jectionable degree of coarseness and harshness of feelings, manifested by a corresponding coarseness of fiber in the bodily organs, bushy hair and beard, and a harsh expression of coun

tenance.

The motive temperament is emphatically the American temperament, as it was that of the ancient Romans, though with us it is modified by a larger proportion of the mental temperament than with them. An aquiline or a Roman nose, great ambition, and an insatiable love of power and conquest go with it.

Men of this temperament often pursue their ends with a stern and reckless disregard of their own and others' physical welfare. Nothing can turn them aside from their purpose; and they attain success by means of energy and perseverance rather than by forethought or deep scheming. They are men of the field rather than of the closet-men with whom to think and to feel is to act. As speakers, they make use of strong expressions, emphasize many words, and generally hit the nail with a heavy blow.

In its typical form, the motive temperament is less proper to woman than to man, but there are several modifications of it which give much elegance and beauty to the female figure.

The first is that in which the bones, except those of the pelvis, are proportionally small, which gives the figure additional delicacy and grace. This conformation, while it adds to the beauty of the female figure, detracts from the strength and consequently the beauty of the masculine form. The Diana of Grecian sculpture furnishes a fine example of the motive temperament thus modified.

The second modification is that in which the ligaments and the articulations which they form are proportionally small, which corrects the tendency to angularity which is characteristic of this temperament, and tends to round the contour of the joints. This will be particularly observable in the wrists

and ankles.

The third modification of this temperament is that which presents proportionally shorter bones, and, except around the pelvis, smaller and more rounded muscles, affording less

strongly marked reliefs and more of that rounded plumpness essential to the highest style of female beauty. In this characteristic, it approaches the vital temperament, to which this modification is allied.

In accordance with the law of homogeneousness, stated, explained, and illustrated in the preceding chapter, we find, on examining this temperament more closely, that it is characterized in details, as well as in general form, by length. The face is oblong, the head high, the nose long and prominent, and all the features correspond. This structure indicates great power and activity in some particular direction, but lack of breadth or comprehensiveness.

An abnormal development of the motive temperament, in which the vital and mental systems are both sacrificed to mere animal strength, forms what the ancients called the athletic temperament. It is marked by It is marked by a head proportionally small, especially in the coronal region; a thick neck; broad shoulders; expanded chest; and strongly marked muscles, the tendons of which are apparent through the skin. The Farnese Hercules furnishes a model of the physical attributes of this abnormal condition, in which brute strength usurps the energies necessary to the production of thought, and leaves its possessor decidedly deficient in all the higher mental and moral manifestations. The celebrated statue of the Dying Gladiator (fig. 111) also represents the same bodily and mental constitution.

II. THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT.

As this temperament depends upon the preponderance of the vital or nutritive organs, which occupy the great cavities of the trunk, it is necessarily marked by a breadth and thickness of body proportionally greater, and a stature and size of limbs proportionally less than the motive temperament. Its most striking physical characteristic is rotundity. The face inclines to roundness; the nostrils are wide; the neck rather short; the shoulders broad and rounded; the chest full; the abdomen well developed; the arms and legs plump but tapering, and terminating in hands and feet relatively small. The

complexion is generally florid; the countenance smiling; the eyes light; the nose broad, and the hair soft, light, and silky.

In a woman of this temperament (which seems to be pecu liarly the temperament of woman), the shoulders are softly rounded, and owe any breadth they may possess rather to the expanded chest, with which they are connected, than to the bony or muscular size of the shoulders themselves; the bust is full and rounded; the waist, though sufficiently marked, is,

as it were, encroached upon by

the plumpness of the contiguous parts; the haunches are greatly expanded; the limbs tapering; the feet and hands small, but plump; the complexion, depending on nutrition, has the rose and the lily so exquisitely blended that we are surprised that it should defy the usual operations of the elements; and there is a profusion of soft, and

fine flaxen or auburn hair. The whole figure is plump, soft and voluptuous. This temperament is not so common among American women as could be desired.

Persons of this temperament have greater vigor, but less density and toughness of fiber than those in whom the motive predominates. They love fresh air and exercise, and must be always doing something to work off their constantly accumu

lating stock of vitality; but they generally love play better than hard work.

Mentally, they are characterized by activity, ardor, impulsiveness, enthusiasm, versatility, and sometimes by fickleness. They are distinguished by elasticity rather than firmness, and possess more diligence than persistence, and more brilliancy than depth. They are frequently violent and passionate, but are as easily calmed as excited; are generally cheerful, amiable, and genial; always fond of good living, and more apt than others to become addicted to the excessive use of stimulants. Their motto is dum vivimus, vivamus―let us live while we live. There is great enjoyment to them in the mere sense of being alive-in the consciousness of animal existence. The English furnish some of the best examples of the vital temperament. Our illustration gives a good idea of it so far as its outlines are concerned.

An undue and abnormal preponderance of the absorbent system, and a sluggish action of the circulatory organs, give rise to the lymphatic temperament, described in a previous section, which presents forms softer and more rounded even than those we have been describing, but lacking their welldefined and graceful outlines. A feeble color of the skin; a flabbiness of the flesh; a lack of expression in the countenance; insurmountable sloth, and a general apathy both of body and mind characterize this state of the system, which is so evidently the result of disease that we see no propriety in classing it with the natural temperaments.

III-THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT.

The mental temperament, depending upon the brair. and nervous system, is characterized by a slight frame; a head relatively large, an oval or a pyriform face; a high, pale forehead; delicate and finely chiseled features; bright and expressive eyes; slender neck; and only a moderate develop‐. ment of the chest. The whole figure is delicate and graceful, rather than striking or elegant. The hair is soft, fine, and not abundant or very dark; the skin soft and delicate in texture; the voice somewhat high-keyed, but flexible and varied