which brought him little profit or fame. He was also a
member of The Musselburgh Forum,' a debating society, in
which he favourably distinguished himself. In 1817 he
entered into business as a partner, in his native town, with
Dr. Brown, who had an extensive but laborious practice.
Moir worked hard at his professional duties, but, when the
toils of the day were ended, he employed a great part of the
night in his literary pursuits. He was at this time a
frequent contributor in prose and verse to Constable's
'Edinburgh Magazine.' When 'Blackwood's Magazine'
was started, he became a still more constant contributor to
its pages. He wrote for it both prose and poetry, both comic
and serious. Among his comic effusions were The Eve of
St. Jerry, and The Auncient Waggonere,' and at the time
some of them were supposed to be from the pen of Dr.
Maginn. His serious poems were marked as by 4, a signa-
ture which he retained in that magazine until his death.
In 1823 he formed a strong friendship with John Galt, who,
when he departed for America, left his novel, 'The Last of
the Lairds, unfinished, and Moir wrote the concluding
chapters for him. In 1824 he published The Legend of
Genevieve, with other Tales and Poems, consisting of
selections from his magazine contributions, with some
original additions. In the same year he commenced, in
'Blackwood's Magazine,' his novel of The Autobiography
of Mansie Wauch,' which was continued for nearly three
years, and afterwards published separately. It had great
success, and the character of its hero is a clever embodiment
of some of the peculiarities of Scottish character. During
all these literary labours he continued to attend to his pro-
fessional duties with indefatigable assiduity and extreme
kindness. Between 1817 and 1828 he is stated never to
have slept a night out of Musselburgh. He was now recom-
mended to remove to Edinburgh, where he might have
readily attained a more lucrative practice, but his attach-
ment to his old haunts and his old patients and neighbours
caused him to refuse. In 1829 he married. In 1831 he
published his 'Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine,
being a View of the Healing Art among the Egyptians,
Greeks, Romans, and Arabians.' In 1832, after having
exerted himself in a most energetic manner when the
cholera was raging in his district, he published as a pamphlet
'Practical Observations on Malignant Cholera,' which had a
very extensive circulation; and this was followed by
Proofs of the Contagion of Malignant Cholera;' both works
being allowed to possess great merit, even by those who
differed from the author's conclusions. In 1832 Mr. Moir
attended the meeting of the British Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science at Oxford, and afterwards visited
London, where he extended his acquaintance among the
literary celebrities. In 1843 he published 'Domestic
Verses, in which, among other things, he records, with
much tenderness, the loss of two of his sons, who died young.
In 1845 he contributed the account of the civil history and
antiquities of the parish of Inveresk, of which Musselburgh
is the chief town, to the New Statistical Account of
Scotland. In 1846 he met with an accident, being thrown
from a carriage, by which he was rendered lame for life. In
the spring of 1851 he delivered a series of lectures' On the
Poetical Literature of the Past Century,' at the Edinburgh
Philosophical Institution. In the same year, Selim,' his
last contribution to Blackwood's Magazine,' appeared, and
on the 6th of July he died. His activity had continued
anabated during his whole life. He had, besides paying a
sedulous and benevolent attention to his patients, filled
various municipal offices, and had been a member of the
General Assembly. His contributions to 'Blackwood' alone
His serious poetry, by which he will be
chiefly remembered, is sweetly pensive and tender, without
any remarkable original poetic power, but it possesses a
charm in its natural imagery and its appeals to our feelings
that can never fail to please. In 1852 his 'Poetical Works,
which, however, are only a selection, were published, with a
memoir of his life, by T. Aird.

Politique,' which attracted the attention of the Emperor Napoleon I., and secured for him the post of auditor of the Council of State. These essays, as may be supposed, were of a highly absolutist cast; and though their author continued to the last a staunch adherent of the Bonaparte dynasty, he remained in office under the Bourbons after their restoration, who created him a peer of France. To the policy and measures of Prince Polignac he offered the most determined opposition. After the revolution of July 1830 he was appointed by Louis Philippe to the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, and shortly afterwards was advanced to the post of Prime Minister of France, which he eventually was obliged to resign by the opposition of M. Guizot and M. Thiers. Upon this he retired into private life, and though he was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly, he took little or no part in its proceedings. The family of Count Molé was of that rank which is known as the nobility of the robe,' and his ancestors were of gentle blood as long ago as the days of Henri IV. Talents and administrative capacity seem to have been hereditary in the family, as well as the love of legal order, monarchy, and constitutional government. Count Molé was almost the last remaining link between his countrymen of the old and of the new régime, as combining the high-bred tone and monarchical principles of the former with a proportion of the liberal principles which are the distinctive mark of the latter class. But while Count Molé accepted each successive change in the governing system of France as the result of political necessity, it cannot be said that he ever swerved in principle from the opinions which he had originally professed. At the close of his long career, under various successive changes of government, he renewed his relations with the ancient dynasty, and departed life as he entered upon it, a supporter of the old monarchy. In his theological opinions he inclined to the Ultramontane party, and from his high character, great abilities, and illustrious position, he was one of the strongest supporters of the Roman Catholic Church in France. His memoirs, which naturally include reminiscences of all the great men and notables of France during the first half of the 19th century, were announced as in preparation, but have not yet (April 1858), been published. He died suddenly at his family seat at Champalatrux, November 23rd 1855. MOLESWORTH, RIGHT HON. SIR WILLIAM, eighth Baronet of that name, was born in 1810. He was the lineal representative of an old Cornish family of large landed possessions, originally of Irish extraction. The first baronet was governor of Jamaica in the reign of Charles II. Sir William's father died in 1823. It is uncertain at what school Sir William Molesworth was first educated, but it is certain that having spent some time at Cambridge, he was sent to Edinburgh, where he was taught classics, mathematics, and metaphysical science, by an Italian refugee, and afterwards passed to a German university. In this latter soil his mind took deep root; he acquired the German language, and followed at will the bent of his own vigorous talents. Having left England with an average acquirement of general and classical knowledge, he concentrated his powers in Germany upon the study of philology and history. His mind however revolted against the mysticism of the German school, and as soon as he was released from collegiate study he made the usual tour of Europe. On his return to England in 1831 he was still in his minority. His first public appearance in this country was at a meeting convened in his native county in that year for the purpose of supporting parliamentary reform, and his maiden speech on that occasion gave considerable promise of future eminence. He was little more than of age when he was returned to parliament unopposed in December 1832, for East Cornwall, by which constituency he was re-elected in December 1834, but withdrew from the contest in July 1837, when he was returned for Leeds. At the dissolution of 1841, being convinced that his chance of success at Leeds was hopeless, he declined a contest, and remained out of parliament for four years. During this interval he read and thought much on politics MOLE, COMTE DE, was born in 1781, and was and social economy, gave himself a sounder political edudescended from an illustrious family in France. He was cation, and accumulated capital for his future senatorial life. the son of the President Molé, who fell a victim to the In 1850, however, on the death of Mr. Wood, he offered violence of the first French Revolution. Enough property himself as a candidate for the representation of Southwark, however appears to have been saved from the wreck of his and though strenuously assailed for his support of the grant family fortunes to enable the father to send his son to the to Maynooth College, he was successful, and he cont. Central School of Public Works, afterwards called the Poly-represent the same constituency to his death. technique, where he pursued his studies with industry and 1853 he accepted the office of First Commission vigour. In 1806 he published Essais de Morale et de Works on the formation of Lord Aberdeen's ad

number 370.

and was re-elected without opposition; and again on his subsequent translation to the Colonial Office.

Archetype is discoverable among the varieties of Molluscan forms; secondly, in what way the Common Plan is more specially modified in the leading sub-typical groups of this great division of the animal kingdom; thirdly, the various modes in which the organs are arranged being thus comprehended-what peculiar characters are presented by these organs themselves; and fourthly, the development of the Mollusca, so far as it bears upon the idea of a Common Plan, will be discussed.

1. The Common Plan or Archetype of the Mollusca.-By the Common Plan or Archetype of a group of animals we understand nothing more than a diagram, embodying all the organs and parts which are found in the group, in such a relative position as they would have, if none had attained an excessive development. It is, in fact, simply a contrivance for rendering more distinctly comprehensible the most general propositions which can be enunciated with regard to the group, and has the same relation to such propositions as the diagrams of a work on mechanics have to actual machinery, or those of a geometrical work to actual lines and figures. We are particularly desirous to indicate the sense in which such phrases as Archetype and Common Plan are here used; as a very injurious realism-a sort of notion that an Archetype is itself an entity-appears to have made its way into more than one valuable anatomical work. It is for this reason that if the term Archetype had not so high authority for its use, we should prefer the phrase 'Common Plan' as less likely to mislead.

There are two modes in which the Archetype or Common Plan of any group of animals may be set forth. In the first, the community of plan among the members of each group would be demonstrated; and then, the minor plans thus obtained being compared together, the general Common Plan would be deducible. But this analytical method (which has been carried out to a certain extent for the Mollusca by the writer in a Memoir in the Philosophical Transactions' for 1852), would require more space and more illustration than can here be devoted to it; we must, therefore, take the opposite course, and, assuming a Common Plan, trace out its modifications in the subordinate plans, and explain the laws by whose operation they are affected.

As a 'Commons' debater' Sir William Molesworth was not of first-rate eminence. His speeches in parliament were few, but always valuable, though of too philosophical a cast to be generally popular. Those on the colonies, delivered in 1838; in 1840 on the state of the nation and the condition of the people; on transportation, in 1837-38; and on many important social and economic questions about the same period, were of great merit and immense practical utility. They were carefully prepared beforehand, and were the results of reading, labour, and reflection. In July 1855 Sir William Molesworth found a sphere far more congenial to his tastes, and a larger scope for his administrative ability, on being appointed to the secretaryship of the colonies, but he held that office only for the brief space of four months, when his career of public usefulness was cut short by death, which | occurred on the 22nd of October 1855. The colonial and domestic press were all but unanimous in expressing their satisfaction at his appointment; it was not forgotten that he had taken the deepest interest in the affairs of Canada and Australia, and had studied the problem and mastered the theory of colonisation to a greater extent than perhaps any contemporary. Neither was it forgotten that he was the first person who, in this country, succeeded in calling public attention to the manifold abuses connected with the transportation of criminals, though eighteen years had elapsed since the parliamentary committee, of which he was chairman, brought to light all the horrors of our penal system. In the words of a writer in the Times,' "Sir William Molesworth found our colonial empire disorganised and distracted by the mal-administration of the Colonial Office, wedded as it then was to a system of ignorant and impertinent interference. He first aroused the attention of parliament to the importance of our remote dependencies, and explained with incomparable clearness and force the principles of colonial self-government. With untiring diligence and great constructive power he prepared draught constitutions, and investigated the relations between the imperial government and its dependencies. Starting from a small minority, he brought the public and parliament over to his side, till principles once considered as paradoxes came to be regarded as axioms. By such means he fairly won the position of Secretary of State for the Colonies; but he did This figure is supposed to be bilaterally symmetrical, and not live to enjoy the prize which he had grasped. Before we the following parts and regions are to be distinguished in it: had time to hear of the satisfaction with which his appoint--(H). The Hamal Region, or that upon which the heart ment was sure to be hailed by our remote dependencies, the sceptre was snatched from his hand by death, and the post became again vacant. In the full vigour of life and intellect, in the possession of what must have been to him the highest and noblest prize of ambition, in the enjoyment of the confidence of his sovereign and the esteem of his fellow-subjects, he was taken away suddenly and prematurely, yet not so soon as to deprive his friends of the consolation of thinking that he has left behind him durable memorials which will link his name with the destinies of every British community planted on the face of the earth. The best monument that could be raised to him would be a complete collection of his parliamentary speeches; the noblest epitaph that could be inscribed on his tomb would be the title of the Liberator and Regenerator of the Colonial Empire of Great Britain.' Though he had not avowedly appeared before the public as an author, Sir William Molesworth was favourably known in the world of letters and science. Having purchased the "Westminster Review,' he for some years conducted it either alone or in conjunction with his friend, Mr. John Stuart Mill, the eminent political economist, and during that time he was a not unfrequent contributor to its pages; he likewise wrote at different times many articles in other periodicals and newspapers. He also edited and published at his own expense a complete edition of the English works of the philosopher Hobbes, in 16 volumes. [HOBBES, THOMAS.] In science Sir William Molesworth had obtained some reputation as a botanist; but his acquirements extended over a large range of subjects. In private life few men have been more highly esteemed.

The assumed Common Plan or Archetype of the Mollusca may be represented by fig. 1, 1.:

is situated, and which corresponds with what is commonly termed the dorsal region. The word dorsal, however, is vague, being used in different senses in various divisions of the animal kingdom, and should therefore be abandoned in philosophical anatomy. For the same reason, the opposite region (N) is termed, not ventral, but Neural, inasmuch as it is the region in which the great centres of the nervous system are placed. The termination (a) is the anterior or oral; the end (b), the posterior, or anal. Between these extremities the intestine takes a straight course. The neural surface is that upon which the majority of Molluscs move, and by which they are supported; and it is commonly modified to subserve these purposes into a muscular expansion or disc called the Foot. Three regions again, often very distinctly divided from one another, may be distinguished in this foot-an anterior, the Propodium (pp); a middle, the Mesopodium (ms); and a posterior, the Metapodium (mt). In addition to these, the upper part of the foot or middle portion of the body may be prolonged into a muscular enlargement on each side, just below the junction of the hæmal with the neural region-the Epipodium (ep). The mass of the body between the foot proper and the abdomen, or postabdomen, which bears the Epipodium, and whose limits cannot very well be defined, though it would be very convenient to have a name for it, may be termed the Mesosoma (midbody); and for what is loosely called the head the name Prosoma might advantageously be adopted. On the upper part of the sides of the head or Prosoma are two pairs organs of sense: the Eyes (which may be supported on pedicles-Ommatophores), and the Tentacles. In the hæmal MOLLUSCA. Referring to the articles CONCHIFERA, GAS-region the integument may be peculiarly modified and raised TEROPODA, CEPHALOPODA, and MALACOLOGY, for information as up at its edges into a free fold, either in front of or behind to the zoological arrangement and subdivision of the various the anus, and when so modified it is called a Mantle (Pallium). families of the Mollusca, we shall in the present article con- In front of the anus again the Branchiæ (1) project, as prosider the animals which constitute this great group in a cesses of the hæmal region. Among the internal organs we purely anatomical and morphological point of view; that is, need only point out the position of the Heart (u, v), which we shall endeavour to show-firstly, what Common Plan or lies in front of the branchia in the hæmal region; and the

of

Milne-Edwards; but in the neural we include somewhat more. In fact, if the most fitting definition for this subdivision be those Molluscs which have the neural region comparatively little developed, and the nervous system reduced to a single or at the most a pair of ganglia, while the mouth is usually surrounded by a more or less modified circlet of tentacles, then we shall find that, in the neural division we must include the Brachiopoda with the Polyzoa. Commencing our study of the morphology of the special groups of the Mollusca with the Neural Division; and with the Molluscoid sub-division of the neural forms, we have to consider first, the Polyzoa and the Brachiopoda:

1

Fig. 2.

is never protruded far beyond the general boundary of the
body.
The Cheilostomata are remarkable for possessing two
kinds of moveable appendages-Flabellaria, whip-like pro-
cesses, articulated to a bulb containing muscles by which
they are moved; and Avicularia or bird's-head processes
(fig. 2, 5). The structure of the latter is of great interest
in a morphological point of view, and demands particular
attention. They consist of a larger piece, or valve (p),
shaped like a bird's head, and produced into longer or
shorter process of attachment, to which a smaller valve (0),
representing the bird's lower jaw, is articulated. Stalked
or sessile, these avicularia present during life an incessant
snapping action, produced by the alternate contraction of
two sets of muscles, which arise from the concavity of the
'skull' of the bird's head by wide fan-shaped origins, and
seem to be inserted by narrow tendons into the smaller
articulated valve. The one tendon (e) is inserted into the
smaller valve in front of the line of articulation, and the
other (n) behind it, and therefore by their alternate action
they raise and depress the lesser valve upon the larger.
Fig. 3,

Polyzoa.-1, Membranipo 2, Bowerbankia. 3, Flumatella. 4, Pedicellina. 5, Avicularium.

The Polyzoa.-Conceive the abdomen of the Archetype to be greatly prolonged, the neural region with its appendages, the organs of sense and the heart remaining undeveloped; so that the anus comes into close apposition with the oral extremity, while the edges of the latter are produced into long ciliated tentacles, and the result will be a Polyzoon, which needs only the power of gemmation to give rise to those composite aggregations which are so characteristic of the group.

The Polyzoic type itself presents five subordinate modifications in the five principal orders of the group :-the Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata, Hippocrepia, and Pedicillinida.

In the first three, the body of the Polyzoon when fully expanded is completely straightened, there being no permanent fold or inversion of the integument. In the last two there is such a permanent inversion.

In the Cyclostomata the horny or calcareous deposit in the integument of the abdomen joins the soft parts by an even level edge, and there is nothing which serves as a cover or operculum for the retracted Poly zoon.

In the Ctenostomata (fig. 2, 2) the margins of that portion of the abdomen which is inverted in the retracted state are produced into a toothed horny sheath, which can be retracted by special muscles, and which serves as an operculum.

In the Cheilostomata (fig. 2, 1) the horny or calcareous deposit takes place in such a manner that the hardened integuments of the front portion of the hæmal region constitutes a sort of lid, regularly articulated upon the hinder portion, and provided with proper occlusor (and perhaps levator?) muscles. It should be noted that the anal aperture is directed away from this lid or operculum.

In each of the previous divisions the tentacles are arranged on a circular disc, or lophophore, of whose edges they are prolongations; but in the great majority of the Hippocrepia (fig. 2, 3), which are all fresh-water forms, the lophophore is so produced into two arms on the anal side as to assume a horse-shoe shape. It is important to consider this in connection with the peculiar features presented by the Brachiopoda.

Thirdly, we venture to regard the peculiar genus Pedicellina (fig. 2, 4) as constituting an order by itself. Essentially a Polyzoon, it is nevertheless distinguished from all other Polyzoa by the circumstance that its tentacles are united together by a membrane into a cup, which cup

Rhynchonella psittacea.

muscles of Brachiopoda; n, cardinal muscles of Brachiopoda; P, pedicle; a, oral aperture; b, anal aperture, or extremity of the intestine; 7, adductor p'p", pedicle muscles; y, pedal ganglion.

The Brachiopoda.-Now, if we compare the relative positions and mode of articulation of the operculum and cell of a Cheilostomatous Polyzoon, or of the two valves of an avicularium, with those which obtain in the shells of the typical Brachiopoda, such as the Terebratulide and Rhynchonellida, the resemblance will be found to be very striking; and still more so, if in addition the arrangement of the muscles be taken into consideration. In such a Brachiopod, in fact (fig. 3), the shell is composed of two valves-one large, excavated, and produced into a canal or tube, through which a pedicle of attachment passes; while the other is smaller and more or less flattened. The two valves are articulated together by means of a socket in the smaller valve and a tooth in the larger, on each side, the intermediate space being free, just as the operculum of the Polyzoon is united with its cell, or as the lesser valve of an avicularium is articulated with the larger. So likewise the anal extremity of the Brachiopod is turned from the smaller valve. Then the arms of the Brachiopod are essentially comparable to those of the lophophore of a Hippocrepian Polyzoon, except that their direction is different; the calcified supports to which they are fixed in many Brachiopoda, are so variable in form and so extensively absent in others, that their existence can in nowise affect the homology of the parts. Again, if we leave out of consideration the pedicle muscles (which are however, in all probability, as Mr. Hancock has shown, the homologues of the retractors of the Polyzoa), the arrangement of the other muscles is precisely what we have seen to obtain in the avicularium: the adductors which pass from the larger valve to be inserted into the smaller, in front of its point of support, corresponding precisely with the occlusor muscles of the avicularium; while the cardinal muscles, which arise from the larger valve, and pass to be inserted into the cardinal process of the smaller, behind the point of support, are identical with the divaricator muscles of the avicularium.

The existence of distinct muscles for the purpose of serarating the valves of the shell is characteristic of the Polyzoa and Brachiopoda, the only approximation to such an arrange

L