sing, but turns around in a circle, with the left arm raised, and the right hand outstretched. The singing is continued in a sad, slow tone until the master of the house comes and puts a handful of flour in Paparooda's hand. As soon as this is done she orders her followers to stop singing at once, and leads them to the next house. But the inmates of the house which the procession leaves must pour water upon the Paparooda and her followers: the more water they can pour out the sooner will rain come. The legend of the song recited tells of a time when the brave Bulgarians were oppressed by a wicked Sultan, and when the unclean power of Paparooda consumed all the waters of the land. Every stanza ends with the refrain: 'Send rain, O God! Send rain, O God! The voice of Perun is powerful!'"'

North Dakota, the Flickertail State; South Dakota, the Swinge-cat State; Montana, the Stub-toe State; Kansas, the Suneflower State; Washington, the Chinook State.

NEWARK.

L. FAIRWEATHER.

A Book neither Written nor Printed. "The Prince de Ligne is the possessor of a curiosity of literature. It is a book that is neither written nor printed. The letters are all cut out of the finest vellum and pasted on blue paper. The book is as easy to read as if printed from the clearest type. The precision with which these small characters are cut excites infinite admiration for the patience of the author. The book, by the way, bears the title, Liber Passionis Nostri Jesu Christi, cum characteribus nulla materia compositis' ('The Book of the Passion of our Jesus Christ, with Characters not Composed of any Material'). The German Emperor, Rudolph II, is said to have offered, in 1640, the enormous sum of 11,000 ducats for this curious work of art. Strangely enough, the book bears the English arms, though it is supposed never to have been in England" (Morning Journal).

"Fall" for "Autumn" (Vol. iv, pp. 307, etc.; Vol. vi, p. 103).-"If these locks bee rooted against winde and weather, spring and fall, I sweare they shall not be lopped" (Lyly, "Mydas,” vii).

w.

Queries on all matters of general literary and historical interest-folk-lore, the origin of proverbs, familiar sayings, popular customs, quotations, etc., the authorship of books, pamphlets, poems, essays, or stories, the meaning of recondite allusions, etc., etc.-are invited from all quarters, and will be answered by editors or contributors. Room is allowed for the discussion of moot questions, and the periodical is thus a valuable medium for intercommunication between literary men and specialists.

Communications for the literary department should be addressed:

EDITOR AMERICAN NOTES AND QUERIES.

All checks and money orders to be made payable to the order of The Westminster Publishing Company, 619 Walnut Street, Philadel. phia.

CONTENTS.

NOTES:-After Fifty Years' Struggle, 133-Artificial Egghatching, No New Thing, 135-Napoleon III and the Letter N-Taxation in 1641, 136-Carlyle Antedated, 137-Conneticut 'Cuteness 'Most 100 Years Old, 138.

QUERIES: Tobacco Names - Killjohn-Artamockes"Why Not Eat Insects?", 138 Rankokus Kill-Iowa Squall-Abalone-Sevarambians-War Steamers First Used -Trewsels-" Walter Scott, All Walter Scott," etc -Impe. cuniosity, 139.

REPLIES:-Cyrus and Physical Exercise-By the Same Token-Jahalom-Tutor Murdered by His Pupils-Queer, 139 -The Guerriere-Discoveries by Accident, 140-Trollope's Veracity-Lamb Tree, 141.

COMMUNICATIONS:-The Price of One Banquet in 189r, 141-Another "Rain " Superstition-Father (and Mother) of Waters-Ancient Egyptian Music Impecuniosity- Birds Heard in the Early Morn, 142-Poetical Alliteration-" Excelsior" in Pidgin English-Those Attorneys, 143-Royal Freak-Purchasers -Smoking, Snuffing and Chewing-Cali. fornia Long Ago, 144.

NOTES.

AFTER FIFTY YEARS' STRUGGLE.
(CONTINUED FROM P. 123.)

"Is there or is there not a property in a book: a primitive, real, fundamental right in its ownership as in any estate or property? Often and clearly as this question has been determined, the opponents of a law, by stress of argument, are driven upon denying it over and over again, and making use of every sort of ridiculous and irrelevant illustration to crowd the right out of the way. They fly into all corners of creation in pursuit of an analogy, and come back without as much as a sparrow in their bag.

"One of them, for example, says: 'We buy a new foreign book; it is ours; we multiply copies and diffuse its advantages. We also buy a bushel of foreign wheat, before

unknown to us; we cultivate, increase it, and spread its use over the country. Where is the difference? If one is stealing, the other is so. Nonsense! neither is stealing. They are both praiseworthy acts, beneficial to mankind, injurious to nobody, right and just in themselves, and commendable in the sight of God.' This reasoner, of a pious inclination and most excellent moral tendencies, has made but a single error-he thinks the type, stitching and paper are THE BOOK! He forgets that when you buy a book you do not buy the whole body of its thoughts in their entire breadth and construction, to be yours in fee simple for all uses (if you did, the vender would be guilty of a fraud in selling more than a single copy of any one work), but simply the usufruct of the book as a reader. Any processes of your own mind exerted upon that work, or parts of it, make the result, so far, your legitimate property, and is one of the incidents of your purchase. To reprint the work in any shape, as a complete, symmetrical composition, is a violation of the original contract between the vender and yourself; whether it be in folio or duodecimo, in the form of newspaper or pamphlet-there lies THE BOOK, unchanged by any action of your own mind. The wheat, of which you have purchased the bushel, in the meantime has been sown in your field (there is a difference to begin), which has been prepared by your plough and plough-horse for its reception; the kindly dews and rains of heaven-which would answer to the genial inspirations and movements of the mind, in the other casedescend upon it; it is guarded by walls and hedges from inroad; the weeds and tares which would fain choke it are plucked out by a careful hand; at last it is reaped and gathered in by the harvestman to his garners. The one bushel has become a thousand; but it has passed through a thousand appropriating and fructifying processes to swell it to that extent. It has not been merely poured out of one bushel measure into another bushel measure. Though the one plough the earth, and the other plough the sea, the world will recognize a distinction, a delicate line of demarcation between farmer (man's first occupation) and pirate (his last). The republishers-the proprietors of the mam

moth press-groan under the aspersion of piracy and pillage laid at their door: they complain of the harshness of epithet which denounces them as Kyds and MacGregors. They must bear in mind that authors and republishers are likely to regard this question from very different points of view: that the poor writer, regarding himself as plundered, defrauded of a positive right, and of a property as real and substantial as guineas, or dollars, or doubloons, may feel a soreness of which the other party, living as he does on the denial of that right, and the seizure of that property, without charge or cost, may not be quite as susceptible. Let us make an effort to bring this point home to these gentlemen in an obvious and intelligible illustration.

"How would the worthy proprietors of The Brother Jonathan' like it, if, when their editions of 'Barnaby Rudge' or 'Zanoni' had been carefully worked off, at some expense of composition, paper and press-work, and lay ready folded in their office for delivery: How would they be pleased if, just at that moment, when the newsboys were gathered at the office door, pitching their throats for the news cry, a gang of stouthanded fellows should descend upon their premises, and without as much as by your leave,' or, 'gentlemen, as you will!' sweep the entire edition off, bear it into the next street, and there proceed to issue and vend it with the utmost imaginable steadiness of aspect, with an equanimity of demeanor quite edifying and perfect? Why, gentlemen, to speak the truth plainly, you would have a hue and cry around the corner in an instant! Your ejaculations of thief, robber and burglar would know no pause till you were compelled to give over for very lack of breath; and the whole community would be startled, at its breakfast the next morning, by an appeal to its moral sensibilities so loud and lightning-like, that the coffee would be unpalatable, and the very toast turn to a cinder in the mouth.

"Now, it should be borne in mind that the large weekly press, whose influence we are anxious to counteract, and whose interest is rapidly becoming the leading one in opposition to the proposed law, has arisen since the agitation of this question; has em

barked its capital, and has grown to its present power and influence in the very teeth of a solemn protest of the authors whose labors they appropriate. It should also, in fairness, be added that some members of this huge fraternity only avail themselves of this law as it now stands, as they think they have a right, and hold themselves ready to abandon the field or adapt themselves to the change whenever a new law requires it; in the meantime, meeting the question fairly, and reasoning it through in good temper. The very paper which I have employed in illustration is chargeable with no offense against literature, society, or good morals, save the single taint of appropriating the labors of authors without pay, and defending the appropriation as matter of strict right and propriety. Only in a community where a contempt for literary rights has been engendered by long malpractice, could such sentiments have obtained lodgment in minds of general fairness and honesty.

"If the hostility to a law of reciprocal copyright be as deep rooted as is alleged, why has there not been some able argument (raised above sordid considerations, and looking wide and far upon the question in all its vast bearings) expounding to us the grounds on which this professed antagonism is based? When we ask them for a syllogism they give us an assertion. My dear sir, how can you waste time, perplexing yourself and the public with this barren question! We supply readers with a novel, a good three-volume novel, for a shilling; and as long as we do that they will remain deaf to all your appeals. The argumentum ad crumenam, the syllogism of the pocket has, in all ages, carried the sway!' This is the head and front of their declamation, of their invective and their facts. This is the Fact! This boulder (offered in lieu of bread) they beg us of the author-tribe to digest: this is their bulwark, their fortress-no, their burrow rather-into which they skulk at the approach of a poor author, quill in hand, prepared to drive off the game-feræ naturæthat lay waste his preserves and make free in his clover-field.

(To be continued.)

"CORNELIUS MATHEWS.

"NEW YORK, June, 1842."

ARTIFICIAL EGG-HATCHING, NO NEW THING. May I bring forward one more piece of evidence to prove the trite assertion that there is nothing new under the sun? This was about 300 years ago.

"At this Town, in the Land of Goshen, named Philbits, we staid two Days and one Night; in which Time I went into a House, where I saw a very strange Secret of hatching of Chickens, by artificial Heat, or Warmth: The like I had seen before at Grand Cairo, but not in such extraordinary Numbers or Multitudes as here; the Manner whereof I will declare as followeth: The Country People inhabiting about this Town, four or five Miles distant every Way, bring their Eggs in apt Carriages for the Purpose, upon Asses or Camels, to this Place, where there is an Oven, or Furnace, purposely kept temperately warm, and the Furner, or Master thereof, standeth ready at a little Door, to receive the Eggs of every one, by Tale; unless that when the Number arises so high (as to ten Camels Loading or more) then he filleth a Measure by Tale, and after that Order, measures all the_rest. And I tell you this for a Truth, that I saw there received by the Furner, Cook or Baker in one Day, by Tale and by Measure, the Number of thirty-five, or forty thousand Eggs, and they told me that for three Days Space together, he doth nothing but still receive in Eggs, and at Twelve Days End, they come again to fetch Chickens, sometimes at ten Days, and sometimes (but not very often) at seven Days, according as the Weather falleth out. Perhaps some two hundred Persons are Owners of one Rangeful, some having two thousand some one; or more, or less, as the Quantities amount to: The Furner noteth the Names and Portions of every Bringer; and if he chanceth to have a hundred and fifty Thousand, or two hundred Thousand at one Heat (as many Times it chanceth that he hath) yet doth he mingle them all together, not respecting to whom they severally belong. Then he

layeth them, one by one, upon his Range, so near as they can lie, and touch each other; having first made a Bed for them, of Camels-dung burnt; and the Place whereon. the Ashes do rest, is of a very thin Matter made of Earth, but mixed with the Camels

dung in the making, and some Pigeons dung amongst it; yet herein consisteth not the Secret only; for there is a Concave, or hollow Place, about three Feet Breadth, under it, whereon is likewise spread another Layer of Camels-dung, and under that is the Place, where the Fire is made. Yet can I not rightly call it Fire, because it appeareth to be nothing but Embers; for I could not discern it, but to be like Ashes, yielding a temperate heat to the next Concave, and the Heat being resifted by the Layer of Dung next it (which Dung being green, and laid upon pieces of withered Trees) delivereth forth an extraordinary Vapour, and that Vapour entereth the hollow Concave, next under the Eggs, where, in Time, it pierceth the aforesaid mixed Earth, which toucheth the Ashes, whereon the Eggs are laid, and so serveth as a necessary Receptable for all the Heat coming from underneath. This artificial Heat, gliding through the Embers, whereon the Eggs lie, doth by Degrees warm through the Shells and so infuseth Life, by the same Proportions of Heat; thus in seven, eight, nine, ten, or sometimes twelve Days, Life continueth by this artificial Means. Now when the Furner perceiveth Life to appear, and that the Shells begin to break, then he beginneth to gather them; but of a Hundred-thousand, he hardly gathers Three-score-thousand, sometimes. but Fifty-thousand, and sometimes (when the Day is overcast) not Twenty-thousand; and if there chance any Lightening, Thunder or Rain, then, of a Thousand, he gathers not one; for then they all miscarry and die. And this is to be remembered withall, that be the Weather never so fair, the Air perfect clear, and everything as themselves can desire, and let the Chickens be hatched in the best Manner, that may be, yet have they either a Claw too much or too little: For sometimes they have five Claws, sometimes six, some but two before, and one behind, and seldom, very few or any in their right Shape." A. D. E.

his worthy nephew. One of the hobbies of Napoleon III was to have his name handed down to posterity on all the structures erected under his reign.

On every pillar of every bridge constructed over the Seine, over every portico of every edifice raised in Paris, the most prominent feature, as many tourists know, was a huge N.

This gave rise to one of those question du jour conundrums that are such favorites with the French people, and in truth this one was not bad of its kind. You were accosted with the query: "Say, do you know why it is that Napoleon looks so careworn and anxious?" The possible reasons which iminediately suggested themselves to your mind were so numerous and manifold, that you naturally gave up guessing. "Tiens! çà n'est pas étonnant!" would be the answer; "il a des N mis partout!" which, of course sounded to the ear exactly like "il a des ennemis partout !” TOURIST.

THE COPY OF AN ORDER

AGREED UPON IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, UPON FRIDAY, THE EIGHTEENTH OF JUNE, WHEREIN EVERY MAN IS RATED ACCORDING TO HIS ESTATE, FOR THE KING'S USE.

PRINTED IN THE YEAR MDCXLI.

Dukes, One-hundred Pounds.
Marquesses, Eighty Pounds.
Earls, Sixty Pounds.

Viscounts, Fifty Pounds.
Lords, Forty Pounds.

Baronets and Knights of the Bath, Thirty Pounds.

Knights, Twenty Pounds.

Esquires, Ten Pounds.

Gentlemen of One-hundred Pounds per Annum, Five Pounds.

Recusants of all Degrees to double Pro

testants.

Lord Mayor, Forty Pounds.

Aldermen Knights, Twenty Pounds.

Citizens fined for Sheriffs, Twenty Pounds.

Deputy Aldermen, Fifteen Pounds.

Merchant Strangers, Knights, Forty Pounds.