coolly braving death at the cannon's mouth; but they need the strong motive of some noble purpose-the enthusiasm born of a holy cause, or what they deem such, to lead them to the front. Once there, they do their duty as brave men should-Firmness, SelfEsteem, and Approbativeness stimulating their naturally weak Combativeness and Destructiveness, or standing in their place, and Patriotism or Love of Country and Home, Conscientiousness, and even Benevolence, giving their aid. But such men do not adopt arms as a profession, and, under ordinary

Fig. 462.-GENERAL NAPIER. circumstances, shrink from the very thought of battle and bloodshed. Narrow-headed animals, like the deer, the sheep, etc., will fight in self defense or in defense of their young, but they never seek an opportunity to fight from a love of it.

FIGHTING NOSES.

The next fighting feature to which we shall call attention is the nose. This in great military men is always strong and prominent, and generally aquiline, Roman, or Jewish in form. Observe this trait particularly in Cæsar, Wellington, Blucher, Napier, Hancock, Butler, and Black Hawk, portraits of all of whom we give in this work.

Napoleon understood the meaning of a prominent nasal protuberance, and chose for posts requiring energy and courage, men with large noses.

STRONG JAWS.

Corresponding with the broad base of the brain, we find in the fighter a wide, rather straight, and very firm mouth. The mostache in some of our military portraits partially conceals this feature, but it is evident enough in those of Grant, Hooker, and Brownlow, as well as in Cæsar, Wellington, Napoleon, Heenan, Sullivan, and Black Hawk, elsewhere given. It indicates a good development of the osseous system, and especially of the jaws, and the great masticatory power which allies such men to the carnivora, and makes them naturally not averse to blood.

Fig. 464.-GENERAL BUFORD.

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PROMINENT TEMPLES.

Between the wide mouth and large jaws just noticed, and a prominent zygoma or arch-bone of the temple, there is a necessary physiological connection, since large jaws necessitate powerful temporal muscles to operate them, and these powerful muscles being attached to the zygomatic arch, require that to be large and strong; so we find in fighting men a marked degree of breadth through the temples or in front of the ear, Our wood-cuts show this quite imperfectly, but it is very observable in casts of the heads of persons noticed for their courage and love of fighting.

DECIDED CHINS.

Next we come to the chin. This is almost always prominent

in great warriors and other fighters (indicating the fullness of vital force which goes with the large cerebellum), and always deep or having great vertical extent, which is the sign of willpower, or the ability to control not only other men and external circumstances, but one's self. Mark this feature particularly in Cæsar, Cromwell, Wellington, Napoleon, Butler, Hooker, and Hancock. In nearly every case the cerebellum will be found equally prominent, and the man thus constituted will manifest the same ardor in love as in war.

"None but the brave deserve the fair," the poet says, and none know so well how to win and wear them.

Fig. 466.-GENERAL THOMAS,

THE SIGN OF COMMAND.

One other sign may be noticed here, though it does not belong exclusively or even necessarily to military men or fighters. In great commanders, and in other men born to rule or habituated to the exercise of authority, there will be noticed a certain drawing down of the brows at the inner corners next the nose, and one or more horizontal lines across the nose at the root. These signs are the result of a muscular movement accompanying the exercise of authority, and become a permanent trait in those naturally fitted to command, or placed in positions requiring them to rule. The lowering of the brows is shown, to a greater or less extent, in most of our portraits (see that of Napier particularly), and the horizontal line across the nose, so clearly represented in that of Hooker, appears in the photographs (when taken from life) of nearly all the others, but the engravers (knowing nothing of its significance) have not thought it necessary to reproduce it. For the same reason wood-cuts fail in many other respects to furnish us with relia able indications of character. We are compelled, in many cases, to refer to photographs, painted portraits, and casts.

XXIII.

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON CHARACTER.

"The relations in which our bodies stand to the inorganic elements and forces of nature is closer than we may at first be inclined to admit."-Phil. of Human Beauty.

Fig. 467. THE LIGHT AND THE DARK.

LIMATE, temperature, and locality, with the other external conditions, such as food, clothing, and habitation, which depend upon them, have a marked effect upon character, and consequently upon configuration and expression. These conditions greatly modify the temperaments, qualities, textures, and tissues of individuals, nations, and tribes. They also bring about more or less change in the complexion, and in the contour of each and every feature; nor are the effects of these conditions more apparent on man than on the lower animals, and on trees, vines, shrubs, and plants.

THE TEMPERATE ZONES BEST.

Cold contracts and heat expands. In warm countries Mature seems more prodigal in the abundance and luxurious

ness with which she produces. Look at the rich flora of the tropics, and compare this with that of the Arctic regions.

Fig. 468.-DR. KANE.

It is on a middle line between these extremes of heat and cold that plants, trees, and man attain the highest degree of perfection. Mere existence is possible in both extremes, as has been proved by our explorers; but to develop and improve the race requires more favorable conditions. It is in the temperate zones that we find the highest types of man; where his social, intellec

tual, and moral nature is called out most fully; where he is most civilized.

Compare, for a moment, the Hottentot and the Esquimaux with the Caucasian! What a difference! Do you say the difference may be accounted

for on the ground of difference in origin or of race? Granting this, we should claim that by a change of situation to more favorable climates, you might look for a favorable change in the physiology and character of individual and people.

THE MAN OF THE TROPICS.

In warm countries, where nature furnishes in abundance all the necessaries of mere animal existence, we find the

people lazy, indolent, and without enterprise, industry, or