of the nose indicates the permanence of its functions; its height, their intensity.

Consistently with the mere physical capability of the short or upturned nose to receive rapid impressions, and to lead to rapid emotions, persous with such a nose are generally quick and pert. Consistently with the mere physical capaFig. 68. Fig. 69. bility of the long and drooping nose slowly to receive impressions and lead to emotions, persons with such noses are more reserved in character.

THE EYE.

An eye of great magnitude indicates a capacity of receiving more powerful sensations of vision; because the power of all organs, equally healthy, is ever in proportion to their development. A small eye, on the contrary, presents less capacity in this respect.

Width of the eyes indicates the permanence of their functions; their height, intensity. Eyelids, therefore, which are widely expanded, so as to give a round form to the eye, re

bling its appearance in the cat, owl, etc., indicate intensity and keen perception, but little sensibility.

hy chids, on the contrary, which nearly close over the eye, in heate permanence and less keen perception, but greater senty. Hence, when the eyes receive too strong impressions u the light of the sun, the eyelids are more approximated; hence, too, when a beloved object is before us, and the w to mend is filled with its image, the eyelids gradually close. when the eyebrow, by its motions, adds to the depth of the indicates scrutiny and discernment; because such mopad upon a voluntary employment of certain muscles, ccurately to adapt the eye to the objects examined. Now greatly elevated, on the contrary, indicates the ver thought.

THE EAR.

de of the ear, like that of all other organs,
its greater capability. It is probable, how-

ever, that its susceptibility of impression also, in some mea. sure, depends on its general thinness, since we find that animals of very acute ear have the organ not only large, but very thin, as in the cat, hare, rat, mouse, bat, etc.

Fig. 70.

Fig. 71.

An ear presenting numerous elevations and depressions, and finely elaborate, is always more delicate-a circumstance which presents its own explication. An ear which is unelaborate, or presents rather one general concavity than many well-defined elevations and depressions, is rarely possessed of delicacy. This is well illus trated by the difference between animals and mer.

THE CHIN AND JAWS.

It is peculiarly remarkable that the projection of the occiput on which, as I have said, depends the exercise of passion [propensity], corresponds accurately with the projection of the alveolar processes and teeth, or rather of the lips, on which depend the gratification and expression of passion; so that the prominence of the posterior part of the brain may always be predicated from the prominence of that part of the face.

The breadth of the cerebellum corresponds to the breadth of the face over the cheek-bones, or the prominences of the cheeks; and the length of the cerebellum corresponds to the length of the lower jaw measured from the tip of the chin to the angle. From the cheek-bones arises the greater portion of one of the most important muscles, the masseter, which is inserted into the angle of the jaw, placing it thereby under the control of the cerebellum; and it is remarkable that the breadth of the cerebellum, on which the permanence of its function depends, corresponds to the breadth of the fixed bones, and that the length of the cerebellum, on which the intensity of its function depends, corresponds to the length of the movable bone.*

We call particular attention to Mr. Walker's remarks in this section, as we shall have much to say in the following chapters on the subject to which they relate.

DR. REDFIELD'S SYSTEM.

J. W. Redfield, M.D., of New York, is the author of a system of physiognomy more elaborate and fully wrought out in its details than that of any one of his predecessors. This system, however, has never been given to the public in full. The author's "Outlines of a New System of Physiognomy"-now out of print is merely what its title indicates, and is devoted mainly to the practical illustration of some of the more important of the signs of character. It furnishes no clew to his theory. His "Twelve Qualities" is hardly more than an introduction to his system; and his "Comparative Physiognomy” looks to the uninitiated very much like a collection of fanciful speculations. We are indebted to Mrs. H. S. Seymour, one of his pupils, and an accomplished teacher of his system, for the following brief sketch, which will convey a better idea of its salient points than any abstract we could make up from his published works.

It will be seen by the careful reader of the following chapters, that while we do not indorse his system as a whole, we acknowledge the value of Dr. Redfield's labors and the correctness of many of his conclusions. With these few introductory remarks we leave the following sketch to speak for itself.

ANALYSIS OF MAN.

To gain a correct knowledge of man, or of physiognomy as an exponent of man, we must learn to analyze him.

1. In the first place, we must consider man as a whole-as possessing individuality, unity.

2. But secondly, he is to be regarded as a duality-as divided lengthwise into right and left sides. Man has two arms, two legs, two eyes, two ears, and all the phrenological organs are double. The two sides are representative of male and female, positive and negative. The right side is feminine, and refers to love or affection. The left side is masculine, and Actors to wisdom or intelligence. If any faculty or sign of a faculty be larger on the right side of the head or face, it indieates that that faculty has a stronger action in reference to love or affection than to wisdom or intelligence, and vice versa

3. MAN may be considered as divided into four, by means of temperaments, not form. The temperaments indicate tempers. A man's prevailing temper is indicated by his temperaments. There are four temperaments, viz. :

1. The Choleric, which is hot and dry.

1. THE CHOLERIC TEMPERAMENT.-This temperament indicates a temper which is fiery and flashes like lightning. It is connected with the brain and the nervous system. Its absolute amount is indicated by the abundance, length, and firmness of the hair of the head. Its predominance over the other temperanents is indicated by the hair growing low on the forehead. The mane of the lion and of the horse is its indication in them. 2. THE SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT is energetic, enthusiastic, and efficient, and is connected with the arterial blood-the red blood; and is indicated by the size of the lungs, and the length and strength of the finger and toe nails, and of the hoof in animals. By length of the nails is meant the distance of the root of the nail from the end of the finger. When this temperament predominates there will be great heat and moisture, as in the negro; but its absolute strength is indicated

by the nails.

3. THE MELANCHOLIC OR BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT is connected with the venous blood and the secretions, as the bile, gastric juice, etc. It inclines to pensiveness and melancholy, loves pathos and eloquence, and is favorable to the cultivation of the intellect. It is indicated by coldness and dryness of the skin, and by terseness of expression, dry remarks, etc. Also, the higher and more refined degree is indicated by the size of the lobe of the ear.

4. THE PHLEGMATIC TEMPERAMENT is connected with the mucous membrane, the lymphatic glands, and the excretions, as phlegm, perspiration, etc. It disposes to ease and grace of movement and position; allows the feelings to flow out; takes things coolly, inclines to laziness; is not subject to inflamma

tory diseases. It must be judged of by the general appearance. It often gives large or broad thick feet and hands, and tends to fullness of flesh and to moisture. In its most refined development, it gives gentleness, ease, quietness, and disposes to domestic peace and amiability.

The four temperaments correspond to the four elements: Fire, Air, Earth, and Water. The Choleric to Fire, which is a generic term including all the imponderables, viz.: light, heat, and electricity, with their manifestations in galvanism, magnetism, etc. The Sanguine corresponds to Air, which includes all æriform substances and ponderable gases, most of which are included in the atmospheric air. The Melancholic corresponds to Earth, which includes all earthy substances, as minerals, alkalies, etc., and the solid parts of the body, which predominate in this temperament. The Phlegmatic corresponds to Water, which includes all the liquids, which are naturally cool and moist. The use of water and frequent bathing promote this temperament, and suppress the choleric and sanguine. The four temperaments have other correspondences, as follows:

Although each of the temperaments corresponds to and is particularly connected with a certain part of the body, head, or face, yet in their action they all blend in every part, each temperament running through the whole.

THE TWELVE QUALITIES.

Each one of the faculties of the mind has twelve ways of