of the countenance is indeed not much larger than sixty de grees, very little raised above brutality, yet [a little] nearer to the negro than the orang-outang; and the projecting nose and defined lips decisively indicate commencing humanity. Fig. 797 has the expression of benevolent weakness. The signs of intelligence are manifest in fig. 798; but still more conspicuous in fig. 799. Much more intelligent, however, is fig. 800 [which, nevertheless, falls short of the phrenologist's idea of intellectual greatness].

"On the same principles, an angle, or rather a triangle, of the countenance may be assigned for the full face, and applied with great advantage for the determination of the degrees of animality as illustrated in figs. 801 to 805 inclusive. Let a horizontal line be drawn from the outer corner of one eye to that of the other, and from its extremities draw lines accurately, bisecting the middle line of the mouth, and forming an isosceles triangle, and you will have my angle of the counte nance for the full face. This angle in the frog contains fiveand-twenty degrees, and is increased to fifty-six degrees, an angle which Aristotle, Montesquieu, Pitt, and Frederic the Great have in common with the Pythian Apollo.

"When, lastly, the length of the line of the mouth is to that of a line drawn from the outer corner of one eye to that of the other, as thirteen to twenty-seven, and the distance of these two lines equal to the length and half the length of the line of the mouth, or as nineteen and a half; or when the distance of the two inner corners of the eye from each other is to the length of the line of the mouth as three to four, we have in these the proportional lines of extraordinary qualities; such a trapezium is the index of wisdom and greatness."

It would be doing Layater great injustice to suppose he wishes us to infer that man is merely a gradually developed frog, or that it is possible for any animal to rise in the scale of being so far as to take its place in a superior species. He desires simply to show that the different grades of animal life and intelligence are conjoined with and measured by corresponding grades of configuration, a fact which no well-instructed physiologist will venture to deny.

THE CHAIN OF BEING.

"All are but parts of one stupendous whole."-Pope.

In further and more satisfactory illustration of the great law of gradation, as applied to animal life and intelligence, and to show how organization keeps pace with function and the size and shape of the head with mentality, we have drawn and engraved the accompanying series of representations, in which our artist, beginning with man, the acknowledged lord of all earthly creations, descends step by step to the polypi and the infusoria, in which animal scems linked to vegetable life, and sensation to be lost.

AN ASCENDING SERIES.

The relative perfection of an animal is in proportion to the number and development of its organs. There are animals whose whole body consists of a single organ, and these, consequently, bear the strongest possible resemblance to the plant cell; others, on the contrary, are composed of a great number of very distinct and dissimilar organs.

Setting aside the sponges, which, though generally classed in the animal kingdom, have so many of the characteristics of the vegetable, that it is a question among naturalists where they really belong, we commence our ascending series of animal life and intelligence with the infusoria.

1. INFUSORIA.—If water be poured upon some vegetable or animal substance and exposed for a few days to a summer temperature, either in the house or out of doors, a thin pellicle will be formed on the surface. A minute portion of this, placed in a drop of water and subjected to examination through a microscope, reveals a multitude of lively creatures of different sizes and shapes moving,about with great celerity. A single drop may contain thousands of these animalcules; but scarcely any of them are visible to the naked eye. They are only from ' to zoo part of a line in diameter, and are produced from eggs constantly present in the atmosphere and ready to be developed whenever the necessary conditions may be supplied. Here we have the lowest form of active animal existence known to man.