By the north glacier we made, on July 19, the third ascent of Mt. Athabaska, 11,452 feet; weather was bad, but our climb was rapid and without difficulty. On the summit it was snowing and we had just an occasional glimpse of the Saskatchewan glacier and portions of it revealed themselves through holes in the fog. It was surprising how little there was to indicate the presence of the Columbia Icefield only a few miles away; yet it had been discovered by Collie, in 1898, from this very spot.

We had now completed our northern progress. On July 20, camp was broken, and, in seven hours, we descended North Fork to Graveyard Camp. On the following day we crossed the Saskatchewan ford, camping below Mt. Murchison and enjoying an afternoon bath in a warm, shallow lake behind the tents.

The old route, past Wildfowl Lakes, was followed to the Bow River. At Bow Lake we left the horses, Simpson taking them by trail to Lake Louise. On July 24, ascending beside the Bow icefall to the Waputik icefield, and, by the way of Vulture Col-its curious summit rock suggesting an enormous bird rising from a nest-we traversed Mt. Gordon. Paying our respects to old friends in the north, from Freshfield to Columbia, we descended to the Balfour glaciers and down into Yoho valley. We were not to go free. A violent storm, with pelting hail-stones, overtook us; water rose and bridges were carried away. We made vain attempts to cross Yoho River; even when roped together, the current was too swift for us. Lower down in the canyon we made the passage on a slanted log, with serious damage to wet clothing, and arrived at Takkakaw as twilight was fading. It was journey's end.

The things we treasure, the memories of peaks and sunlit icefield; of forgotten trails; of haunting melodies of the homeland, piped on a harmonica, beside northern campfires-where indeed can one discover these in the musty pages of a Geography? No map of a river valley can visualize a Canadian forest, with the laden pack-train swinging along the trail; no relief can conjure for one the moods of the high hills, half-hidden in mist or towering in the many-hued glory of the dawn.

One should visit the Canadian Northland with eye and mind alert to the beauty of Nature's handicraft: the artistry in all of it; from the broad sculpturing of crag and chasm to the delicate perfection of a tiny flower. And if, at the end of the trail, one still cannot understand, there is but a scanty consolation in the words

of Leslie Stephen, who tells us, "the cockney who enters the British Museum generally prefers the stuffed hippopotamus to the Elgin marbles; but that is not the fault of the Greek sculptors."

In travelling amid these faraway peaks, one follows in the footsteps of pioneers; men to whom in a measure we owe the foundation of civilization in North America. "Geography," so writes Sir Francis Younghusband, "is an art as well as a science; if we are to learn about it in an adequate manner so that others may participate in our knowledge, then we must use our hearts as well as our heads." In the Northland there is Geography in the making and with a tradition behind it; trails that are not for everyone, but offering to a few, memories for a life-time. It is this lesson, rather than the mere recital of descriptive topography, that one may ponder over as the horses plod along in the noon haze, with peaks of the watershed dim blue in the distance.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Frontispiece. Northward view of the Columbia Icefield from shoulder of Mt. Bryce, showing The Twins (S. 11,675′; N. 12,085′) and The Snow Dome (11,340'). Castleguard glacier, in the right foreground, supplies the North Saskatchewan River, whose waters reach Hudson Bay. Glaciers in the left of the illustration flow through the Bush-Columbia system to the Pacific, while northern drainage from the icefield, through the AthabaskaMackenzie system, reaches the Arctic Ocean.-Photo by Interprovincial Survey.

Sketch-map. (P. 4.) This map illustrates the tri-oceanic divide of the central Canadian Rocky Mountains, and is based on the unpublished key-map of the Interprovincial Survey, Part II. Continental Divide shown by heavy broken pine.

Columbia glacier and Mt. Columbia, 12,294'-the second elevation of the Rocky Mountains of Canada-from the Athabaska valley.-Photo by Interprovincial Survey.

Saskatchewan glacier, with Mt. Castleguard at its head, from eastern shoulder of Mt. Athabaska. It was down this glacier that horses were taken on the first passage from the head of Castleguard River to Sun Wapta Pass.

North Saskatchewan valley, southward toward Bow Pass, from slopes of Mt. Coleman. The stream winds between gravel-flats and grassy islets, which are often flooded in times of high water.

FISSURES AND CRACKS IN THE EARTH, DUE TO THE EARTHQUAKE

WRECKED AND BURNING BUILDINGS IN TOKYO, FOLLOWING THE EARTHQUAKE

THE EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN

(September 1st, 1923.)

BY DR. JUDSON DALAND

I was traveling from Hokaido, and arrived in Nikko on the day following the earthquake, and shocks continued for four days. An Emergency Committee was immediately formed, and sent food and medical supplies by automobiles daily to the headquarters of the foreigners, at the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo. Nikko was completely cut off from all communication with the outside world, and the Emperor, who lives in Nikko in the summer, received communications by airplane on the third day.

On the morning of September 8th, I left Nikko. All trains going north from Tokyo were packed with refugees, who occupied not only the coaches, but the steps, the cow-catcher, the tender and the roofs of the cars, and many were killed, especially when passing through tunnels.

I gathered the following information from hundreds of refugees while at Nikko, while traveling for forty-eight hours in a roundabout way to Kobe, at Kobe and on board the Empress of Asia, en route for Vancouver, and from other sources.

The earthquake occurred suddenly, without warning, at 11.57 A. M., on September 1st, 1923, and destroyed all buildings in Yokohama excepting five or six, and a few on the Bluff. The Grand Hotel fell in four seconds. Many quakes followed the first, some were very severe and others recurred for several days, gradually decreasing in frequency and severity. Immediately after the quake, the town was concealed from view by a cloud of yellow dust, which was swept by the wind out into the harbor.

In eight minutes, fire appeared in various parts of Yokohama, and quickly uniting, formed a wall which was swept toward the harbor by a strong wind, which later became a hurricane. This hurricane not only caused the rapid spread of the conflagration, but also carried burning materials and cinders out into the harbor, and set on fire many small boats, lighters, and junks. The intense heat necessitated the closing of all port holes on the Empress of Australia, lying at a pier, twelve hundred feet off shore, and the men, wetting the deck with a hose, were only able to work in short