of the city in population and in industrial pursuits has corresponded with its natural advantages. At the census of 1861 the city had a population of 154,093, and 23,590 inhabited houses, showing an increase over the previous census of 16,765 persons and 2717 houses. The imports and exports are very considerable, the duties on them being said to amount to upwards of a million sterling annually. Bristol is more noted for the number and variety of its manufactures than for the extent to which any special branch is carried. There are cotton-works, sugar-refineries, shipbuilding-yards, potteries, glass-works, vitriol manufactories, iron-foundries, distilleries, a patent-shot manufactory, and many others of less importance. Bristol trades with the West Indies, Mauritius, France, Spain, Portugal, America, and Australia. It has also a considerable trade with Ireland. Steam-packets regularly ply between this port and various points on the Irish, English, and Scotch coasts. There is, in addition, railway communication with all parts of the kingdom. The town is well supplied with newspapers, two being published daily and six weekly.

The city is divided, for municipal purposes, into ten wards; and its government is vested in a corporation consisting of a mayor, sixteen alderman, and forty-eight councillors. In conjunction with Clifton and smaller suburbs, Bristol returns two members to Parliament.

BRISTOL CATHEDRAL stands first in importance among the public buildings. It is situated on the south side

of College Green, a fine open area shaded with limetrees, a short distance west from the " Swivel Bridge," and is open free to the public daily. This interesting edifice owes its origin to Robert Fitzharding, Lord of Berkeley, who, about the year 1142, founded here a monastery for Augustinian canons, and at a later period joined the fraternity, dying a monk in 1170. Subsequent Lords of Berkeley enriched the brotherhood, and as a reward got a resting-place within the church, and the due masses for their souls' peace when they died. In the 14th century this religious house was advanced to the dignity of a mitred abbey. It met the fate of all similar establishments in 1538, but was four years later erected into a bishopric, with a somewhat extensive jurisdiction. The most notable names in the list of the bishops of this see are those of Richard Fletcher, father of John Fletcher the dramatist, who was high in the favour of Queen Elizabeth, but having lost it on account of his second marriage, and been suspended from his episcopal functions, "seeking to lose his sorrow in a smoak, died of the immoderate taking thereof;" Sir John Trelawny, one of "the seven bishops;" and Joseph Butler, author of the famous "Analogy of Religion."

This is one of the smallest cathedrals in England.* It has no nave. This part of the original structure is supposed by some to have been destroyed in the interval between the Dissolution and the restoration of

* The following are the main dimensions:-Length, 175 feet; breadth of transepts, 128; height of tower, 140.

the church as the cathedral of the diocese of Bristol ; while others are of opinion that it was removed by one of the Augustinian abbots, with the view of its being rebuilt an intention which was frustrated by his death. The building consists of choir, with north and south aisles, and with two chapels (one of them having a vestibule or ante-chamber) on the south side, and one (the Lady Chapel) on the north side; transepts, tower, chapter-house, and cloister. The great gateway, and the gateway to the abbot's lodgings, are the only other portions of the monastery which have been preserved. The architectural student will find in this cathedral specimens of all the different orders of Gothic architecture. Norman, both in its earlier and its transition stages, may be observed in the transepts, the towerpiers, the chapter-house, gateways, etc. The Lady Chapel is mostly Early English; the choir, Decorated; the tower and vaulting of the transepts, Perpendicular.

A good general view of the exterior may be obtained from the upper College Green. It is by no means imposing in point of size, and the details of its architecture need not long occupy the tourist. There is a good view of the tower and transepts from the Lower Green, on the south side.

The entrance is by a debased doorway under the end windows of the north transept. In the Transepts may be observed a good deal of the original Norman masonry, conjoined with Early English work. Among the monuments in the north transept deserving of mention are those to Jane and Anna Maria Porter, the novelists;

to Mrs. Draper (Sterne's "Maria"); and the Rev. John Eagles, author of "The Sketcher." In the south transept are monuments to the poet Cowper's friend, Lady Hesketh, who died in 1807; to Bishop Butler, with an inscription by Southey; and to Mrs. Crawfurd, a piece of fine work by Chantrey. The north and west windows date from 1704 and 1710, and are, like the south window, of the Decorated style.

The piers of the tower are Norman in their lower part; but, like almost all the rest of the oldest work, they have been modified in accordance with later styles, The choir and its aisles are of the same height—an unusual feature in ecclesiastical architecture and are entered from the transepts by lofty pointed arches. The vaulting of the roof of the aisles is a still more remarkable feature. An ingenious contrivance, in the shape of a horizontal transom, is thrown across the aisle between the capital of each choir pillar and the outer wall. These transoms are supported by arches springing from attached shafts on either side of the aisle, a lesser arch occupying the spandril on each side of the main one. Each transom rests on the points of three arches, and answers the purpose of a buttress, bringing the support of the external buttress on which it rests to the groining of the choir. This ingenious contrivance combines beauty and strength in a remarkable degree.

Entering the South Aisle of the choir from the transept, the Newton Chapel is on the right. The architecture here is Decorated, dating probably from the earlier part of the 14th century. Here there are

some rather fine monuments, coloured in the quaint fashion of the 17th century, to the memory of members of the Newton family, from which the chapel derives its name. In this chapel there is also a monument to Sir Richard Cradock, justice of the Common Pleas, who died in 1444; as well as monuments to Elizabeth Stanhope by Westmacott, and to Bishop Gray by Bailey. Within the next bay of this aisle, within a sepulchral recess in the wall, under a fine decorated arch, is the effigy of Thomas, Lord Berkeley, who died in 1243. The figure is crosss-legged, and clad in the long surcoat over a coat of mail. The hands are folded as in prayer; and a shield, with the Berkeley arms, is on the left side. In the next bay, under a similar recess, is the effigy of the second Maurice, Lord Berkeley, who died in 1281. In the next bay is the entrance to the antechamber to the Berkeley Chapel, the architecture of which is deserving of attention. There are three ogee arches on its south side, with niches between them, and having finelysculptured foliage as their finials and ornamenting their spandrils. The vaulting of this chamber is altogether a piece of curious and beautiful work. The doorway leading from it into the Berkeley Chapel has the ammonite represented in its moulding. The Berkeley Chapel is conjectured to have been erected by Thomas de Berkeley, after the death of his wife in 1337. Here, too, there are some interesting architectural details in the soffetes of the windows, and on the capitals of some of the columns. There have been two altars against