica-slate, 109.
Gold, where found in England, 396, 418. Granite, composition of, 86; varie- ties of, 88-90; localities of, 91 -97; granite veins in slate, 97; vertical beds of, in the Alps, 224; different ages of, 225; granite, passage of into sienite, porphyry, and basalt, 191; bears a near affinity to ancient volcanic products, 385.
Granite of England, more ancient than that of the Alps, 222. Granite, scattered blocks of, 97, 433.
Granite veiné, 109.
Granite, secondary, observations on, 100, 101.
Gravel, 422, 423; beds of, scatter- ed on the summits of detached hills, 476, 513; organic remains in, 457.
Gray wethers, 318.
Green-sand formation, 285; fos-
sil remains in, 287. Greenstone, a rock composed of hornblende and felspar, the dia- base of the French, 120; some- times called trap, 143; sienitic greenstone, 187. Gres ancien, 242; rouge, 242; des Vosges, 242; bigarré, 242; ferrugineux, 285; à lignites, 321.
Greywacke, 131; passes into the
old red sandstone, 132; its place sometimes supplied by conglo❘ merate, 132. Greywacke slate, 131, &c. Gryphite, a fossil bivalve shell, the lower valve deeply curved, the upper flat, 263. Gypsum, 57; accompanies rock- salt, 256; and is always anhy- drous in the Alps when first ex- posed, 258; observations on,
259; Paris gypsum and gyp- seous marle, 311.
Halifax, the Rev. R., on the lias and
oolite of Leckhampton Hill, 267. Hall, Sir James, his experiments to explain the formation of basalt, 213; to convert chalk into mar- ble, 215; to form sandstone, 389; his theory on the formation of valleys, 474.
Hampstead Heath marine sand, 319. Hartshill, quartz rock of, 246. Hastings sand, or iron-sand, 280; fossil remains in, 281. Height of mountains, table of; see Appendix.
Helix. Helicites, fossil shells of the snail genus Helix Janthina, 230. Highnam Park, lias limestone, 267.
High Stile, crater in, 192. Himmaleh mountains, the highest in the world, 95; fossil bones of horses and deer brought down from them by avalanches, 478. Hippopotamus, fossil remains of,
Hone or Whetstone slate, 129. Honeycomb limestone of Sunder- land, 238. Hornblende,55,119,143; slate,119. Hornstone, or Petrosilex, 130. Hot springs; see Thermal Waters. Humboldt, account of the formation of new islands, 75; on subterra- nean fire under primary rocks, 104 and 343, 344, 345; and on the extent of volcanic fire, 356. Huttonian or Plutonian theory re-
specting metallic veins, 408; on the formation of valleys, 468. Hydrogen gas evolved from volca- noes, 370.
Hyenas, bones of, found in caverns, 462.
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