island, when the most perfect, in appearance, of the seeds produced here have been sown, they have all failed. They are, however, of a large size, compared with those of most umbelliferous plants; some before me measure three eighths of an inch in length.

(From Prince's Treatise on Horticulture.)
CACTUS.

ground, it will scarcely keep beyond two or three her citizens entitie her to hold. The result of our days; but it possesses, I learn, this useful quality, labours will be felt, not only by ourselves, but also that if instead of being taken up it be allowed to by posterity,-not only by Baltimore, but also by continue in the ground, it will keep perfectly sound, Maryland and by the United States. We are about even for months, although without any material in opening the channel through which the commerce crease of size. of the mighty country beyond the Alleghany must Of the Arracacha, I understand that there are The root rasped, and macerated in water, de-seek the ocean-we are about affording facilities of four kinds, but I have not yet been able to learn posits a fecula, which in Bogota is in very general intercourse between the east and the west, which whether these are to be considered as distinct spe- use as a light nourishment for the sick, in the same will bind the one more closely to the other, beyond cies, or only varieties. The sort introduced here, manner as the fecula of the Maranta Árundinacea, the power of an increased population or sectional is that called yellow, from the colour of its root, and or arrow root, is used in this island. differences to disunite. We are in fact, commencthis, I am assured, is the kind most esteemed in Boing a new era in our history; for there are none pregota. Another sort has a white root; and there are sent who even doubt the great and beneficial influtwo sorts with purplish roots, one of which, I am ence which the intended road will have in promotold, is also much eaten, and is said to be equally liked at Antioquia, with the yellow sort; the other Of this genus there is an immense number of ting the Agriculture, Manufactures and inland commerce of our country. It is but a few years since purple-rooted sort is, I learn, of a coarse quality, species, forming a family of succulents of very pe- the introduction of steam-boats effected powerful and not used for the table, though it is often em- beautiful flowers. The most common is C. flagelli-fore far distant from each other. Of a similar and culiar characters, many of which produce extremely changes, and made those neighbours, who were beployed for poultices, &c. Of the last three sorts, the only one with which I have had any opportunity formis, or Creeping Cereus, which has fine rose equally important effect will be the Baltimore and of becoming acquainted, is the purple kind first coloured flowers. There are also C. speciosus, with Ohio Rail Road. While the one will have stemmentioned, Mr. Higson having favoured me with a large showy flowers of a rose colour; and C. trian med the torrent of the Mississippi, the other will small dried specimen of it, which he lately brought gularis, producing a great number of beautiful have surmounted and reduced the heights of the Alover from Choco: upon comparing it with a speciBut the most interesting are C. grandiflo-leghany; and those obstacles, before considered inmen of the yellow Arracacha, the only differences I rus, or Great Night Blooming Cereus, with very superable, will have ceased to be so, as the ingenuicould discover were, that in the former the leaflets large yellow flowers; and C. speciossissimus, which ty and industry of man shall have been exerted to are broader, and more deeply incised, and the mid-latter exceeds all others; the flowers of this species dle leaflets shorter in proportion than those of the are of the most superb velvet crimson, and measure yellow kind; but these, from a single specimen only, are not sufficient to decide the point in question. It must, therefore, be left for others to determine the specific characters of the yellow Arracacha, as well as to bestow on it a more appropriate specific name, if that of A. Xanthorrhiza, which I would now propose, should be deemed objectionable, as it must be, should the yellow sort prove to be only a variety, and not a distinct species.

flowers.

five inches or more in diameter. In fact, the flow-
ers far exceed every other species in magnificence.
The culture of this genus is not difficult-they re-
quire a warm situation, and to be but little watered
in the winter season; and the most of them may be
propagated from cuttings with ease.

CLEMATIS FLORIDA,

overcome them.

Fully impressed with the magnitude of the underrectors have used every means to insure success— taking committed to their charge, the Board of DiThe best talent of the country is employed in their service: the General Government has lent its officers to assist in what is justly considered a work of national importance:-much valuable information has been acquired, and with abundant resources at their command, the Board of Directors find themselves within little more than a year after the incorporation of the Company, fully prepared to commence the construction of the GREAT ROAD.

Or Great Japan Virgin's Bower. The flowers of this exceedingly fine species are white, and very large. They expand during the summer months, and are produced on peduncles It is not in mortais to command success; but if a springing from almost every joint of the long and determination to yield to no obstacles which human delicate shoots of this vine, and give to it a great exertion can overcome; an enthusiastic devotion to degree of beauty. These shoots may be trained to the cause; a firm belief that the completion of the the length of 12 or 15 feet over a lattice or bower, magnificent work will confer the most important beand in winter can be taken down and formed in a netits upon our country, and a thorough conviction coil, and be covered by a common frame or box, that it is practicable-if all these, urging to action, with the earth raised around it, which I have found I can insure success-success shall be ours. sufficient protection for it during the winter months. This day fifty-two years since, two millions of Indeed, this is by far the preferable mode of treat-people, the population of the Provinces of Great ing it; as in a pot it is stinted in its growth, whereas Britain proclaimed themselves Independent States, in the open ground it attains to a full developement and commenced the task of self government. Our There is a single and a double variety, the latter of native city was then an inconsiderable village, with which is far the most beautiful.

In regard to the cultivation of this plant, the mode practised in Bogota, (which I have every reason to believe has proved equally successful here) is, after separating the upper tubers, or knobs from the root, to detach from these the offsets singly, each with its portion of the substance of the tuber, which is then to be pared smoothly all round at bottom, the outer leaves being stripped or cut off, so as to leave a sprout of from half an inch to two or three inches at the most. If any gems or eyes be seen at the base of the offsets, they must carefully be cut out. Thus prepared, the shoots are planted in loose mould, in a slanting direction at distances of fifteen or eighteen inches from each other, whether the ground be level or sloping. Afterwards at intervals of about two months the soil ought to be weeded; and when the plants have grown to the [It was a very splendid one of this species, in the height of ten or twelve inches, or whenever they beautiful collection of our worthy and liberal fellow show a disposition to blossom, the budding tips citizen, Mr. B. I. Cohen, which was lately exhibited should be taken off, as the process of flowering by his permission in the Athenæum, for the most would hinder the root from attaining its greatest laudable purpose of assisting the Female Orphan size, care being taken not to take off more than the budding extremities, least the growth of the root should thereby also suffer. With the same view any luxuriance in the growth of shoots should be prevented, since it must be at the expense of the root. From time to time, and particularly after weeding the ground, fresh mould should be laid round the foot of each plant, to aid likewise in the enlargement of the root.

Asylum, by which that Institution obtained more
than $60 in one evening.]

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.

few and difficult means of communication with the interior, and with a scanty and slowly increasing commerce. The inhabitants of these states now number ten millions! and Baltimore has increased in her full proportion of population. Wide avenues now radiate in every direction through the surrounding country:-she has risen to the rank of the third city of the Union, and there are but few sections of the world where her commercial enterprise has not made her known. Fifty-two years since, he, who is this day to lay the first stone of the Great Road, was one among a band of fearless and noble spirits who resolved and declared that freedom which has been transmitted unimpaired to us.

The existence which he contributed to give to the

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAIL ROAD. Address from the President and Directors, on the laying of the First Stone, by Charles Carroll of Car-United States on the Fourth of July, 1776, on the rollton, July 4th, 1828. Delivered by JOHN B. MORRIS, Esq.

FELLOW CITIZENS:

In favourable situations the Arracacha, as I am told, will reach its full growth in six months. It does not seem to require a rich soil, or much moisture, since here, on a loose, but poor soil in the St. Andrew's mountains, where very little rain fell from The occasion which has assembled us, is one of the time it was planted until it was full grown, it great and momentous interest. We have met to cethrove and reached maturity in the space of eight lebrate the laying of the first stone of the Baltimore months. The soil which is suitable for yams ap-and Ohio Rail Road, and if there be any thing pears to answer equally well for the Arracacha. which could render the day we have chosen more In Bogota and Popayan they obtain a succession interesting in our eye, than it already seems, it is, of Arracacha through the whole year by planting that we now commence the construction of a work shoots at every decrease of the moon. which is to raise our native city to that rank which the advantages of her situation and the enterprise of

When the root is full grown, and taken out of the

Fourth of July, 1828, he perpetuates. Ninety-one summers have passed over him. Those who stood with him in the Hall of Independence, have left him solitary upon earth-,'the father of his country." In the full possession of his powers; with his feelings and affections still buoyant and warm, he now declares that the proudest act of his life and the most important in its consequences to his country, was the signature of Independence; the next, the laying of the First Stone of the work which is to perpetuate the union of the American States; to make the east and the west as one household in the facilities of in

uute register of plants, sown or planted in every stage of the moon, and if it shall in fact turn out that there is reason to believe that the moon has its influence on them, that the register be published in the Farmer, this will open a field to another class of men, chemists, who may also be encouraged to give us the best reasons why it is so. Some of the arts have degenerated, some are lost, may not a thorough knowledge of the moon's influence on vegeta tion have generated the idea, which prevails amongst the vulgar. For patience, said I, stop until I can write this far. Well, said aunt Hester, if you are determined to put me in the Farmer, beg of Mr. Skinner to have me decently handled, if there is any who will not pause and inquire into this matter

[For the best register so kept, the Editor hereby offers as a premium, that volume of the American Farmer well bound, in which the communication of the results shall have been published-in the mean time, Aunt Hester may be assured of due protection and fair play.]

or by a syringe. The lotion may be made by dissolving half an ounce of sugar of lead in a pint of

water.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JULY 11, 1828.

On the fourth stage were seen Messrs. Elias Brown and James Turner, threshing wheat and rye. At the other end were a Wheat Fan and a Straw CutAncient philosophers seem to have believed, that ter, both of which were kept busily in operation.→→ the contagious miasmata in their warm climates af The winnowers were Messrs. William Scharf and fected dogs and horses previous to mankind. If Our readers have been entertained by so many James W. M'Culloch; the straw cutter was Mr. Upthose contagious particles, were supposed to be dif- glowing descriptions of the manner in which the late ton Reid; the feeder, Mr. John J. Bayley; and the fused amongst the heavy inflammable air, or carbo-anniversary of our national independence was cele- clearer, Master John H. Scharf. On the banner nated hydrogen of putrid marshes, as these animals brated, that no room is left even for imagination to was inscribed this motto-"He thresheth in hope, and hold their heads down lower to the ground, they add a feature, or give brighter colouring to the pic is a partaker of his hope." Over the wheat fan was may be supposed to have received them sooner than ture. Never were arrangements more judiciously this motto-He will gather the wheat into his gar man. And though men and qaudrupeds might re-planned, nor more happily executed, than those ner, and the chaff he will burn.” ceive a disease from the same source of marsh pu- which were devised in Baltimore, to combine with The fifth stage closed the procession of the farmtrefaction, they might not be afterwards capable of the great national rejoicings, the ceremonies for ers. On it was a handsome apple tree, with a liv communicating the infection to one another, though commencing the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Roading grapevine growing among its branches. Under they might infect other animals of the same genus, The Grand Marshal, Col. Samuel Sterett, and his aids the tree was a fine milch cow, with a person employ as the new contagious matter generated in their own Messrs. Henry Thompson, S. Moore and J. Thomas, ed in milking. At one end of the stage was a pen bodies, might not be precisely similar to that re- are entitled to the thanks of the many thousands who, with pigs. Mr. Noah Underwood was on the stage, ceived, as happened in the jail fever at Oxford, whether as actors or spectators, were indebted in a engaged at the churn. On a banner over the vine, where those who took the contagion and died, did great measure to their forecast for the general order, was this motto "Every man may sit under his own personal comfort and exemption from accident, with vine and fig tree, and none shall make him afraid." which the whole proceeding was conducted. To Over the cow floated a banner with this mottoa population of eighty thousand citizens, many land flowing with milk and honey." It is but just thousand more were added from the country, to to add that this stage was furnished and arranged walk in, or to witness the procession. which exat the sole expense of Mr. Underwood, the proprietended from two to three miles. We have not tor of the justly celebrated dairy at Orange farm.

not infect others.

"On mules and dogs the infection first began, And, last, the vengeful arrows fix'd on man."

MISCELLANEOUS.

"What is the best kind of thorn for hedges, their cost per rood, where can they be purchased, and what is the best season to plant them?"

BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT.

room for a detailed account of it, nor is it ne-
cessary to add, that the point of most extensive
and universal attraction, was the leading car bear-
the patriot father of revolutionary worthies, the Corrected for the American Farmer, by Edward I. Willson,
time honoured and only surviving signer of the de-
claration of independence, CHARLES CARROLL of
CARROLLTON, accompanied most appropriately by
our venerable Senator, S. SMITH, whose blood was
From the American which contains a very minute-red, 3.00 a 5.00-fine red, 5.00 a 7.00-wrapping,
6.00 a 10.00-Ohio ordinary, 3 00 4.00- good red span
gled, 5.00 a 6.00-yellow, 6.00 a 9.00-fine yellow, 10.00

FARMERS AND PLANTERS.

Commission Merchant and Planters' Agent,
No. 4, Boroly's wharf.
The demand for tobacco continues limited, and little
variation in prices since last week's quotations.
TOBACCO.--Scrubs, $3.00 u 6.00-ordinary, 2.00 a 9.00

a 20.00-Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00—Rapahannock 2.75 a 3.50 Kentucky, 3.00 a 5.00.

At the head of this body, on horseback, and in Howard-st. 4.624 a 4.75; city mills, 4.371⁄2 a 4.50; Susque FLOUR-white wheat family, $6.00 a 6 50-superfine double files, were seen twenty-four aged and respec-hanna, 4.374 a 4.50-CORN MEAL, bbl. 2.50-GRAIN, best table farmers, corresponding with the number of the red wheat .89 a .85-best white wheat, .90 a 1.00-ordistates of the Union. One of these carried a banner nary to good, .75a. 50--CORN, .36 .38-RYE, .50-OATS, on which was inscribed

I am most in favor of the kind called the Wash-shed for its achievement. ington or Virginia Thorn. Ten years ago, having heard a favorable account of this kind of thorn, I and faithful detail of what passed, we extract what planted a hedge about forty roods long, which is relates to the part borne by the Farmers, as being now a complete fence against cattle and hogs, with-more appropriate to this paper. out any wooden fence, and is a great ornament to the estate, and with a little attention, will be everlasting. From the effect of this experiment, Sinclair and Moore (Pratt street wharf, Baltimore,) are raising largely of the quicks of this kind of thorn, and have them two years old, very thrifty, and well grown. Price $5 per thousand, lower if many thousand are taken; the quantity necessary per rood may be calculated, allowing them six inches apart in the hedge. The best season for planting is late in the fall, or ear-plough, guided by General Tobias E. Stansbury, ly in the winter, especially on mellow soils; but early in the spring is also a good time, and best on stiff wet land. The quicks can be also purchased of J. Peirce, near Georgetown, D. C. Balt. 6mo. 28, 1828.

ROB'T SINCLAIR.

CANCER.

"The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad,
and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose.
Then followed a stage or platform, bearing a

and driven by Mr. George Harryman. In front the
stage was ornamented with two living mulberry
trees, bearing numbers of the cocoon of the silk
worm, and in the rear were seen growing stalks of
corn, &c. On the right of the stage was displayed
the flag of the Union, and on the left a staff sur-
mounted by a Liberty Cap, on one side of which
was the motto "E pluribus unum," and on the other,
"Where Liberty dwells there is my country." In the
centre of the stage was a banner with the motto-
"Our swords are beaten into plough-shares, and our
spears into pruning hooks."

Mr. Thomas Tyrrell, of Missouri, advertises that cancer upon his nose, which had been treated without success by Dr. Smith of N. Haven, and the ablest surgeons in the western country, had been cured in the following manner. He was recom- Then followed Colonel Nicholas M. Bosley, the mended "to use a strong potash, made of the ley of Seedsman, on horseback, dressed in homespun. His ashes of Red Oak bark, boiled down to the consis-shoulders were ornamented with epaulets of the tence of molasses, to cover the cancer with it, and heads of timothy-grass and wheat, and from his in about an hour afterwards cover this with a plaster shoulders was suspended a bag of grain, which he of tar, which must be removed after a few days, and if any protuberances remain in the wound, apply more potash to them, and the plaster again, until they all disappear; after which, heal the wound with any common salve." Cautery and the knife had been used in vain. This treatment effected a speedy and perfect cure.

SUGAR.

The manufacture of sugar from the Beet, continues to flourish in France. It is stated that there are more than sixty manufactories for the purpose in that country. Three establishments of the kind were recently formed on a large scale.

sowed as he passed along. In his left hand he held
a banner with this inscription:-"He who soweth
good seed shall reap abundantly."

A second stage succeeded on which was a Harrow,
held by Mr. John Scott. In front was a flag with
the motto "Paul may plant, and Apollos water, but
God giveth the increase."

A third stage followed, containing sheaves of wheat and rye, and farmers engaged in the business of harvesting. The farmers on this stage were Mr. Wm. Jessop, reaper; Mr. Lee Tipton, cradler; and Mr. Nicholas Gatch, raker and binder. The banner con tained the following motto-"Behold the day is come. Put ye in the sickle and reap, for the harvest is ripe."

20 a .22-BEANS, .90 a 1.10-PEAS, .40 a .50-CLOVER SEED, 3.50 a 3.75-TIMOTHY, 1.50 a 2.25-ORCHARD GRASS SEED, 2.25 a 3-Herd's 1 00 a 1.50-Lucerne 374 • .50 pr. lb.-BARLEY, .60 a 62-FLAXSEED,.75 a.80-Cor. Mississippi .10 a.13-North Carolina, .10 a .11, very TON, Va. .9 a.11-Lou..13 a .14-Alabama, .11.12dull the week past-Georgia, 9 a 10--WHISKEY, in hhds. 1st proof, 21 a .214-bbls. 224 a 23--WOOL, common, unwashed, .15 a 16-washed, 18 a 20-3 quarter, .25 a 30-full do. .30 a .35-HEMP, Russia, ton, $220--Country, dew-rotted, ton, 136 a 140-waterrotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbi. 5 75; do. trimmed, 6.50-North Carolina, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.87 a 3.00; No. 2, 2.25 BACON, hams, Balt. cured, .10; do. Eastern Shore, 123-a 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 6.50; No. 2, 6.00; No. 3, 5.00ter Paris, cargo price per ton, $3.25; ground, 1.26 bbl hog_round, cured, .8 a .9-Feathers, .26 a .28-Plas. Sales of corn yesterday at 374 cts.-quality goodin demand.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

ed before a number of Gentlemen convened in Baltimore June 20, 1828, for the purpose of forming a Society for promoting the Culture of the Grape, by Dr. John C. S. Monkur-On the Dairy Husbandry of Scotland-On Climate, from John Young, Esq's Letters of Agricola, concluded-The Arracacha, with a Description of its Botanical characters, concluded-The Cactus, and the Clematis Florida-Address from the President and

On the Cultivation of the Vine; an Address, deliver

Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road on the

laying of the first Stone-Raising Poultry-Influence of Thorn Hedges-Cancer-Sugar-Planters and Farthe Moon on Vegetation-Distemper in Dogs and Horses mers' Procession, July 4th-Prices Current.

Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts.

AGRICULTURE.

(From the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and
Journal.)
RAW POTATOES BAD FOR MILCH COWS.
The following article taken from a foreign Ma-
gazine, has been copied lately into the American
Farmer and the New England Farmer.

be permitted to request you to make the following | tention to cleanliness and nicety in the manner of
inquiries.
putting up the butter.
What is the opinion of those who have seen it in
operation, as to efficiency, durability, simplicity and
the like? What force is required to work it, both
as to men and horses? and at what price can one or
more be obtained in Baltimore complete, during the
ensuing winter or spring? Can they be readily
moved from one farm to another?
Most respectfully, your obed't serv't,
JOHN LUMPKIN.

As a further encouragement to competitors, an opportunity will be afforded on Wednesday, the day of the cattle show, to sell their butter at public auction at Brighton, without expense of auctioneer's fee; when the most liberal price may be expected for good butter; it being a subject of general complaint that prime butter, except in small quantities, is rarely in Boston market, while it is well known that in other cities, and particularly Philadelphia, the market is daily and abundantly supplied with butter of the finest flavour, put up in the nicest

manner.

The State premiums for the same article will be awarded, as usual, at the same time.

must be made to Jonathan Winship, Esq., residing Application to enter for the premium of $100, Brighton, on or before Monday, the 13th of Oc

tober.

June, 1828.

RICHARD SULLIVAN,) Committee
GORHAM PARSONS,

E. H. DERBY.

of the Trustees.

(From the N. Eng. Farmers and Mechanics' Journal.)
WHEEL CARRIAGES.
Gentlemen,-I have read with considerable inte-

"Many farmers are in the habit of giving raw potatoes to all kinds of stock; but they are of a watery J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. and griping nature, and accidents have frequently happened from their use before the cattle have been FAMILY SPINNER. accustomed to them. For milch cows they are very bad, purging them, and rendering their milk too Northampton Co., N. C., July 7, 1828. J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. thin and poor, even for suckling. If given raw to fatten oxen, good hay and bean meal should be al-10, I find a letter from a Mr. Wm. R McCall, on Sir,-lu your paper of the 27th ult. No. 15, vol. lowed to counteract the watery quality of the roots. the subject of a cotton spinning machine of his in-at There is, however, much difference in the nature of vention. Mr. McCall does not state in his letter potatoes, and the mealy approach nearest to the nature of corn, the yellow afford the strongest nutri- what part of Virginia he resides in; though from the certificates of the gentlemen in Vincennes, I ment."-Scotch Magazine. he resides in the north-west part of the Nothing can be of greater importance to every state. Being desirous of knowing something more presume farmer, than a correct knowledge of the compara-about his "Family Spinner," and Cotton Carding tive merits of the different varieties of food for his cattle. Of course nothing can be more pernicious, to ascertain his place of his residence. Machine, I have to request that you will endeavour than throwing out loose and general censures of any If his machine will perform the work, of which particular food, particularly of those most easily rais-he ard the certificates speak, I have no doubt but ed, and therefore the cheapest. I certainly am not that they will prove a valuable acquisition to us rest the papers of E. Vialls and other correspondisposed to set up my authority against opinions ad- Southrons, and will, no doubt, meet with due en-dents, on the subject of the line of draught most vanced in established works. But there is no treason couragement with us generally; as we begin to feel, proper for wheel carriages. I remember to have in stating facts, in relating careful and long con- too sensibly, the necessity of becoming our own heard the same subject extremely well treated by tinued experiments. For nearly twenty years, I manufacturers. Having no establishments of the the late Mr. Walker, in the course of lectures which have been in the practice of allowing my milch kiud amongst us, we must begin to manufacture on he used to deliver in different parts of England, on cows from November till they go to grass, about a small scale at first. This will lead, perhaps, to Experimental Philosophy; and if a few extracts three pecks of roots a day, with good English or something of the kind on a large scale, as a kind from my notes of the same, can be of any service upland hay to their full content. I first commence with the beet, because it is most perishable; car which, odious and oppressive as it is to us, will not much at the service of your readers. of countervailing policy, in return for the tariff towards the elucidation of the matter, they are very rots then follow, and from February till May they drive us to rebellion, but will drive us to a knowE. KNOX. have raw potatoes. In commencing with the pota- ledge of our own resources; which are amply suffitoes, they will be for a few days relaxed; so the cient, if properly directed. to secure A horse, considered as a machine, is admirably will, often, to as great a degree, with Indian seal; evil effects of that one-eyed monster. ns against the constructed for draught or sustaining weight. His after a little use, they return to their pral state limbs form an assemblage of levers, which it would Next in importance to the "Family Spinner," in require a volume to point out. Attend, however, of body, and are always in high ndition when a domestic point of usefulness, is a cheap labour-particularly to the formation of his shoulders: at they are turned out to grass; perhaps they are too saving hand loom. And it is much desired that the place where the neck rises from the chest of the fat. Potatoes, then, cannot be a watery griping food: some of your numerous correspondents will enter horse, the shoulder-blades form the resting-place of on the subject, and give some information as to the his collar or harness into a slope or inclination, and my milk is as rich as the milk of cows not thus managed. My cows have been almost always raised probable cost of, and the place where such an one as this slope or inclination forms an angle with a perpendicular to the horizon of about fourteen or by myself, from my own stock, and I usually keep fifteen degrees, it is clear the line of his draught them till they are aged. If the proposition stated should form the same angle with the horizonin the extract at the head of these remarks had Why? Because the horse will then pull perpendibeen true, or nearly true, or had any degree of soundness in it, it seems to me impossible that I cularly to the shape of his shoulder, and all parts should never have remarked the ill effects sated. lar. of the shoulder will be equally pressed by the col

can be procured.

Respectfully, your most obed't, W. B. L.

(From the N. England Farmer.) AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bristol, Eng.

One Hundred Dollars Premium for the best Butter. Some farmers may consider these remaks as of less weight, as coming from a man not hed a far of Boston and its vicinity, having subscribed and lever, has in this inclined draught a manifest advanA number amongst the most respectable citizens The horse, besides, considered mechanically as a mer. Some may suppose that I trust the eyes of To these posible objec-paid over to the Treasurer of the Mussachusetts So-tage over all obstacles opposed to it in comparison others, and am deceived with an horizontal draught; its power is in fact

tions, I reply, that my cows are objecs of special ciety for Promoting Agriculture, a sum of $100 to
regard, as furnishing me with one of he most va- encourage improvement in the quality of butter of doubled.

luable luxuries; that I attend to them prsonally and fered for sale in the Boston market, the Trustees of We are entitled, therefore, to conclude, that sin-
carefully, and I can see no good reason why an at- the Society, in compliance with the request of the gle-horse carts are preferable to teams, and that
tention of twenty years should not enable me to contributors, will award this liberal premium of one four single-horse carts will draw more than when
form as correct an opinion as a though bred far-hundred dollars, to the person who shall exhibit the yoked to one cart. The reason-Because, in the
mer. I am not, however, withou' support from best butter, not less than three hundred pounds latter case, three of the horses must draw horizon-
persons of that description. An itelligent practi-weight, at the Society's Hall, in Brighton, on Tues-tally, and therefore in a manner inconsistent with
cal farmer, whose dairy is in suchrepute that he day, the 14th day of October next, (the day pre- their mechanism.
obtains from 31 to 37 cents a pour for his butter, be confined to persons within this commonwealth, horses of the north of England draw larger weights
vious to the cattle show.) The competition will not Truth of this proved by practice. The small
assured me, that he always gave h cows in winter
the long red potatoes in a raw ste, and that he hut will be open to the citizens of all the New Eng- than the largest wagon horses of London, and go
estimated two bushels of that poto for his cows,
as equal to one bushel of corn.

JON LOWELL.

DOUGLAS' THRESHINGMACHINE.

land states.

longer stages. The small horses of Ireland will draw, as a common load, 15 cwt., while our best wagon horses do not draw, on an average, more than 10 or 12 cwt.

To entitle any parcel to the premium, it must have been manufactured between the first day of June, inst., and the fifteenth day of September. of which fact, a written declaration, under oath, will In the case of our eight-horse wagon, at least six be required. The preference will be given to that out of the eight horses draw inconsistently with Green Mont. Kirton, July 10, 1828. parcel which has been longest made, provided it is their mechanism, so that much exertion is misapIn your valuable journal of t20 h ult. mention of a quality not inferior to any other. The judgplied; the horse's collar is also drawn against his is made of Donglas Threshin Machine. Mayment of the Committee in making their award will throat, and his breathing interrupted. (without encroaching too much your kindness,) be influenced by any appearance of particular at- In cart teams, where the horses are not marshalNo. 18.-Vol. 10.

DEAR SIR,

led, as in wagons, one horse is standing still while When it was lowered to 18 inches below the cenanother is wasting his strength in pulling him for-tre, (being only 64 inches above the road, and exward. One horse leans one way out of the line of actly level with the height of the obstruction,) the draught, whilst another is leaning a contrary way; angle twenty-three degrees, the weight necessary their strength, in short, is scarcely ever united.

A horse, moreover, has the momentum of his draught increased by having a portion of the weight on his back. Hence, low wheels are not so disadvantageous as is generally supposed; for low wheels oblige the line draught to incline agreeably to the natural draught of the horse.

To prove that a horse should have something to lift in his draught, to give that draught its utmost momentum, Mr. W. mentioned that he had made the following experiments:

to draw it over the obstruction was 27 lbs.
These experiments, though made upon so much
larger a scale than the former, produced exactly a
similar result.

A third experiment with a common chaise, when
drawn by a splinter-bar as high as the top of the
fore wheels, proved that it required 80 lbs. to put
it in motion; when drawn from the axle, it required
only 51 lbs.

(JULY 18, 1828.

building or shed, it should be open on one side, to enjoy sun and air, and walled on the other, to screen off the wind, which would blow about the fibres and threads.

The softest water must be chosen for soaking the cocoons. ascertained until the reeling is commenced, owing The proper temperature for it cannot be to the different composition of the silk. Some cocoons will require water heated from 168° to 190°; others from 190° to 202°. Some point between these extremes may be chosen to which the water should be heated in a first experiment. One thing is certain, that in the U. States it must never reach the

With another chaise, aud the splinter-bar three-boiling point, or 212° fourths of the height of the wheel, the draught over He constructed the model of a four-wheeled car- an inch obstruction, required 100 lbs.; but when easiest to wind. The sattiny and the cocalons reThe good cocoons, the white and yellow, are the riage, whose weight was eighty-two ounces, the fore drawn from the axle, only 61 lbs. wheels 84 inches, and the hind wheels 104 inches. With another chaise, and the splinter-bar three-ter be used for the last, they furze out in winding.quire water less heated than the others. If hot waThis was drawn on a horizontal board by a line fourths of the height of the fore wheel, the draught The dupions, choquettes, the steamed cocoons, and over a pulley; an obstacle 1 inches high was plac-over an inch obstacle required 119 lbs.; but when those which have been kept a long time after being ed before the fore-wheel, and the splinter-bar raised drawn from the axle, only 93 lbs. So that in both baked, require the hottest water. on the futchels, so as to be even with the top of cases there was one-fourth in favour of the draught require to be soaked five or six minutes before they The dupions the fore wheel. The line of draught was then hori- from the axle. rizontal. ides have not been killed, by either steaming or bacan be reeled. The cocoons in which the chrysalking, give out their silk very easily, and in water less heated than the last mentioned sorts. The temperature of the water most proper for each particular species of cocoon being ascertained by the thermometer, it must be kept to that degree by dipping the instrument in it frequently; and the fire under the basin must be lessened or increased, as occasion may require. A little attention will soon enable the person who has the management of the basin, to preserve the water at the proper degree of heat.

42 ounces.

to draw it up.

With the same chaise, drawn up a hill rising one When things were so disposed, the weight neces-foot in six, with the splinter-bar one-fourth of the sary to draw the fore wheels over the obstacle was wheel's diameter from the top, it required 168 lbs. But when drawn up the same hill from the axle, it only required 129 lbs.; there was, therefore, the same advantage nearly in this node of draught up-hill as on level ground. [London Mech, Mag.

On lowering the splinter-bar, so as to make the line of draught to be from three-fourths the height or diameter of the wheel, the weight required was only 30 ounces.

By lowering the splinter-bar still farther, so as to make the line of draught from the axle, the weight required was reduced to 24 ounces.

On changing the point of draught to a splinterbar one inch below the axle of the fore wheel, the

weight was only 22 ounces.

It was hence to be seen, that the disadvantages of drawing from above the centre, are as the sines of the respective arcs passing through the splinterbar; and the advantage of drawing from below the centre, also as the sines of the respective arcs.

Now, as the splinter-bar, or point of draught, in most of our carriages, is placed about one-fourth the diameter of the fore wheel above its centre, it is evident that a fortuitous pressure, equal to one fifth of whatever weight lies upon it, is actually added to the natural weight by this unnatural situation of the point of draught.

Another course of experiments was made by Mr. Walker, before several gentlemen well versed in mechanics, on a wagon-like model, weighing about 156 lbs.; the fore wheels 4 feet 2 inches in diameter, and the hind wheels 5 feet 6 inches, with an obstruction placed against the two fore wheels of

HORTICULTURE,

ON THE CULTURE AND MANUFACTURE

OF SILK.

Extracts from the MANUAL ON THE CULTURE AND
MANUFACTURE OF SILK, prepared and communi-
cated for the American Farmer, with remarks and
notes, by a correspondent and practical cultivater.
(Continued from p. 110.)

Baking Cocoons.

tus represented by the accompanying cut. The per'The reeling is effected by the use of the appara

press

in the basin, must be provided with a small whisk son charged with the management of the cocoons of broomcorn, or of birch twigs cut sharp at the points, and, being seated behind the basin previously filled with soft hot water, and the basin placed upo furnace containing burning charcoal, she must th into the water a handful or two of codetached from the branches, or frames, carefully them gently unter the water for two or three miIn five or six days after the cocoons have been coons of one art and degree of firmness, and pick out all the spotted cocoons, and put the rest in nutes, in order to solun the gum of the silk, and long flat baskets, filling them within an inch of the thereby to loosen the ent of the filaments. She is top; cover them with paper, and a wrapper over it; then to stir the cocoons wh the end of the whisk, must be as near as possible to that of one from ments, adheres to it, when, disengaging it, and layput these baskets in an oven, the heat of which as lightly as possible, until one of the fibres, or filawhich the bread is just drawn, after being baked.—ing aside the whisk, she is to draw the filament toAfter the cocoons have remained an hour therein, wards her, until it come off quite clean from floss, or draw them out, and, to ascertain if the worms be coarse ilk, which always surrounds the cocoon, and dead, take out from the middle of the baskets a du- the finesilk begins to appear: then, breaking off the pion, and open it; if the worm be dead, it may be thread, and collecting the floss first taken off, she When the line of draught was perfectly horizon- of the dupion being stronger than that of the other again, to get hold of the fine fibres, all of which concluded all the rest are so, because the contexture must putit aside. The whisk is then to be applied tal, or even with the top of the fore wheels, it re-cocoons, it is consequently less easily penetrated by must be se apart, each fibre by itself, by fixing it quired to draw it over the obstruction a weight of the heat; it ought to be taken from the middle of the to a piece wood kept near to the furnace for that When the direction of the line of draught made ceptible. After the baskets have been drawn out of and on the ege of the copper, till the whole, or the basket, because, in that part, the heat is the least per-purpose, or a frame of wood placed all around, an angle with the horizon of seven degrees, by low- the oven, cover them with a thick woollen rug, greatest parfare arranged in this manner, which ering the point of draught six inches below the top leaving the wrapper as it was; and pile the baskets are thus in radiness to be thrown in, to form the of the wheel, the weight required was 48 lbs. When the end of the line of draught was lower-woollen cloth will be covered with large drops of is to unite a number of the fibres, according to the on one another. If the baking has succeeded, the thread of silk to be wound off. This done, she ed, till the direction of it was at an angle of eleven water, the thickness of the little finger. The bas-fineness of the tended* thread, and delivers the degrees with the horizon, it got over the obstruction kets may stand covered thus, for five or six hours, worms which have resisted the heat of the oven.* in order to keep in the heat, which stifles those Mode of reeling Silk. The reeling must be performed in dry weather,

64 inches.

60 lbs.

with 41 lbs.

When the end was lowered to the centre of the wheel, and the line of draught was at an angle of fifteen degrees with the horizon, the obstacle was surmounted with 334 lbs.

compound thred to the reeler, who puts it through one of the hole in the iron plate, placed horizontally above the lasin containing the cocoons and water. Anotherthread is, in like manner, to be This process is reated with the two other holes at prepared, and paed through the adjoining hole-

When the end of the line of draught was lower-and when the air is perfectly calm. If done in a the other end of e plate; the two threads are then

ed to 64 inches below the centre or axle, so that

the angle with the horizon was seventeen degrees,

it was drawn over with 304 lbs.

When it was lowered to one foot and half an inch below the centre of the wheel, so that the angle was eighteen degrees, it was drawn over with 29 pounds.

may be altogether obviated by placing them in a cellar,
* It is believed that the necessity for baking of cocoons
hatching. This will be of very great advantage, as the
which, if it be very cold, will prevent the moths from
silk is easier reeled, and believed to be of a better
quality than when the cocoons are either baked or

steamed.

crossed twenty orventy-five times, and the ends of

be passed through th of two holes in the iron plate, *For fine silk, fo fibres, from four cocoons, are to most distant from ea other. Two skeins of silk, from good cocoons, are aays reeled at the same time, whether the silk be fine coarse.