rank of each in the social scale as readily as you can tell a general from a captain by his shoulder-straps.

The reader who has studied and mastered the general principles laid down in Chapter III., and made himself familiar with our doctrine of the temperaments, as set forth in Chapter IV., will be prepared to profit by the remarks which follow.

FACES CLASSIFIED.

The human body, as we have shown in Chapter II., consists of three grand classes or systems of organs, each of which has its special function in the general economy. We have called them:

1. The Motive or Mechanical System;

2. The Vital or Nutritive System; and,

3. The Mental or Nervous System;

and proved that each of them, by its predominance, determines and indicates a temperament

and a peculiar configuration. We wish now to further illustrate this principle, particularly in its application to the face.

Taking a front view of the head and face, we observe striking dif ferences in the form of the outline thus presented by different individuals. The variety may seem infinite, no two being exactly alike, but we find all faces readily and naturally reducible to three grand classes

1. The Oblong Faces; 2. The Round Faces; and, 3. The Pyriform Faces.

Fig. 124.-CHARLOTTE CORDAY.

I. THE OBLONG FACE.

When the motive or mechanical system, embracing the bones, ligaments, and muscles, is the predominant or most

Fig. 125.

e, the figure is commonly tall and striking, if not n the face oblong, as represented in fig. 125, and the Charlotte Corday (fig. 124). Associated with this

form of face and figure (as stated in the chapter on the temperaments), we generally, but not always, find a dark complexion; dark eyes; and dark, strong, and abundant hair. Firmness rather than delicacy of texture characterizes all the organs, imparting great strength and endurance.

Persons with this form of face, to recapitulate still further, are naturally vigorous, live, energetic, and impassioned, and possess strongly marked ascters. They manifest great capacity for both perception ... conception, receiving and combining rapidly many and Ved impressions, and are liable to be carried away, bear

い

ANDREW JACKSON.

ing others with them, by the torrent of their imagination and passions. They are almost always very firm, self-reliant, persevering in whatever they undertake, and constant in friendship and love. They are the acknowledged leaders in the sphere of active life. They are men of the field rather than the closetmen with whom to think and to feel is to act; and they attain success by means of energy and per

ther than by forethought or deep scheming. As

hey use strong expressions, emphasize many words,

... hit the nail on the head with a heavy blow.
Er Oliver Cromwell, and Andrew Jackson were
stamp, and they illustrate the character we have

attributed to the oblong face. The traits we have named are of course modified by sex, but are as easily recognized in woman as in man.

The outlines of some oblong faces approach closely to the rectilinear, as shown in our portrait of Menschikoff (fig. 123), in which case we find the mental characteristics of this form intensified or increased by an added degree of uncompromising directness and unswerving persistency in any particular course of action. In this face-though belonging more properly than elsewhere to the class we are considering there is great breadth both of the base of the brain and of the lower part of the face proper, indicating great executiveness, abundant vitality, and immense animal power. Ethnologically, it is the Sclavonic face, and belongs more particularly to a race noted for physical strength, endurance, and unconquerable tenacity. Menschikoff, who com

manded the Russian army in the Crimean war, was of this race, and showed the qualities we have ascribed to the form of which we are speaking. The indomitable persistency and cool courage with which he held the allied armies of England and France so long in check, and the terrible repulses they met at his hands, are matters of history. He is a good type of the modern Russian of the highest class.

II. THE ROUND FACE.

The predominance of the vital or nutritive system, occupying the great cavities of the trunk, tends to give breadth and thickness of body, limbs, and head. The most striking characteristic of this constitution is rotundity

Fig. 128.

The face inclines to roundness (fig. 128); the > acter short, the shoulders are broad and round, the the abdomen well developed; the arms and legs at tapering and delicate; and the hands and feet relatively small. The complexion is generally rather florid; the countenance cheerful if not smiling; the eyes blue or light gray, and the hair soft, light, and fine. The portrait of the English girl (fig. 127) strikingly illustrates this constitution and its accompanying form of face.

The plump-bodied, roundfaced persons we have described, possess the character we have ascribed to the vital temperament are ardent, impul sive, versatile, and often fickle. They usually have more elasticity than firmness, more dili

sence than persistence, more brilliancy than depth. They are ead of physical action and can not bear confinement, but at the same time love their ease and prefer play to hard work. They are amiable, loving, and cheerful, and less likely than the preceding class to become either cruel or selfish. They are always companionable and fond of good living. Their appetites are their greatest enemies, and if they fail to reach old age, for which they seem to be especially designed and adapted, it is generally through gence in some form that health and life are destroyed. traits of great men furnish no examples belonging

1 LOUIS XVIII.

strictly to this class in which some of the elements of greatness are evidently lacking, but many great men have approached more or less closely to it, the face proper having all the fullness and roundness of the typical form, but there being. at the same time an elevation and expansion of the forehead, modifying in a most decided manner the contour of the whole, as strikingly exemplified in the accompanying portrait of the quaint Jean Paul Richter (fig. 129), and showing mentality asserting the mastery over the vital system. Peter the Great, Napoleon, and our General George H. Thomas, are also noted examples, their temperament being mental-vital.

When the reverse of this takes place, and the lower part of the face is expanded at the expense of the upper, as in fig. 130, we see animality decidedly in the ascendency, and appetite lording it over both intellect and sentiment. With this last form of face we find the abdomen relatively larger than the chest, and the lymphatic system more active than the sanguineous.

The blending of the elements of this and the preceding form in about equal proportions gives us the square face, oftener seen among the Germans than elsewhere. Its indications are great energy, endurance, and vital power, with something of the impulsiveness and ardor which belong to the round or vital form.

III. THE PYRIFORM FACE.

When the brain and nervous system, whose chief seat and center is the grand dome of the skull, exercise the predominating influence in the constitution, the expan

sion of the superior parts of the face, including the forehead, gives a pyriform or pearshaped outline (fig. 132) to the whole. The forehead is high and pale; the features delicate and finely chiseled; the eye bright and expressive; the hair fine, soft, not abundant, and commonly of a light color; the neck slender; the chest rather narrow; the limbs

Fig. 131.

small; and the whole figure delicate and graceful rather than striking or elegant.