Without these, relay work in stormy weather, and in many cases a safe return to camp, would have been impossible. Having retraced our steps on the descent to the rock outcrop at the base of the final peak, we started up diagonally across the north slopes of the 19,800 foot summit, with the idea of intercepting the marked trail at a point below the top on the other side. The willows had been omitted at some places in this part of the climb, and it was also intended to avoid the unnecessary ascent which would have been entailed in following our previous route over the summit. Towards midnight we found ourselves on a steep slope in very dense weather, at an altitude probably still above 19,000 feet. Being unable to see clearly in the twilight, and much in need of rest, we stopped and scooped out niches in the snow for shelter. There was a steady snow-fall, and the thermometer registered -12° F., unfortunately the instrument was snowed up and lost during the night. At about noon the next day, the weather failing to improve materially, we went on. The willows were picked up a short distance beyond the bivouac, and the first rope, consisting of Read, Lambart and Taylor reached camp at 7 P. M.

The experiences of the second rope may perhaps be recounted as an example of the dulling effect of altitude and fatigue—the two are, so far as the writer could observe, of a similar nature— on the attentive faculties of the mind. Both ropes had stopped during the afternoon to change from crampons to snow shoes. The first rope, being ready before the other, moved ahead and was lost sight of in the fog. Conditions were such that foot or snow shoe tracks were quickly obliterated by wind and snow, and the trail markers, set at 100 foot intervals, were scarcely intervisible. Within a space of a few hundred feet, and apparently without missing more than one trail marker, the second rope become completely turned around and proceeded for a considerable distance in the wrong direction, although the error was actually noticed at the time by at least one member of the party. Only after much discussion was our position made clear and a return effected. Due to this delay, the second rope continued the march intermittently throughout the night of the 24th (minimum temperature -25° F.') and regained camp at 3.30 A. M. on June 25.

On the 26th, we set out in clear weather to cross the 18,500 foot ridge (camp site of June 21) which separated us from the 'Recorded at camp (17,500 feet) by members of the first rope.

long descent to King col. As we started the ascent, a very high wind came upon us, sweeping the ground bare to the icy crust underneath and filling the air with clouds of flying snow. Walking was difficult, and one could see but a short distance. The willows had been carried away by the storm. Clouds drifted low, threatening to close down upon us and cut off our view entirely. Although a slow task under the circumstances, it was necessary to put on crampons to secure a footing. While the others were thus engaged, one member of the first rope-who was already equipped with creepers attached to his snowshoes-was able to go ahead a short distance and indicate the route to the ridge before visibility was lost. The second rope, passing the remainder of the first, joined him and proceeded with him to the rocks near our camp site of June 21; the others followed more slowly and reached the same point shortly afterward under the guidance of two of the first group who had gone back to meet them.

This climb afforded a good opportunity to observe the action of wind-driven snow at the exposed upper levels of Mt. Logan, evidently an important factor in the convection of precipitation from the summit area of the mountain to the lower glaciers. The temperature at these levels probably rarely exceeds the freezing point, and snow falls and lies as a fine, dry powder. Undoubtedly much of it is carried off by wind. From below, the high ridges are seen to be almost constantly surrounded by clouds of windblown snow, such as we had passed through. Yet a certain part of the precipitation must be compacted at high altitudes, for true glacial formations occur up to the highest levels, and many active cliff glaciers are fed from the summit ice cap. In the wind storm which we experienced, the loose, crystalline surface snow was carried along readily by the wind in finely divided clouds, but at certain points, where drifts had begun to form, the particles were precipitated and attached themselves to the ground in very striking manner. It was difficult to escape the impression of electrostatic attraction as the cause of this behaviour.' The drifts so formed had a certain crispness and persisted well in the wind, yet when taken up in the hand the material crumbled readily.

After crossing the ridge the wind was much abated, but dense fog and snow still made it difficult to follow the trail. The party opened out as much as possible, and during the first part of 'Cf. A. Stæger, Annalen der Physik IV, 77 (1925), p. 225.

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the descent Read continued to go ahead unroped so far as visibility permitted and search for the willows in advance of the main party, thus expediting progress materially. King col camp was reached at 1 A. M. on June 27, the clouds settling below us towards midnight as we approached the col and disclosing Mt. St. Elias incredibly near in a limpid pale blue sky.

On June 28 the descent was continued in fog and snow, many of the willows being entirely buried. The sled was recovered near the 11,600 foot level and used to below "Observation Camp," where the slope became too steep for it. It was later brought down empty and used on the lower glaciers. "Cascade Camp" was reached at 11 P. M., the last part of the descent being very trying due to extremely soft, granular snow. The mouth of the Ogilvie glacier was regained on July 1, and all hands returned to "Hubrick's Camp" on July 6.

As several members of the party were virtually incapacitated for further walking because of frostbite, it was necessary to attempt the descent of the Chitina river by raft. Embarking a short distance below "Hubrick's Camp" on July 12, one raft, manned by Taylor, Read and Lambart, landed safely near the mouth of the Tana river the same evening, its occupants getting into McCarthy the next day. The other raft capsized just below the Short river, but its occupants were fortunately able to reach the shore and walked the remaining distance to McCarthy in three days. Laing declined to entrust his collections to the uncertainties of raft navigation, and came out by pack train at a later date.

MAUI AND THE MAUI GROUP, HAWAII*

NORMAN E. A. HINDS

University of California

The island of Maui in the Hawaiian group presents an especially attractive field for the geologist and volcanologist, since, side by side, are two lava domes, the one young, the other greatly dissected, where are displayed the final constructional outlines and the products of the latest volcanic eruptions; the topographic modifications resulting from fluviatile and marine abrasion, from faulting, and from changes of level; and, in the canyons and sea-cliffs, splendid sections of the sub-surface volcanic structures. The topographic modifications of the two domes are strikingly contrasted on account of their difference in age; also, because of the heavier rainfall over their surfaces, the windward (northern and northeastern) sections of the two domes have been more extensively eroded than the leeward; in like manner, the windward coasts have suffered the more profound sea-cliffing.

GEOGRAPHY OF THE ISLAND OF MAUI

The island of Maui, the second largest in the Hawaiian chain, lies between Molokai and Hawaii (Plate 1). The distance from Honolulu to Lahaina, one of the principal landings on West Maui, is 72 miles. The widths of the channels separating Maui from Molokai, and from Hawaii are 9 miles and 30 miles, respectively. The area of the island is 728 square miles, somewhat more than that of Oahu (597 square miles) and about one-sixth that of

*The field data presented in this paper were gathered during the two seasons which I spent in Hawaii in 1921 and 1922. Special thanks must be accorded to Professor R. A. Daly, of Harvard, under whose guidance the research was carried on, and to Professor H. E. Gregory, Director of the B. P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu. The extent of the reconnaissance on Maui was largely made possible through the generous assistance of Messrs. H. A. Baldwin, B. Williams and G. S. Aiken, of Maui. The data regarding the distribution of rainfall over the island were furnished by Mr. L. H. Daingerfield, of the U. S. Weather Bureau, formerly in charge of the Hawaiian Section. The two expeditions to Hawaii were made possible by liberal grants from the Committee on Sheldon Fellowships of Harvard and by the Committee on Yale-Bishop Museum Fellowships of Yale University. N. E. A. H.

Hawaii (4,015 square miles). East Maui (Haleakala) comprises about six-sevenths of the total area, and rises to an elevation of 10,032 feet; the elevation of West Maui is 5,788 feet. Haleakala

is the third highest mountain in the Hawaiian group, being exceeded only by Mauna Kea (13,825 feet) and Mauna Loa (13,675 feet) on Hawaii. These three mountains are the highest lava domes in the Pacific Ocean.

PREVIOUS GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON MAUI

There are few published statements regarding the geology or geomorphology of the island of Maui. In 1841, Pickering and Drayton, of the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, during a brief stay on the island, made notes and sketches of their observations. J. D. Dana, the geologist of the expedition, in his report summarized this information in a short account of the geology of the islands. During his second visit to Hawaii in 1887, Dana spent a few days on Maui, and, in the "Characteristics.

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