New Jersey, United States, on the 15th of September, 1789. His father was of a Buckinghamshire family, which emigrated to America some twenty years before the birth of the future novelist. When James was about two years old his father removed to the banks of the picturesque Otsego Lake, Western New York, and there founded the village of Cooperstown; and somewhat later he was elected a judge of the state of New York. Having himself initiated his son in the rudimentary branches of learning, he transferred him to the care of the Rev. J. Ellison, an episcopal clergyman at Albany, by whom he was prepared for college. He remained at Yale college from 1802 to 1805, when, having taken his degree, he entered the navy as a midshipman. He served at sea for six years, and his conduct won the approbation of his superiors, and the esteem of his fellow-officers. It was here he acquired that familiarity with a maritime life, and knowledge of the scenes and phenomena of the ocean, which lend such a charm to his naval stories. On retiring from the service he in 1811 married Miss Delancy, a sister of Bishop Delancy of New York, and took up his abode in the family village of Cooperstown. 6 His next few years were spent in private life. It was not till 1821 that Mr. Cooper appeared as an author. His first work was a novel, Precaution,' which professed to be a story of English life. It met with no success, but the author, little daunted, speedily ventured before the public again, with 'The Spy-a tale of the Neutral Ground.' A thoroughly original and genuine American novel caught the American ear, much as Waverley' had caught the Scottish. Its success was immediate and unbounded. In England its vivid portraiture of American character and scenery gave it the additional charm of novelty, and Cooper at once took rank with the leading novelists of the day. The Pioneers' followed in 1823, and confirmed the reputation of its author. A year later appeared The Pilot-a Tale of the Sea. These were the types of a long series of novels which during many years flowed from Cooper's prolific pen. He had in them brought before his readers the mighty forests and wide prairies, the backwoods of America, with their original occupants the Red Indians and the Anglo-American hunters and settlers, who were rapidly supplanting them; and the sea with its daring American privateers; and again and again he was to reproduce these in more or less varied forms. The strength of his narrative, his power in delineating character, his command of the passions, keenness of observation, and descriptive skill were acknowledged without stint, and America was admitted to have produced a great original novelist. Cooper, like Scott, thought the tide of success was to be taken at the full; and he published novel after novel with a rapidity rivalling that of the author of 'Waverley.' For a time his imagination and stores of knowledge appeared to sustain without diminution the heavy drain. He was never happier in depicting peculiarities of character, nor carried the reader along with more rapidity and interest, than in the Prairie' and the Last of the Mohicans,' which appeared after Lionel Lincoln' and one or two others, in 1826; in the Red Rover' and the Water Witch,' and the Wept of the Wish-ton Wish,' which followed in succeeding years. But in these and a few others he exhausted his genius, and novels like Ned Myers,' the Sea Lions,' Mercedes of Castille,' and The Headsman of Berne,' served only to call into clearer notice the weak points of their author; yet the 'Deerslayer' and one or two other of his later stories had so much of beauty and strength, that had there been no intervening failures, there would have been little reason to fancy that the hand of the great American novelist had lost its skill. In 1826 Mr. Cooper visited Europe, where he remained for about ten years, his longest sojourns being made in London and Paris. The fruits of his European travel were the novels of The Headsman,' 'The Bravo,' Heidenmaur,' and Mercedes,' none of which were very successful; and Homeward Bound,' and ' Home as Found,' which, with the 'Introductory Letter to his Countrymen,' stirred up some strong feeling. Nor was he, as we have already intimated, happier in the novels he wrote on his return to America, although in several of them he recurred to his old American forests and sea haunts. But he wandered also often into the regions of home and foreign politics, not even keeping clear of controversy in his novels; and his very inaptitude for reasoning rendered him the more dogmatic in maintaining his own views and irascible under contradiction or dissent. Some of his home critics he prosecuted for libel; his foreign opponents he denounced with unbounded wrath. However, as time wore on his better spirit resumed its sway, and it was rewarded at home and abroad with a return of the old admiration and esteem; so that his death, which occurred at Cooperstown on the 14th of September, 1851, caused a general expression of sorrow throughout America, which was sincerely responded to in this country, where he had hardly fewer readers and admirers than in his own land. Besides the novels mentioned above, Mr. Cooper wrote "The Pathfinder,' The Monikins,' The Two Admirals,' 'Wyandotte,' 'Wing and Wing,' 'Afloat and Ashore,' 'Autobiography of a Pocket Handkerchief,' 'Satanstoe," The Chainbearer,' 'The Crater,' 'Oak Openings,' 'Jack Tier,' The Sea Lions,' and we believe one or two others. He also wrote a History of the United States Navy,' which does not bear a very high reputation; 'Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers,' Gleanings in Europe,' Sketches of Switzerland,'' Notions of the Americans by a Travelling Bachelor,' and 'The Way of the Hour.' Most European languages have translations of some of Cooper's novels, and it is stated that one or two of the Oriental tongues possess a version of at least one of his stories. Most of the earlier novels and several of the later have been rendered into German; and in French there is a translation by Defauconpret in 23 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1838-45, and another in 6 vols. by Messrs. Laroche and de Montémont. COOT (Fulica atra). [RALLIDE.] COOTEHILL, county of Cavan, Ireland, a post-town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Drumgoon and barony of Tullaghgarvey, is situated in 54° 5' N. lat., 7° 3′ W. long., 73 miles N.N.W. from Dublin. The popu lation in 1851 was 2105, besides 1101 in the Union workhouse and other public institutions. Cootehill Poor-Law Union comprises 19 electoral divisions, with an area of 105,848 acres, and a population in 1851 of 44,333. Cootehill lies on the road from Kingscourt to Clones, and has four principal streets, which are wide and substantially built. It contains a neat church, besides chapels for Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists, Moravians, and Quakers. There is here a brisk trade in linens, and a large market for agricultural produce. The town stands at the western extremity of a series of lakes which are navigable for the greater part of the distance (7 miles) hence to Ballybay. The neighbourhood is well cultivated, and adorned with numerous demesnes and mansions. Quarter sessions for the county are held at Cootehill. There are here a bridewell, a dispensary, and a station of the constabulary force. A fai is held on the second Friday in each month. COPLESTON, REV. EDWARD, D.D., was born Febru ary 2, 1776, at the rectory-house, Offwell, Devonshire. Hi father, the Rev. John Bradford Copleston, was the rector o that parish, and he educated at his own residence a limiter number of pupils, among whom was his son Edward. I 1791 Edward Copleston was elected to a scholarship at Cor pus Christi, Oxford; in 1793 he obtained the Chancellor's prize for a Latin poem; and in 1795 he was elected a Fellow of Oriel College. He obtained the Chancellor's prize for a English essay on 'Agriculture,' in 1796, and in 1797 wa appointed college-tutor, though he had not then taken hi degree of M.A. In 1802 he was elected Professor of Poetr to the university, in which office he succeeded Dr. Hurdis He published in 1813 the substance of the lectures which h had delivered, under the title of 'Prælectiones Academica a work which gained him a high reputation for pure and elegant Latin composition combined with extensive poetica information. Some severe attacks on the University o Oxford having been made in the Edinburgh Review, Mi Copleston published in 1810 A Reply to the Calumnies the Edinburgh Review against Oxford,' which was followe by another Reply' in the same year, and by a third in 1811 These replies were greatly esteemed by the university, an regarded as a triumphant defence. In 1814 Copleston wa elected Provost of Oriel College, and soon afterwards th degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by diploma, the in strument setting forth that this distinction resulted from grateful sense of the many public benefits which he ha conferred upon the university. Dr. Copleston is chie remembered as a divine by his work on Predestination which consists, for the most part, of three sermons preache at St. Mary's church, Oxford, 'An Enquiry into the Do trines of Necessity and Predestination, with Notes and a Appendix on the 17th Article of the Church of England 8vo, London, 1821. Between the years 1811 and 1822 he the objection of a false theory would be Phosphatite. contributed many articles to the Quarterly Review.' In [PHOSPHATITE, S. 2.] 1826 Dr. Copleston was appointed to the deanery of Chester, COPYHOLD. The statute 4 & 5 Vict. c. 35, has been and in 1827 he succeeded Dr. Sumner in the bishopric of amended by the 6 & 7 Vict. c. 23; 7 & 8 Vict. c. 55 ; and 15 Llandaff and deanery of St. Paul's, London. He also held & 16 Vict. c. 51. The result of these statutes may be shortly the honorary appointment of professor of ancient history to the stated thus. The lord may now be compelled by the tenant, Royal Academy of Arts, and was a fellow of the Society or the tenant by the lord, to enfranchise the copyhold at the of Antiquaries. After he became a bishop his time was first surrender and admittance that takes place, and on terms, chiefly occupied in the performance of the duties of his if the parties cannot agree, to be fixed by the Copyhold diocese. Some of his sermons, charges, and speeches in the Commissioners. House of Lords, were published at the time when made. COPYRIGHT. In order to take advantage of any dispoHe resided mostly during the latter part of his life at Hard-sition which may be manifested by foreign nations to recogwick House, near Chepstow, where he died October 14, 1849. nise British copyrights, powers have been conferred on the (Memoirs of E. Copleston, Bishop of Landaff, with Selections Sovereign, by the stat. 7 & 8 Vict. c. 12, to grant, by Order from his Diary and Correspondence, &c., by William James in Council, privilege of copyright in this country to the Copleston, London, 1851, 8vo.) authors of books, prints, and works of art, first published abroad. The exclusive right of representation may in like manner be granted to the authors of dramatic or musical compositions. Such Order in Council cannot, however, be made until due protection for British copyrights has been secured by the government of the country to the subjects of which the privilege of copyright in this country is conceded. COPROLITES (Kóжpоs and Aitos), the fossilised excrements of reptiles, fish, and other animals, found in various strata of the earth. Dr. Buckland in his Bridgewater Treatise first drew attention to the probable nature of these substances, some of which had been previously known under the name of Bezoar Stones. These fossils were first detected in the Lias at Lyme Regis and in other localities, and their true nature inferred from the fact of their identity with similar masses found actually within the body of many species of Ichthyosaurus. The Coprolites are often found to contain scales of fishes, and occasionally teeth, and fragments of bone, belonging to species of fishes and reptiles which have been swallowed by the animal as food, and have passed undigested through its stomach. They often occur in & spirally twisted form, which is a characteristic of the excrements of some of the larger forms of recent fish, and have been accepted by comparative anatomists as indications of the nature of the intestinal tube in the extinct forms of Reptiles and Fishes. Professor Liebig says in his 'Letters on Chemistry,' "In the autumn of 1842 Dr. Buckland pointed out to me a bed of Coprolites in the neighbourhood of Clifton, from half to one foot thick, inclosed in a limestone formation, extending as a brown stripe in the rocks for miles along the banks of the Severn. The limestone marl of Lyme Regis consists for the most part of one fourth part of fossil excrements and tones. The same are abundant in the Lias of Batheaston, and Broadway Hill, near Evesham. Dr. Buckland mentions beis several miles in extent, the substance of which consists in many places of a fourth part of Coprolites." Coprolites, when chemically examined, are found to contain a large proportion of phosphate of lime. Liebig states that some he examined from Clifton contained above 18 per cent of phosphate of lime, whilst other specimens have rded a much larger per centage. The occurrence of phate of lime in these substances has led to their use as aures, and large quantities are annually collected in this entry for that purpose. Before being used they are subitted to the action of sulphuric acid, by which the phosphate is converted into a super-phosphate of lime. Under this Act, conventions for the mutual protection of copyrights have been entered into with the following eleven states:-Prussia, 1846 and 1855; Saxony, 1846; Brunswick, 1847; the Thuringian Union, 1847; Hanover, 1847; Oldenburg, 1847; France (and colonies), 1851; Anhalt-Dessau-Coethen, and Anhalt-Bernburg, 1853; Hamburg, 1853; Belgium, 1853; Spain, 1857; and their stipulations have been confirmed by the statute of 15 & 16 Vict. c. 12. Authorised translations of foreign books and dramatic pieces are by this statute protected for a term not exceeding five years from publication. The Designs Act, 1850, enables designs to be provisionally registered for one year, and confers powers on the Board of Trade to extend the copyright for a term of three years. The same statute provides for the registration and protection against piracy of sculpture, models, copies, and casts. The copyright in engravings, prints, &c., is extended by the statute 15 & 16 Vict. c. 12, to prints taken by lithography, or other process of indefinite multiplication. [Blackstone's Commentaries,' Mr. Kerr's ed., vol. ii. pp. 416-417). CORACIAS. [ROLLER.] CORALLINAČE, a family of Marine Plants belonging to the order Algae. According to Harvey's definition it includes the Coralline and Spongite of Kützing, and the Corallinida and Nulliporide of Dr. Johnston. The forms referred to this family have been alternately regarded as animals and plants. When their structure was imperfectly understood they were regarded with many of the zoophytes (Polypifera and Polyzoa) and sponges as seaweeds. When the animal nature of these beings was established, it was again an inference that the Corallines belonged to the animal kingdom. Recent researches have however demonstrated the truly vegetable nature of this family both Not only have the beds of the Lias afforded deposits of in their general structure and mode of reproduction. The Phosphate of lime which have received the name of Copro- following is Dr. Harvey's diagnosis in his Manual of the , but they have also been found in the Greensand, in the British Marine Algæ:-Rigid, articulated, or crustaceous, Walden Formation, and in the Red Crag. In the latter mostly calcareous sea-weeds, purple when recent, fading on tation it may be altogether doubted as to whether the exposure to milk-white. Composed of closely-packed elonphate of lime there found in the form of dark-brown gated cells or filaments, in which carbonate of lime is depohackish smooth nodules, can be appropriately called Co-sited in an organised form. Tetraspores tufted, contained in These nodules occur in beds or seams running ovate or spherical conceptacles. Ceramidia furnished with a Bagh the Red Crag of Suffolk, where, in the neighbourhood terminal pore. Ipswich and Woodbridge, and on the sea-coast of Felixand Bawdsey, it is worked to a considerable extent. addition to these nodules, are found the fragments of the Tes of various forms of Cetacea, all of which contain large ties of phosphate of lime, and are collected under the e of Coprolites. It is still a question of interest as to the nodules not having an organic basis have been It has been supposed that all deposits of phosphate e are derived from the destruction of organised beings, A is very evident that phosphate of lime must have ced in some form or another before the creation of either table or animal beings. The increase also of the number davidcals of species of plants and animals demand that e should be some constant supply of this substance from mineral kingdom. Whatever may be the result of further ry on this point, there can be little doubt of the improty of calling all deposits of phosphate of lime CoproA better general name and which is not exposed to The following general remarks on this family are taken from Dr. Harvey's work :-The root, where this organ is manifested, is an expanded crustaceous disc, often widely spreading. The frond almost always calcareous, effervescing strongly when thrown into acids, rarely destitute of lime, very variable in aspect and habit. The lowest forms of the order are simple incrustations, spreading like the crustaceous lichens over the surface of rocks, or the fronds of the larger Algæ. In the smaller of these the crust is a mere film, as thin as paper, generally circular, and extending by means of small additions to the circumference, so that the frond becomes marked as it advances with concentric circles. In the larger the crust is thick and stony, rising here and there into prominences and sinking into depressions. Still farther advance manifests itself by the crust assuming a branched habit: at first papillæ rise from the surface; these thicken, and widen, and lengthen, and at length throw out branches, till a shrubby frond, of stony hardness, but extremely brittle, is formed. All those changes in character take place within the limits of a single genus, Melobesia. Nearly related to this (and by many botanists considered identical) is Mastophora, a genus in which the frond is expanded into leafy lobes, usually fan-shaped, sessile, or stalked, but not adnate to rocks; of a flexible substance, containing a smaller portion of carbonate of lime than the former group. Some of these have the habit of Padina, but differ from that genus in being of a red colour. They are the most perfectly organised of the leafy or frondose Corallines (Milleporea). The articulated or true Corallines are filiform, either pinnated or dichotomous, the branches formed of strings of calcareous articulations, truncated at the upper extremity and rounded at the lower, each articulation connected with that above and below it by a flexible joint composed of cellular tissue, destitute of carbonate of lime. This joint in our British species is scarcely evident till after maceration; but in many exotic species (of Amphiroa) it is so long as to interrupt the continuity of the articulations, and is either marked or coated with wart-like calcareous tubercles. The form of the articulations varies extremely, and often in the same species, or even in the same specimen, so that the determination of these plants is sometimes difficult. In many the articulations are cylindrical, in others oval and compressed, in some flat and irregularly shaped; but in the greater number they are heart-shaped or wedge-shaped, with the upper angles frequently prolonged with horns. The fructification consists of hollow external or immersed conceptacles containing a tuft of oblong spores, divided at maturity by three horizontal fissures into four parts. They are therefore tetraspores, precisely similar to those of Plocamium, Hypnea, &c. The nature of the conceptacle varies even in the same species. Thus in Corallina it is normally formed by the metamorphosis of the terminal articulation of the branches, which swells at the sides and becomes pierced at the apex; but in C. squamata and even in C. officinalis other articulations frequently bear numerous small hemispherical conceptacles on their sides; and sometimes the whole surface is warted with such, and these irregular organs are equally furnished with tetraspores as the normal ones. These latter conceptacles, which are irregular in Corallina, are the normal fruit of Amphiroa, a genus chiefly from the Southern Ocean. In Jania the conceptacle is similar to that of Corallina, except that it generally bears a pair of ramuli (resembling the antennæ of an insect) from its upper angles. The Corallines are found in all parts of the ocean, but are much more numerous in warm than in cold countries, and some of the species of the tropical and sub-tropical ocean are among the most beautiful of marine vegetables. Until recently the plants of this order were with other calcareous Algae confounded with Zoophytes, or polypiferous corals. They are however undoubtedly of vegetable nature, and when the lime which they contain is removed by acid, the vegetable framework concealed beneath it is found to be of a similar structure to that of other Rhodosperms, to which group of Alge they are further allied by their colour and the nature of their spores. The order consists of two, or if Lythocystes be rightly placed in it, of three sub-orders, as follows: Synopsis of the British Genera. Sub-order 1. Corallineæ.-Frond filiform, articulated. 1. Corallina. Frond pinnated. Ceramidia terminal, simple. 2. Jania-Frond dichotomous. Ceramidia tipped with two horn-like ramuli. Sub-order 2. Nulliporec.-Frond crustaceous or foliaceous, opaque, not articulated. 3. Melobesia. Frond stony, forming either a crustaceous expansion, or a foliaceous or shrub-like body. 4. Hildenbrandtia.-Frond cartilaginous, not stony, forming a crustaceous expansion. Sub-order 3. Lythocysteæ.-Frond plane, hyaline, composed of cells radiating from a centre. Fructification unknown. 5. Lythocystis.-A minute parasite. of erect pyriform or club-shaped transversely parted tetraspores. Name from Corallium, Coral, which these plants resemble in having a stony substance. C. officinalis is the most common example of this genus on British shores. It is decompound, pinnate, the lower articulations cylindrical, twice as long as broad, upper slightly obconical, round-edged, their angles blunt, ultimate ramuli cylindrical obtuse. It is found on rocks between the tide marks, extending from the limits of high to the extremity of low water mark. Perennial. Winter and spring. The root is a widely expanded red crust. The fronds from two to six inches high, tufted, much branched, bipinnated, but varying greatly in luxuriance according to the depth at which it grows. C. elongata and C. squamata are both British species, and are mentioned in Dr. Johnston's work on the Corallines, and also by Dr. Harvey. 2. Jania. Frond filiform, articulated, dichotomous, branched, coated with a calcareous deposit. Fructification urn-shaped. Ceramidia formed of the axillary articulation of the uppermost branches (mostly two-horned), pierced at the apex by a minute pore, and containing a tuft of erect pyriform transversely parted tetraspores. Named from Janira, one of the Nereides. J. rubens is found on all parts of the British coast on the smaller Algae between tide marks. The articulations of the principal branches and ramuli are cylindrical, about four times as long as broad. The fronds are from half an inch to two inches high, densely tufted, dichotomous, many times forked, fastigiate; branches either erect or spreading gradually, tapering upwards. Articulations cylindrical in all parts of the frond, without prominent angles; those near the base very short, the upper ones gradually longer. Ceramidia subterminal, urn-shaped, with long horns, formed of two to four articulations. Colour a pale red, with a purplish shade when quite fresh. J. corniculata is also found on the southern shores of England and Ireland, and in Jersey. Sub-order 2. Nulliporea. 3. Melobesia.- Frond attached or free, either flattened, orbicular, sinuated or irregularly lobed, or cylindrical and branched (never articulated), coated with a calcareous deposit: fructification conical, sessile. Ceramidia scattered over the surface of the frond, and containing a tuft of transversely parted oblong tetraspores. The genus is named from one o the sea-nymphs of Hesiod. M. polymorpha is found attached to rocks, thick, stony incrusting, or rising into short clumsy branches, which ar seldom much divided, and often merely rudimentary. Much is yet to be done in working out the species of this genus. M. pustulata is the largest and most developed of the parasitic section of the genus. It is found on Phyllophor rubens, Chondrus crispus, &c. It is thick, of a dull purpl or green colour, oblong or lobed, incrusting, smooth. Cera midia numerous, large, rather prominent, and conical. D Johnston refers his species to Corallina officinalis. Th plant, he says, appears first in the guise of a circular calcs reous patch of a purplish colour, and in this state is com mon on almost every object that grows between tide-mark When developing on the leaves of Zostera, or in other unf vourable sites, these patches are usually pulverulent and il coloured, green or white, and never become large; but suitable situations they continue enlarging in concentr circles, each marked with a pale zone, until they ultimate cover a space of several inches in diameter. The rese blance which in this condition the crust has to some crust ceous fungi, more especially to Polyporus versicolor, remarkably exact; and neither is it less variable than t fungus in its growth, the variations depending on the natu of the site from which it grows. If this is smooth a even, the folliaceous coralline is entirely adnate and a even; but if the surface of the site is uneven or knobbe the coralline assumes the same character. If it grows fro the edge of a rock, or the frond of a narrow sea-weed, or fr a branch of the perfect coralline, the basal laminæ spre beyond in overlapping imbrications of considerable neatn and beauty; they are semicircular, wavy, either smooth studded with scattered granules, and these granules (ce midia) may be either solid or perforated on the top. S states of the coralline have been described as Millepora lic noides, while its earlier states constitute Lamoroux's vari species of Melobesia. 4. Hildenbrandtia. — The frond cartilagineo-membrana-leathery; mouth unequally toothed. Corolla short, campaceous (not stony), crustaceous, suborbicular, adhering by its nulate. Segments 5, linear oblong; filaments as long as the lower surface; composed of very slender closely-packed segments of the corolla, and inserted immediately under their vertical filaments; conceptacles immersed in the frond, orbi- fissures. Anther incumbent. Ovary ovate, 4-celled, with cular, depressed, pierced by a hole, and containing tetraspores one ovule in each attached to the upper end of the axis. and paraphyses at the base of the cavity. Style short. Stigma 4-cleft; segments long, rugose, and recurved. Drupe oblate-spheroidal, about an inch or an inch and a quarter in diameter; smooth when ripe, straw-coloured, covered with a whitish bloom. Under the name Sebesten Plums, Sebestans, or Sepistans, two sorts of Indian fruit, have been employed as pectoral medicines, for which their mucilaginous qualities, combined with some astringency, have recommended them. They are believed to have been the Persea of Dioscorides. Linnæus has erroneously applied the name of Sebesten to an American species of this genus which is not known in medicine. H. rubra is found on smooth stones and pebbles between tide-marks and in deep water. It is very common, and forms a thin membranous crust, at first orbicular, and spreading concentrically, at last irregular in form, following the sinuosities of the body to which it may be attached. Viewed under the microscope, a small portion shows minute cells lying in a clear jelly. When in fruit, the surface is pitted with disclike depressions, pierced by a hole which communicates with a chamber in which the spores lie. The colour is variable; now a bright, now a dull red. Sub-order 3. (?) Lithocysteæ. Lithocystis.-Plant calcareous; consisting of a single plane of cellules, which are disposed in radiating dichotomous series, forming an uppressed flabelliform frond. Named from a stone in the bladder, because the cells have stony coats. 5. L. Allmanni is parasitical on Chrysymenia clavellosa from an oyster-bed at Malahide, Dublin, by Professor Allmann. It forms minute dot-like patches of a whitish colour on the fronds of the Chrysymenia. Each dot consists of one or several fan-shaped fronds composed of quadrate cells disposed in dichotomous series. The plant is brittle, colourless, and effervesces in acid. (Harvey, British Algo.) CORBRIDGE. [NORTHUMBERLAND.] CORBULA, a genus of Marine Mollusca, belonging to the Lamellibranchiata. The shell is suborbicular or oval, tumid or depressed, very inequivalve, slightly inequilateral, rounded anteriorly, more or less truncated posteriorly; beak prominent; surface of the valves more or less furrowed or transversely striated, covered with an epidermis. Hinge composed of a recurved primary tooth in one or both valves, with corresponding socket and ligamental pit beside it. Ligament small, interior. Muscular impressions slightly marked, united by a pallial one with a very slight sinus. The animal is short, with very short united siphonal tubes. Orifices fimbriated. Mouth closed, except in front, where there is an opening for a bony narrow thick foot of considerable dimensions. Anal siphon with a conspicuous tubular membrane. Labial tentacles slender. This genus was once abundant in the European seas, especially during the early part of the Tertiary epoch. Only a few species now exist. It has more species in the tropical eas of the present day. C. nucleus is one of the most common species in the seas around the British Islands. Whilst very frequently found the dredges, it is seldom washed on shore or found in shallow waters. It is about half an inch in length and about De-fourth less in breadth. This genus belongs to De Blainville's family Pyloidea, which embraces Solen, Panopea, Mya, and other allied pecies. [PYLORIDEANS.] CORBY. [LINCOLNSHIRE.] CORDIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Cardiaceae. It has a tabular calyx, 4-5 toothed. Corolla franel-shaped or campanulate, with a flat 5-7-cleft limb, and hairy or naked throat. Stamens 5, short, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style protruding, bifid, with 4 stigmas. Ovary 3-4 celled. Drupe containing 1 stone with 1 or 3 cells, two of which are usually abortive. C. latifolia is a native of Hindustan. It has numerous reading and drooping branches; the young shoots angular and smooth. The general height of trees ten or twelve years old about 20 feet. Leaves alternate, petioled, round, cordate, and ovate, often slightly repand; 3-nerved; of a hard textre, smooth above, scabrous and pale underneath; from 3 to 7 or even 8 inches long, and rather less in breadth. Petioles Dearly rounded and smooth. Panicles short, terminal, and lateral, roundish; the branches alternate, diverging, and one e frequently dichotomous. Flowers numerous, small, wiile. Bracts minute, villous. Calyx villous, campanulate, or more C. Myxa is a native of many parts of India, Persia, Arabia, and Egypt. The trunk is generally crooked, from 8 to 12 feet high, and as thick or thicker than a man's body. The bark gray, cracked in various directions. Branches numerous, spreading, and bent in every possible direction, forming a dense shady head. The flowers are numerous, white, small; a very large proportion of them are sterile, and they always want the style. The drupe is globular, smooth, the size of a cherry, sitting in the enlarged calyx; when ripe, yellow; the pulp is almost transparent, very tough, and viscid. The smell of the nut when cut is heavy and disagreeable; the taste of the kernels like that of filberts. It is the true Sebesten of the European Materia Medica. The fruits, according to Roxburgh, are not used in the Circars medicinally, but when ripe are eaten by the natives, and also most greedily by several sorts of birds, being of a sweetish taste. The wood is soft, and of little use except for fuel. It is reckoned one of the best kinds for kindling fire by friction, and is thought to have furnished the wood from which the Egyptians constructed their mummy cases. The wood is said by Dr. Royle to be accounted a mild tonic. C. Gerasacanthus is a native of the West Indies in woods, and of Mexico, near Acapulco. It has ovate oblong leaves, acute, quite entire, glabrous; racemes terminal, aggregate; flowers verticillate, sessile; calyx 10-furrowed, 10-striped, downy; limb of corolla 5-cleft; throat villous; stamens the length of the corolla. This is esteemed one of the best timber-trees in Jamaica, of which it is a native. The wood is of a dark brown colour, and gently striped: it is tough and elastic, of a fine grain, and easily worked. It is called Spanish Elm or Prince Wood by the English, and Bois de Chypre by the French. C. Rumphii has brown wood beautifully veined with black, and smelling of musk. There are above 100 species of this genus. CORDOVA, the most important next to Buenos Ayres of the provinces of the Argentine Confederation, South America, comprehends the Sierra de Cordova and the surrounding hilly country, with some adjacent plains. It is divided on the N.E., N., and N.W. by the Grand Salina from Santiago, Catamarca, and Rioja, and on the W. by a travesia, or desert country overgrown with stunted prickly trees from San Juan. A sterile and thinly inhabited country lies on the south-east between it and San Luis. On the south it extends to the Pampas of Buenos Ayres. The low sterile tract in which the rivers Segundo and Primero are lost, and the Laguna Salados de los Porongos is situated, separates it on the east from Santa Fé. It has a population variously estimated at from 65,000 to 90,000. Cordova is much more fertile than the countries which surround it. Numerous rivers descend from the Sierra de Cordova, but all are lost in the desert, except the Rio Tercero, which, during part of the year, finds its way to the Carcarañal, which falls into the Paraná near Santo Espiritu below Santa Fé. This river would be navigable for six or eight months in the year, but for two small rapids, which however might easily be removed. The valleys within the Cordova Mountains, and those which extend along their sides, have a fertile soil, and maize and fruits are raised there in abundance, but the plains, as well as the declivities of the mountains, are only fit for pasture. Cattle and sheep constitute the principal wealth of the republic. Hides in large numbers and wool are exported to Buenos Ayres. At present the produce of this province is all sent to Buenos Ayres, but when steam navigation is established on the Paraná, the commercial intercourse will probably be largely carried on through Santa Fé. The province is ruled by a governor, assisted by a junta occasionally convoked; but the authority of the governor is in | Corporations by registration in a prescribed form, and on effect almost unlimited. complying with certain requisites. Cordova, the capital, is situated in 31° 26' S. lat.; it is built on the banks of the Rio Primero, in a narrow valley considerably depressed below the general surface of the country. This situation is in many respects disadvantageous, but it is thus sheltered from the north and south winds, which blowing alternately on the higher grounds produce sudden changes in the atmosphere which are injurious to health. The town contains about 15,000 inhabitants. The streets are regularly laid out, and the houses are built of brick, and better than in other towns in the interior; most of them have balconies. In the centre of the town is a spacious square, on one side of which is a neat town-hall, and on the other a fine cathedral. There are also ten other wellbuilt churches of old date and chiefly Moorish in style; and one modern church erected in a very costly manner. The University erected by the Jesuits is on a scale of great magnitude, covering an area of four acres. In former times it was famous, being the principal college (the Colegio Maximo) of the order in this part of the world. It contained also a very important library, which on the expulsion of the Jesuits was sent to Buenos Ayres. The university is still maintained, but is now hardly better than a provincial college. There are two nunneries and two convents of Dominicans and Franciscans. A fine public promenade occupies a considerable space; it includes a square sheet of water of about four acres supplied by a running stream, which is surrounded by walks, well shaded by trees, and has in the centre a lantern-shaped temple. The Segundo which waters the town is in summer a shallow stream, but in winter becomes a deep and wide river; to preserve the town from the effects of its overflow a strong wall has been built, yet destructive floods still sometimes occur. Cordova was formerly the depôt of the European merchandise intended to be sent to Peru, but this branch of commerce no longer exists. There is a mint in the town. The only manufacture is that of leather. There are no foreigners in the town, and scarcely any in the province of Cordova. Religious toleration is unknown. Alta Gracia, a neat town near the base of the Sierra de Cordova, contains nearly 3000 inhabitants. CORNCRAKE (Crex pratensis). [RALLIDE.] CORNEL-TREE. [CORNUS.] CORNWALL. [CANADA, S. 2.] COROPHIUM, a genus of Animals belonging to the class Crustacea and the family Gammarinæ. With the whole of the family it is remarkable for the length of its antennæ. It has no claws. One of the species, Cancer grossipes of Linnæus, Gammarus longicornis of Fabricius, Oniscus volutator of Pallas, is well known on the coast of La Rochelle for its habit of burrowing in the sand. They live principally upon the annelides which inhabit the sand, and are remarkable for assembling in great numbers around their prey, and destroying it although it may be twenty times as large as themselves. They also attack fishes, mollusca, and the dead bodies of other animals. CORPORATIONS. There has been a great increase of late years of bodies having many of the characteristics and privileges of Corporations, to which the remarks under CORPORATION in Penny Cyclopædia,' v. viii. p. 46, do not apply. In effect there are now three distinct species of Corporations-1. Those which may be described as existing at common law, having been generally created by Royal Charter. 2. Municipal Corporations. 3. Trading Corporations. Under the first head may however be classed those Municipal Corporations to which the Municipal Corporations Reform Act does not apply, the universities and the colleges therein, and most of the old chartered bodies, such as the College of Physicians, the Companies of London and other cities, and many more of our ancient charitable institutions. These are governed by the provisions of their Charters and Bye-Laws, adherence thereto being enforced when necessary by the Queen's Bench or in Chancery. The distinctive ranks of these different kinds of Corpora tions are noted under the appropriate heads. [JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES, S. 2.] CORREA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Rutacea, of which one of the species, C. alba, is used by the settlers in Australia as a substitute for tea. CORRIENTES, one of the Riverine provinces of the Argentine Confederation, South America, comprehends the northern portion of the peninsula formed by the rivers Paraná and Uruguay; the southern portion of the peninsula being occupied by the province of Entre Rios. The popula tion is about 35,000. The southern and eastern parts of the province are somewhat hilly, but the remaining and by far the greater part is low. About half the surface is covered with timber-trees, much of the wood being available for house and ship-building. Some thousand square miles are covered with palmtrees, which are used for a great number of purposes. In the northern part of the province is the Laguna Ybera, which is in fact a vast marsh overflowed during the periodical risings of the Paraná. It feeds all or nearly all the rivers which rise in the interior of the province and fall into the Paraná on the one side or the Uruguay on the other. The soil of Corrientes is generally sandy, but produces excellent crops. Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo, and other tropical productions flourish, yet little attention is given to them, partly owing to the scantiness of the population and partly to the general dislike of the peasantry for agricultural occupations. Besides the articles mentioned above, maize and barley, arrow-root, melons, sweet potatoes, and various tropical fruits are raised. The sugar-cane is at present only grown in order to extract molasses for distilling; the sugar consumed in the province is imported from Brazil. All kinds of crops suffer at times from visitations of enormous swarms of ants and locusts, which entirely devastate the districts in which they appear. The chief employments of the inhabitants are the rearing of cattle and horses, there being a considerable extent of good pasture land; sheep however do not thrive very well. Large numbers of hides are exported. Mechanical pursuits are entirely neglected. The province is well adapted for commerce, there being on the Paraná four places which serve as good ports, and three on the Uruguay. The opening of these rivers will doubtless prove of great benefit to Corrientes, but the traffic can only be fairly developed when the rivers are navigated by steam-vessels. The inhabitants are for the most part a mixed race of Indians and Spanish, and of indolent habits. The language spoken, ac cording to Mr. Woodbine Parish, is "more Guarini than Spanish." There are exceedingly few foreigners in either the capital or the country parts of the province. Most of the peasantry possess 40 or 50 mares, 30 or 40 cows, and from 100 to 200 sheep. The women are of more industrious habits than the men. They do a good deal of the agricul tural labour, as ploughing, hoeing and attending to the crops and reaping; make cheese for sale as well as home consump tion; act as shepherds; and spin and weave both cotton and woollen cloths for summer and winter garments. The government is almost entirely in the hands of governor, who is elected by the Congress for a term of thre years. The Congress consists of 15 deputies, one from each of the 14 departments, except that of the capital, which returns two deputies. The revenue is derived chiefly from customs duties, and the church property which was seized by government during the civil wars. The army consists i time of peace of 1000 men, but during war all males betwee the ages of 14 and 60 are liable to serve. Indeed durin the late war with Buenos Ayres a reserve corps was forme of 900 or 1000 women mounted on horseback, who are sai to have proved of great service in some engagements wit the army of Rosas. Corrientes took a leading part in the re volt of the other provinces against the supremacy of Buenc Ayres, and entered into the engagements with foreign powe which led to the downfall of Rosas. The main incitemen to these measures on the part of Corrientes was the determ The third class, or Trading Corporations, comprises Rail-nation of Rosas to enforce the closing of the Paraná ar way and Canal Companies, and similar bodies, created by Uruguay against all foreign vessels; and Corrientes made th Act of Parliament, having commercial profit for their object. opening of the navigation of these rivers a leading object Thus Joint-Stock Companies for the purpose of banking or all negociations. The army of Rosas was defeated Feb. insurance are each regulated by different statutes, and must 1851, by the army under General Urquiza, the governor each be constituted according to the provisions of these Acts. Corrientes. Rosas himself escaped to Buenos Ayres, an Other trading companies may constitute themselves into proceeded on board a British steam-vessel to England. The second class of the Municipal Corporations have been treated of under the head of BOROUGHS. |