127. Sab, 'all,' may take the termination hon when it stands by itself (as sabhon ne, by all,'), but when used with a substantive it is indeclinable. 128. Some useful adjectives in á (changeable to e and í by rule 86), expressive of similitude and quantity, are formed from the pronouns yih, wuh, kaun, jaun, and taun, as follows: aisá, 'this-like,' 'such-like,' 'such;' itná, 'this much,'' so many' (itne men, 'in the meanwhile'); waisa,' that-like,' 'such;' utná, 'that much;' kaisa, 'what-like?' 'in what manner?' 'how ?' kitná, 'how many?' jaisá, 'which-like,' 'in the manner which,' 'as ;' jitná, 'as many;' taisá, 'such-like,' 'so;' 'titná, 'so many.' 129. The following words have a pronominal signification: aur, 'other,' 'more;' dúsrá, 'another;' donon, 'both;' ka-i, 'some;' ka-i ek, 'several;' har, 'every.' (Anomalous formations derived from ho-ná, 'to be,' see r. 173.) 131. The above tenses are not only auxiliary to the complete conjugation of all verbs, but are also used as substantive tenses, for the most general expression of mere existence. CONJUGATION. 132. Observe, that verbs are inflected according to the gender of their governing nouns, and that, as a general rule, when the masculine singular ends in á, the masculine plural ends in e, the feminine singular in 2, and the feminine plural in in or sometimes 2-án. 133. The infinite or verbal noun ends in ná; as, bol-ná, ‘to speak.' This ná is changeable to ne, like substantive in á of the second declension (r. 64), and is declined with the postpositions ká, ke, ki, ko, etc., like other nouns. It is also changeable to ni for the singular, and nin or ní-án for the plural, to agree with feminine nouns. 134. The root (which also stands for the 2nd sing. imperative) is formed by rejecting the ná of the infinitive; as, bol. 135. The present participle is formed by adding tú to the root; as, bol-tá, 'speaking.' 136. Observe. This tá is only used for the masc. sing. It is changeable to te for the masc. plural, to tí for the fem. sing., and to tin or tí-án for the fem. plural. 137. The past participle is formed by adding á to the root; as, bol-á, 'spoken.' 138. Observe. This á is only used for the masc. sing. It is changeable to e for the masc. plural, to í for the fem. sing., and to in or i-án for the fem. plural. 139 A. Three tenses come from the root, viz., 1. the aorist often used as a potential, subjunctive, conditional, or future indefinite; 2. the future, and 3. the imperative (with the respectful forms of the last two). These three are the only tenses which take terminations, properly so called; the tenses under B. and C. being formed with the participles and auxiliaries. The terminations are, sing. ún, e, e; pl. en, o, en. úngá, egá, egá; enge, oge, enge. úngi, egi, egi; engin,* ogin, engin.* iyegá, etc., fem. iyegi, etc. ún, root, e; en, o, en. iye, pl. iyo.t * Observe. The last n may be dropped; thus, engi. Observe also, that gi-án may be substituted for gin throughout the plural of the future feminine. In the Bág o Bahár a form farmáiyen from farmá-ná and bhúl jáiyen from bhul já-ná occurs, which may be regarded as the 3rd person plural of the respectful imperative, or perhaps of a respectful form of the aorist. 140 B. Three common tenses come from the present participle, viz., 1. the present indefinite (sometimes used as a conditional), 2. the present definite, and 3. the imperfect. 141 C. Three from the past participle, viz., 1. the perfect indefinite, 2. the perfect definite, and 3. the pluperfect. Six other uncommon tenses are given at r. 178. TRANSITIVE OR ACTIVE VERBS. 142. Transitive verbs, if the root end in a consonant, are conjugated like már-ná, 'to strike;' and if the root end in a vowel, like bulá-ná, to call.' 143. Observe the peculiarity which distinguishes them from intransitives at r. 156:—that in the past tenses, formed by the past participle (see C. p. 40), a kind of passive construction is required; that is to say, the nominative is changed into an agent with ne, and the object of the verb then becomes the nominative, the past participle agreeing with it in gender and number. 144. Sometimes, however, the object takes ko, in which case the past participle remains unchanged, being used as it were impersonally; thus, larke ne larki mári, 'by the boy the girl was beaten,' or larke ne larki ko márá, 'there was a beating by the boy to the girl.' 145. TRANSITIVES ENDING IN CONSONANTS. Model, MÁR-NÁ, 'to strike.' Infinitive and verbal noun, már-ná, 'to strike,' márne ká. -ke, -ki, 'of striking,' etc. A. Root and 2nd sing. imperative, már, 'strike thou.' B. Present participle, már-tá, f. már-tí, pl. már-te, f. már-tin, 'striking.' C. Past participle, már-á, f. már-í, pl. már-e, f. már-ín, ‘struck.' 146. A. Three tenses from the root. 1. Aorist. [Add to the root the terminations ún, e, e; en, o, en.] main már-ún, 'I may strike.' ham már-en, we may strike.' tum már-o, 'ye may strike.' we már-en, 'they may strike.' |