eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

corpus.

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be Writ of habeas suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. Attainder. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in Direct tax. proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed

to be taken.

from the States,

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any of commerce State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of &c. commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those of another nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be

obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

6. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in con- of expenditures. sequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular state

ment and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public

money shall be published from time to time.

ity to be granted,

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, No title of nobiland no person holding any office of profit or trust under them &c. shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign State.

SECTION X.

ted to the individ

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- Powers prohibifederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; ual States. emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, expost-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or grant any title of nobility.

States can exer

the sanction of

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay Powers which the any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may cise only under be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and Congress. the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imposts or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops. or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

Executive power.

Electors of President and Vice President.

Meeting of the
Electors; their

ARTICLE II.

SECTION I.

1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

3. *The electors shall meet in their respective States, and proceedings. vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not [*Annulled; see amendments, ar- be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And ticle 12.]

Time of choosing
Electors.

they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice President.

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

President.

5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of Qualifications for the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

case of vacancy, Vice President

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of In his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers to act. and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

the President.

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services Compensation of a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.

ident.

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall Oath of the Prestake the following oath or affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute

the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

SECTION II.

President.

1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army Powers of the and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

make treaties, to

sadors, Con-uis,

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent His power to of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the appoint Ambas Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public ministers, and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by

cancies.

law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

Power to fill va- 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session.

Duties of President.

impeachment.

SECTION III.

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

SECTION IV.

Officers liable to 1. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Extent of judicial power.

ARTICLE III.

SECTION I.

1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SECTION II.

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers, and Consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; See amendment between a State and citizens of another State; between

XI.

citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects.

Supreme Court.

2. In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers Jurisdiction of and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, Trial of crimes. shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

SECTION III.

1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in Treason. levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

clare its punish

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish- Congress to dement of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work ment. corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

ARTICLE IV.

SECTION I.

in each State to

States.

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the Credit to be given public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other the acts of other State. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SECTION II.

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges Reciprocity of citand immunities of citizens in the several States.

izens.

delivered up.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or Criminals to be other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.