The fashion of the countenance and the gesture of the body on fuch occafions is fo correfpondent to this state of mind, that any perfon, a ftranger to the cause of the appearance, would rather judge us under fome confternation, than in the enjoyment of any thing like pofitive pleasure.

Ως δ' όταν ανδρ' άλη πυκινη λάξη, ος εν παίρη
Φωία κατακτείνας, αλλον εξίκετο δήμον,

Άνδρος ες άφνεις, θαμβος δ' έχει εισορθωνίας.

Iliad. 24

As when a wretek, who, confcious of his crime,
Purfued for murder from his native clime,
Just gains fome frontier, breathless, pale, amaz'd;
All gaze, all wonder!!

This ftriking appearance of the man whom Homer fupposes to have juft escaped an imminent danger, the fort of mixed paffion of terrour and furprise, with which he affects the fpectators, paints very ftrongly the manner in which we find ourfelves affected upon occafions any way familar. For when we have fuffered from any violent emotion, the mind naturally continues in fomething like the fame condition, after the cause which first produced it has ceafed to operate. The toffing of the fea remains after the ftorm; and when this remain of horrour has entirely fubfided, all the paffion, which the accident raifed, fubfides along

with it; and the mind returns to its ufual ftate of indifference. In fhort, pleasure, (I mean any thing either in the inward sensation, or in the outward appearance, like pleasure from a positive cause) has never, I imagine, its origin from the removal of pain or danger.

SECT. IV.

OF DELIGHT AND PLEASURE AS OPPOSED TO EACH

no means.

OTHER.

BUT fhall we therefore fay, that the removal of pain or its diminution is always fimply painful? or affirm that the ceffation or the leffening of pleafure is always attended itself with a pleasure? By What I advance is no more than this; firft, that there are pleasures and pains of a pofitive and independent nature; and secondly, that the feeling which refults from the ceafing or di-. minution of pain does not bear a fufficient refemblance to pofitive pleasure, to have it confidered as of the fame nature, or to entitle it to be known by the fame name; and thirdly, that upon the fame principle the removal or qualification of pleafure has no resemblance to pofitive pain. It is certain that the former feeling (the removal or moderation of pain) has fomething in it far from diftreffing or difagreeable in its nature. This feeling, in many cafes fo agreeable, but in all fo different

from.

from pofitive pleasure, has no name which I know; but that hinders not its being a very real one, and very different from all others. It is moft certain, that every fpecies of fatisfaction or pleasure, how different foever in its manner of affecting, is of a pofitive nature in the mind of him who feels it. The affection is undoubtedly positive; but the caufe may be, as in this cafe it certainly is, a fort of Privation. And it is very reasonable that we fhould distinguish by fome term two things fo diftinct in nature, as a pleasure that is fuch fimply, and without any relation, from that pleasure which cannot exist without a relation, and that too a relation to pain. Very extraordinary it would be, if these affections, fo diftinguishable in their causes, fo different in their effects, fhould be confounded with each other, because vulgar ufe has ranged them under the fame general title. Whenever I have occasion to speak of this fpecies of relative pleasure, I call it Delight; and I fhall take the best care I can, to ufe that word in no other fenfe. I am fatisfied the word is not commonly used in this appropriated fignification; but I thought it better to take up a word already known, and to limit its fignification, than to introduce a new one, which would not perhaps incorporate fo well with the language. I should never have prefumed the leaft alteration in our words, if the nature of the language, framed for the purposes of business raVOL. I.

K

ther

ther than those of philosophy, and the nature of my fubject, that leads me out of the common track of difcourfe, did not in a manner neceffitate me to it. I fhall make ufe of this liberty with all possible caution. As I make use of the word Delight to exprefs the fenfation which accompanies the removal of pain or danger; fo when I speak of pofitive pleasure, I fhall for the most part call it fimply Pleafure.

SECT. V:

JOY AND GRIEF.

IT must be observed, that the ceffation of pleafure affects the mind three ways. If it fimply ceases, after having continued a proper time, the effect is indifference; if it be abruptly broken off, there enfues an uneafy fenfe called difappointment; if the object be fo totally loft that there is no chance of enjoying it again, a paffion arises in the mind, which is called grief. Now, there is none of thefe, not even grief, which is the most violent, that I think has any refemblance to pofitive pain. The perfon who grieves, fuffers his paffion to grow upon him; he indulges it, he loves it; but this never happens in the cafe of actual pain, which no man ever willingly endured for any confiderable time. That grief should be willingly endured, though far from a fimply pleafing fenfation, is not

fo difficult to be understood. It is the nature of
grief to keep its object perpetually in its
eye, to
prefent it in its most pleasurable views, to repeat
all the circumstances that attend it, even to the last
minutenefs; to go back to every particular enjoy-
ment, to dwell upon each, and to find a thoufand
new perfections in all, that were not fufficiently
understood before; in grief, the pleasure is ftill
uppermoft; and the affliction we fuffer has no re-
femblance to abfolute pain, which is always odious,
and which we endeavour to fhake off as foon as
poffible. The Odyffey of Homer, which abounds
with fo many natural and affecting images, has
none more ftriking than thofe which Menelaus
raifes of the calamitous fate of his friends, and his
own manner of feeling it. He owns, indeed, that
he often gives himself fome intermiffion from fuch
melancholy reflections; but he obferves, too, that,
melancholy as they are, they give him pleasure.

Αλλ' έμπης παντας μεν οδυρόμενος και αχευών,
Πολλακις εν μεγάροισι καθημενος ημετέροισιν,
Αλλοτε μεν τε γοω φρενα τερπομαι, αλλοτε δ' αύτε
Πανομαι αιψηρος δε κορος κρυεροιο 2000.

Still in fort intervals of pleafing woe,
Regardful of the friendly dues I owe,
I to the glorious dead, for ever dear,
Indulge the tribute of a grateful tear.

Hoм. Od. iv.