XXV.

NATIONAL TYPES.

"On their crania and on their faces are emblazoned the symbols of their nation or tribe, and the signs of their physical and mental status."-ANON.

Fig. 497.-HUMBOLDT.

N the preceding chapter we have given a brief but comprehensive sketch of the most generally recognized grand divisions of mankind the five races of Blumenbach-as they appear from the common standpoint of Phrenology and Physiognomy.

We now

purpose, in further illustration of this branch of our subject, to describe, more or less in detail, some of the principal nations and tribes comprised in the various races, with a view to show how, in each, the common type is modified without being lost, and how, in all, configuration and character correspond. The Englishman, the Scotchman, the Irishman, the German, the Frenchman, and the American differ widely from each other, but they all have common traits which enable us to group them together under the general head of Caucasians. The same may be said of the relations of the various aborigi nal American and native African tribes to the general types under which we have already described them. In all, particular differences are conjoined with general resemblances.

Our plan does not contemplate a complete treatise on Ethnology, and even a brief description of all nations and tribes would fill a large volume. We shall confine ourselves to such as will best serve the purpose we have in view-the exposition and illustration of Ethnological Physiognomy and Phrenology.

THE TEUTON.

Foremost among the races, by right of the largest and bestformed brain, stands the Caucasian. This is made plain in the preceding chapter, and the facts there stated need not be repeated.

The great Caucasian stem separates into many branchesTeutonic, Celtic, Sclavonic, Semitic, Indostanic, etc. Taking, again, the size of the brain as the measure of power, we find the Teutonic branch entitled to the first place on the list. Professor Morton, who measured more skulls during his life than any other man before or since his day, sets down the average internal capacity (size of the brain) of the Teutonic cranium at 93.5 cubic inches. This gives the Teuton a massive intellect, which is generally well supported by a large, strong, well-proportioned body.

In his typical form, the Teuton has blue eyes, light hair, a blooming complexion, a strong frame, plump hard muscles, a full high forehead, and a lofty coronal region, with breadth of base enough to give him the courage and energy for which he is noted. He is the philosopher, the theologian, the statesman, the thinker of the modern world.

The German is at present the best representative of the Teutonic element, but the Norwegian, the Swede, the Dane, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Anglo-American are generally understood to be embraced in this division. We will take Baron Humboldt (fig. 497) as the representative of the combined Teutonic nationalities.

THE GERMAN.

In describing the Teuton in the preceding paragraphs, we sketched the German of to-day. We have only to fill up the outlines already presented.

Prof. Morton found the mean internal capacity of fifteen German skulls measured by him to be 95 cubic inches. The

says:

German head is well described by Dr. Vimont in his "Traite de Phrenologie" (tome iii., p. 470). He "The regions of the reflective faculties, of Cautiousness, and of the moral sentiments are all largely developed; Veneration and Benevolence [and Conscientiousness, he should have added], in particular, are well marked. The perceptive faculties, considered generally,

The organs of Ideality,

are only moderately developed; but Time and Tune are exceptions, being almost always large. Constructiveness, and Gustativeness [Alimentiveness] are often very prominent. Secretiveness and Self-Esteem are also very conspicuously large." In general form, we may add, the German head differs from the English in its greater angularity or square

ness.

The skull of Spurzheim (fig. 499) is a correct but favorable specimen of the German crania. The facial bones are broad, the chin wide and square, the nose rather broad and moderately prominent, the lips full, the eyes beard light, and the complexion florid.

Fig. 499.-GERMAN SKULL

blue, the hair and The temperament

is sanguine or vital, with a strong tendency toward the lymphatic.

The German is by organization a scholar, a metaphysician, a poet, an inventor, an investigator, an experimenter, a critic, a protestant, a doubter. He is slow but industrious, patient, and persevering. No mental task is too formidable for him to undertake, no problem too profound for him to attempt the solution; and while he discovers many new truths, he generally leaves it to others to make a practical application of them. In music, he occupies, unquestionably, the first place among the men of all nations and all times, as the names of Handel, Hayden, Mozart, Beethoven, and Mendelsohn sufficiently attest. A Goethe, a Schiller, a Humboldt, a Kant, and a Fichte speak for him in other departments. A people so prolific in really great men should, it would seem, form a great nation; but here they have failed. After centuries of civilization they have not been able to coalesce into a political unity, and present to the world, at this day, but a feeble confederation, instead of a great and powerful unitary nationality.

This is no doubt, in part

at least, owing to the speculative tendencies of the German mind, which are carried into politics as well as into philosophy, and present a bar to practical plans for an efficient union of all who speak the language of the "fatherland."

THE SCANDINAVIAN.

The Scandinavian

branch of the great Teu-
tonic family has been
truly called the most

Gothic of all the Goths-" the culminating point of the tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed, and muscular race of northern and west

ern Europe." We have before us no specimens or drawings of Scandinavian crania, but a cast of a Norwegian skull in the Mortonian Collection is thus described by Dr. Meigs:

"This cast is remarkable for its great size. It belongs to the dolichocephalic variety of Retzius. The fronto-parietal

convexity is regular from side to side. The occipital region, as a whole, is quite prominent; but the basal portion of the occiput is flat and parallel with the horizon when the head rests squarely upon the lower jaw. The glabella, superciliary ridges, and external angular processes of the os frontis are very rough and prominent, overhanging the orbits and interorbital space in such a manner as to give a very harsh and forbidding expression to the face. The semicircular ridges