dent at Sodbury, a young countrywoman came to seek advice. The subject of small-pox being mentioned, she observed, "I cannot take that disease, for I have had the cow-pox." This incident rivited the attention of Jenner, and was never afterwards effaced. For twenty years he brooded over the subject, collected facts, and made experiments; till at last, being fully convinced in his own mind, that he had compassed the whole bearings of the subject, he came to the resolution of presenting the great discovery as a gift to mankind. Jenner's discovery was first published in 1798. It was his intention that it should have appeared in the tranactions of the Royal Society, but some of the learned members hinted in a friendly manner, that he should be cautious not to diminish the partial fame which his account of the cuckoo had already gained him, by advocating so improbable a theory. On the publication of his "Inquiry," he proceeded to London, to exhibit to the profession-his process of vaccination. He remained there for two months in the great metropolis, without getting any medical man to make a trial of it, or any patient to submit to the process. He was even caricatured as a magician, who by-and-by would turn the human race into cows. Yet time and circumstances, and his own tact and perseverance, after many difficulties, brought him many friends and supporters. After the tide had turned in his favor, there were individuals, who, at one time scoffed at his theory, were now base enough to appropriate the discovery to themselves or others. From Great Britain, vaccination extended rapidly to the Continent. In America the early cases were most successful, and at last, the remotest countries in the world began to share in its benefits, and the name of Jenner became known in every part of the globe. Dr. Jenner's personal appearance was not very striking, being rather under the middle size. Although he had the honor of a personal introduction to the greatest men, and monarchs of the age, he ever retained his native simplicity and artlessness of manner. He died January 26th, 1823, of apoplexy, in the seventy-fourth year of his age, having retained his general health and mental power unimpaired to the last. He was buried in the chancel of the church of Berkeley, where a monument has been erected to his memory by his professional brethren. CHELTENHAM. CHELTENHAM Competes with Bath as a fashionable resort for valetudinarians, real or imaginary. It is situated in Gloucestershire, eighty-eight miles west from London, and thirty-nine and a-half north-east of Bath. The situation is exceedingly delightful, being remarkably well sheltered by the range of Coteswold hills on the north-east, and having an exposure to the south and west; it is on this account preferred to all other towns in England, by persons from India and other hot climates. Besides being attractive from the salubrity and mildness of its climate, Cheltenham, like Bath, possesses mineral springs reckoned of value for medical purposes, but particularly for invalids with diseased livers. There are several springs, some of which are chalybeate, but their properties and strength are liable to variation. Cheltenham is laid out in a very ornamental manner, with walks and pleasure-grounds, and may be described, as perhaps, the prettiest town of a small size in England. As in Bath, the expense of living is very great. The population of the parish in 1831, was 22,942. 66 The medicinal waters for which the place has become so celebrated, appear to have been first brought into notice about the year 1740. From that period they have risen in public estimation. In 1788, George III, being in poor health, was advised to try the waters of Cheltenham. He accordingly came with his family, and it seemed to the townsmen from this circumstance, that the climax of their prosperity was nearly complete. The influx of royalty and fashion produced a golden harvest, not only for the townsfolk, but the inhabitants of the neighboring villages also. The newspapers of the times, say, that "in consequence of the overflow of Cheltenham, Tewkesbury and Prestbury are crowded. Lodgings have increased in such a degree and at such a rate, that for apartments let the preceding season for three guineas, no less than twenty-five gui neas have been asked and received." As no mansion existed in the town sufficiently capacious for the residence of the monarch, the seat of Lord Fauconbridge on Bays' Hill, a little way out of the town, was rented, as the only house that could afford even scanty accommodation; and one of the merriest chapters in the "Diary" of the merry little Burney," relates to the shifts the royal family and suit were put to while sojourning therein. "The king," she tells us, was the only man that slept in the house; " all the male attendants were lodged in different parts of the town. 64 The Royals," as she humorously calls them, were forced to take all their meals in one room; and when the Duke of York came to pay his royal father a visit, the wooden house was carried from the other side of the town, and planted upon Bays' Hill, contiguous to the royal palace. As for the maids of honor, they were obliged to take tea in one of the passages, and to make the hall their audience-chamber; and all who have read the " Diary," will remember the flirtations of the pleasant little Burney with Mr. Farley, and their surreptitious readings of Akenside, and Falconer's "Shipwreck." The waters having, as was reported, much improved the king's health, the fount at which he had quaffed, was re-christened the Royal Old Wells, and the fortune of Cheltenham was at once made. Year by year it became a more fashionable place of resort, and in 1797, the inhabitants had increased to 2,700, and the houses to 530, or nearly double the number it contained in 1666. Since then, especially in the present century, the increase has been remarkably rapid. In 1804, it contained 710 houses, and 3,076 inhabitants. It is supposed, that at this present time, (1854), that the inhabitants number more than 40,000. Among the interesting places in the neighborhood of Cheltenham, is Sudeley Castle, about a mile south by east of the little town of Winchcomb, seven miles from Cheltenham. The drive to that spot is through the most charming hill-country imagi nable. The castle was built in the reign of Henry VI, by Ralph Lord Boteler, on the site of a more ancient castle. It is still imposing in size, and before it was ruined in the civil wars, it must have extended over a large space of ground. It has been purchased lately by two gentlemen, who have restored much of it to its original condition, and enriched its interior with a large portion of Horace Walpole's collection from Strawberry Hill, and with many valuable historical pictures. One very interesting association connected with this stronghold is, that it contained some years since the remains of Catherine Parr, the surviving queen of Henry VIII. She married Lord Seymour, of Sudeley Castle, in 1548, and died in child-birth, as it was alleged, but not without strong suspicion of having been poisoned by her husband In 1782, her coffin was opened, and the body found in a most perfect state of preservation: a few years later, however, a company of drunken brutes dug up her remains in the dead of the night and mutilated them; and she now lies interred in the parish church, a plain stone being all that marks her resting-place. HEREFORD, WORCESTER, AND SHREWSBURY. HEREFORD, the capital of the county of the same name, stands on the banks of the river Wye. It is a place of great antiquity, being a military station among the Saxons. Strongly fortified and situated on the borders of Wales, it was for a long period a seat of war in the contests between the rival countries. It is situated thirty-two miles from Worcester and 136 W. N. W. of London. Population about 11,000 The peculiar customs and tenures held in this city, during the early ages, were of so interesting a character, that we give the following abridged extract from the Doomsday Book, which conveys an excellent idea of the difference in the value of money at that period and at the present time. Hereford was, during the reign of Edward the Confessor, governed by an officer or bailiff appointed by the crown, whose consent it was necessary to obtain before any inhabitant could leave the city: he might then sell his house to any person who would perform the usual service; but one-third part of the price given was paid to the king's officer. If any inhabitant was unable through poverty to discharge the accustomed dues to the crown, his house became forfeited, and the bailiff was to provide another tenant, and take care that the dues were collected. The owner of an entire dwelling-house within the walls, paid sevenpence farthing annually, besides fourpence towards providing war-horses: he was also obliged to mow grass in the king's manor of Marden, in the month of August, and to attend one other day when ordered by the sheriff, to collect hay together. He who kept a horse, attended the sheriff, three times in the year, to the hundred courts, and to that of Wormelow. When the king hunted in Haywood Forest, every house was to furnish one man to assist in taking the game. Other inhabitants not possessing entire dwelling-houses, provided door-keepers for the hall whenever the king attended in person. On the death of any one who had served with a war-horse, the king was entitled to his horse; where no horse was kept, ten shillings were paid to the king, or, in default, possession was taken of his house and lands: if any one died without having disposed of his effects, the whole became the property of the crown. These customs prevailed within the walls: those in the suburbs were similar, except that in the latter, the owner of the house paid only three. pence farthing. Other regulations were common to both: and when the wife of any inhabitant brewed, twopence was paid by ancient custom. There were six smiths, and each of them paid one penny for his forge, and furnished 120 ferra from the king's iron, for which each was paid threepence, nor were they subject to any other service. There were also seven moneyers, one of whom belonged to the bishop. When a coinage took place, every moneyer paid eighteen pence for the liberty of procuring bullion; and on their return with it, each paid twenty shillings daily to the king during one month; and the bishop's moneyer paid the same to the bishop. When the king came to Hereford, the moneyers coined as much as he ordered; but the king furnished the silver to make it each of the moneyers enjoyed the privileges of sac and soke, by which they were exempted from the customary payments. On the death of either of the king's moneyers, twenty shillings were paid to the crown as a relief; but if he died without having disposed of his effects, the king, as in other cases, took possession of the whole. If the sheriff went into Wales, the moneyers attended him; and every one of them refusing to go after summons to that effect, paid a fine of forty shillings to the king. About one mile northwestward from the city, on an angle of the road formed by its branching off in two directions, the one towards Stretfordbridge, the other towards Hay, is the remains of a stone cross, locally termed the "white-cross." The base consists of an hexagonal flight of seven steps, measuring ten feet each in length at the bottom, and gradually decreasing in length, each step being eleven inches in height and twelve in breadth. The first and only remaining stage of the shaft is also hexagonal, its height being six feet, and the breadth of each face two feet. Above is an embattled parapet, with the mouldings and base of a second division of the shaft; but this has long since disappeared. White-Cross, Hereford. A view of this cross is given in the engraving above, which conveys a very good idea of its present appearance, and also of its local situation. Tradition ascribes the erection of this cross to bishop Cantilupe, who, according to the legend, was returning from his palace at Sugwas towards Hereford, when the bells of his cathedral commenced ringing, without any human agency; and in commemoration of so miraculous an event, he caused a cross to be built on the spot where the sounds had first attracted his notice. WORCESTER, the capital of the county of the same name, is situated at the east side of the river Severn, 36 miles north-east of Bristol, 111 north-west of London. Population upwards of 26,000. This place belonged to the kingdom of Mercia, and was the seat of a viceroy. In the early part of king Alfred's reign, the city was ruined by the Danes; it was, however, rebuilt in 894. Worcester, during the period of its eventful history, has suffered much from various wars, pestilence, and fires. During the civil wars between Charles I, and the Parliament, the devoted adherance of Worcester to the royal cause, gives it a prominent place in the general history of that period. It was the first city that openly declared for the king, and it was the last place where a battle was fought; for here it was that the Second Charles made a last stand for the crown. The day was Cromwell's; he gained possession of the town, and Charles narrowly escaped by the back door of the house in which he was quartered, while Colonel Cobbet was entering at the front to make him prisoner. The principal object of attraction in Worcester, is its Cathedral, in which is the monument of King John, and many other distinguished persons of their day. The see was founded in 680, by Ethelred, King of Mercia, and the first cathedral of St. Peter, was probably erected about that period. The present structure was finished in 1089, by St. Wulstan. It is recorded that when Bishop Wulstan saw the workmen pulling down the remains of the cathedral, he wept. One of his attendants expostulated with him, reminding him he ought rather to rejoice, as he was preparing in its place an edifice of greater splendor, and more proportioned to the large number of his monks. He replied, “I think far otherwise: we poor wretches destroy the works of our forefathers, only to get praise to ourselves: that happy age of holy men knew not how to build stately churches, but under any roof they offered up living temples unto God, and by their examples incited those under their care to do the same; but we, on the contrary, neglecting the care of souls, labor to heap up stones." SHREWSBURY, the capital of the county of Shropshire, is 154 miles north-west of London. Population about 22,000. The town lies nearly in the center of the county, situated on two gentle declivities, and is formed by the winding of the Severn into a peninsula, somewhat in the shape of a horse-shoe, having an isthmus not more than 300 yards across. Shrewsbury is supposed to have been first occupied or built sometime in the fifth century, as an asylum for the fugitive Britons from the devastation of their Saxon invaders. The British named the place Pengevern; the Saxons Scrobbes-byrig: both are synonymous, importing a fenced eminence, covered with shrubs. The ancient Welsh called it-and do so to this day-Ammwythig, "the Delight." The Normans, Sciropesberie, and subsequently, Salopesberie and Schrosbury, from whence is formed its present name-Shrewsbury and Salop. Leland thus beautifully explains the etymology: Built on a hill, fair SALOP greets the eye, Two bridges cross the bark-conveying stream, And British alders gave the town a name. : The town has been the scene of some of the most interesting events |