persons conscientiously opposed to, are excused, 595, 596. BEASTS, police regulations regarding, 749. regulations making railway companies liable for killing, 722. BENEFITS, may be taken into account in assessments for local improvements, 621, what may be deducted when private property is taken by the public, 706. principle of, 484. are constitutional, 485. owner cannot be compelled to improve his lands, 482. not applicable to lands appropriated by the public, 487, n. BETTING ON ELECTIONS, illegality of, 774. BEVERAGES, police regulations to prevent the sale of intoxicating, 725. BILL OF RIGHTS (English), a declaratory statute, 30, 315. BILL OF RIGHTS (National), not originally inserted in Constitution, 314. reasons for omission, 314. objections to Constitution on that ground, 315-317. afterwards added by amendments, 317. BILL OF RIGHTS (State), generally found in constitution, 44. what prohibitions not necessary, 212. BILLS, LEGISLATIVE, constitutional provisions for three readings, 96, 97, 170. when they become laws, 158, n. (See LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE.) BILLS OF ATTAINDER, not to be passed by State legislature, 19, 42, 317. cases of such bills, 318, 322. BILLS OF CREDIT, States not to emit, 19. BILLS OF PAINS AND PENALTIES, BLASPHEMY, punishment of, does not violate religious liberty, 588-593. published in account of judicial proceedings is not privileged, 560. BOATS, ferry, licensing of, 740. speed of, on navigable waters may be regulated by States, 740. not to be affected by retrospective legislation, 472, 478, n. issue of, by municipalities in aid of internal improvements, 144, 260-272. criticism of, how far privileged, 569. indecent, sale of, may be prohibited, 749. BOUNTIES, when earned, become vested rights, 480. payment of, to soldiers by municipal corporations, 274–281. BOUNTY SUBSCRIPTIONS, by municipal corporations, how far valid, 274-281. BRIDGES, erection of, by State authority over navigable waters, 738, 739. BUILDINGS, condemnation and forfeiture of, as nuisances, 728. BURIAL, right of, subject to control, 247, n. BURLESQUES, libels by means of, 529. BY-LAWS, of municipal corporations, 241-247. must be reasonable, 243-247. BY-LAWS,- continued. must be certain, 246. must not conflict with constitution of State or nation, 241, 242. Mexican law retained in the system of, 35, n. divorces not to be granted by the legislature, 133, n. privilege of legislators from arrest, 163, n. no law to embrace more than one object, to be expressed in title, 172, n. right of jury to determine the law in cases of libel, 399, n. protection of person and property by law of the land, 436, n. liberty of speech and of the press in, 520, n. religious belief not to be test of incompetency of witness, 596, n. CANALS, appropriation of private property for, 664. when are private property, 738, n. CANDIDATES FOR OFFICE, criticism of, how far privileged, 539-551, 567. CANVASSERS, act ministerially in counting and returning votes, 784. whether they may be compelled by mandamus to perform duty, 785. CARRIERS, (See ELECTIONS.) regulation of charges of, 745. police regulations making them liable for beasts killed, 725, n. CATTLE, police regulations making railway companies liable for killing, 723. further use of, may be prohibited when they become nuisances, 747. in England and America, 522-526. CENTRALIZATION, American system the opposite of, 228. CHARACTER, bad, of attorney, sufficient reason to exclude him from practice, 416. good, of defendant in libel suit, no defence to false publication, 579. CHARTERS, of liberty, 32. colonial, swept away by Revolution, 35. exceptions of Connecticut and Rhode Island, 35. CHARTERS, continued. - forfeiture of, is a judicial question, 128, (See MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.) of private corporations are contracts, 339. police regulations affecting, 718-725. amendment of, 339, 719. CHASTITY, accusation of want of, not actionable per se, 529. CHECKS AND BALANCES, in constitutions, 44. CHILDREN, control of parent, &c., over, 420.. obtaining possession of, by habeas corpus, 431. its influence in the overthrow of slavery, 364, 365. CHURCH ENDOWMENTS, not to be taken away by legislature, 334, n. CHURCH ESTABLISHMENTS, forbidden by State constitutions, 584. CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS, powers and control of, 580, n. discipline of members, 542, n. CITIES AND VILLAGES, CITIZENS, who are, 13. (See MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.) of the several States, privileges and immunities of, 14, 19, 20, 490–498. jurisdiction of United States courts in respect to, 12-14, 361. CIVIL RIGHTS, protection of, by amendments to constitution, 742–746. discriminations not to be made in, on account of religious beliefs, 580-586. CLASS LEGISLATION, private legislation which grants privileges, 487-498. party petitioning for, estopped from disputing validity, 488. public laws may be local in application, 488. special rules for particular occupations, 489, 492. proscription for opinion's sake unconstitutional, 489. suspensions of laws must be general, 490, 491. each individual entitled to be governed by general rules, 490, 491. equality of rights, &c., the aim of the law, 493. strict construction of special burdens and privileges, 493-498. discriminations not to be made on account of religious beliefs, 580-586. in statutes, disregarding, 186, n. COINING MONEY, power over, 11. COLLUSION, conviction by, no bar to new prosecution, 404, n. COLONIES, union of, before Revolution, 6. authority of the Crown and Parliament in, 7. Revolutionary Congress and its powers, 8. substitution of constitutions for charters of, 35. COLOR, not to be a disqualification for suffrage, 13, 753. special statutes authorizing sale of lands forbidden, 119, n. divorces not to be granted by the legislature, 134, n. revenue bills to originate in lower house, 160, n. privilege of legislators from arrest, 163, n. title of acts to embrace the object, 173, n. municipalities of, restrained from aiding in public improvements, 266, n. liberty of speech and of the press in, 522, n. privilege of legislators in debate, 556, n. religious liberty in, 583, n. private property not to be taken without compensation, 703, n. COMMERCE, power of Congress to regulate, 11. State regulations valid when they do not interfere with those of Congress, (See POLICE POWER.) State taxation of subjects of, 732, 733. (See TAXATION.) in intoxicating drinks, how far State regulations may affect, 725–728. collection of information by, 163. contempts of witnesses, how punished, 164. employment of counsel before, 168, n. COMMON CARRIERS, police regulations regarding, 719–725. COMMON LAW, (See RAILWAY COMPANIES.) Federal courts acquire no jurisdiction from, 25, 26, 535. |