Mr. McTavish. London, June 5th, 1828. The setter dog's name is Dush," he was 3 years mara's breed. son of old Medley,) his dam was got by the famous Pennsylvania Farmer, out of a full bred Partner THOMAS WELLS. mare. of the day, he was very short in his answer to his Extract of a letter from Sir Richard Hunter, to great speed and strength. He was got by Bellair, (a son. An hour or more elapsed; the time was near ly arrived when the youth was to repeat his lessons He came into his father's study, and said "Papa, I cannot learn my lesson except you will forgive me; I think I shall never offend again." His father re-old last May. plied, "All I wish is to make you sensible of your fault; when you acknowledge it, you know all is easily reconciled with me." "Then, papa," says he, "give me the token of reconciliation, and seal it with a kiss." The hand was given, and the seal most heartily exchanged, on each side "Now," exclaimed the dear boy, "I will learn Latin and Greek with any body;" and fled to his little study. "Stop, stop," exclaimed his father, "have you not Heavenly Father? If what you have done be evil, forgiveness." With tears starting in his eyes, he He is displeased, and you must apply to him for said, "Papa, I went to him first: I knew, except he was reconciled, I could do nothing," and with tears now fast rolling, he said, "I hope, I hope, He has forgiven me; and now I am happy." His father never had occasion to look at him with a shade of disapprobation from that time to his death. Charlottesville, Va, April, 1801. 110. HAIL STORM, a beautiful bay, upwards of He is of Mr. Tomara's breed, who lives in the Wicklow Mountains. His sire was an English tho-sixteen hands high; ten years old last spring. He rough bred setter, and his dam a beautiful white was got by the high blooded English horse PantaIrish one; no cross can be more perfect-they are loon, who was got by Matchem out of a high bred and celebrated running mare. Pantaloon was sire well known in Ireland, by the appellation of To- to Chanticleer's dam, and many fine racers. The The female's name is "Dido," she was 3 years old dam of Hail-Storm was Wingyfeet, who was got last October; she is one of Mr. La Touche's breed, by Jolly Roger, who was got by the imported Jolly and was bred in the county of Kildare-it is impos- Roger out of Mary Grey. Wingyfeet was out of sible to have higher blood-there is no cross in this Melpomene, who was got by Burwell's Traveller. that they do not breed in and in, by which the pro-out of young Bonny Lass, who was got by Jolly breed, she is purely Irish; great care is taken by him Melpomene's dam was Virginia, got by old Mark Anthony on Polly Byri, who was got by Aristotle duce would degenerate-they are well known all over Ireland by the denomination of the La Touche breed. Roger out of old Bonny Lass, a fine English mare. FRANCIS H DANCEY. Charles City Court House, Va., Jan. 1802. on. (From late English Papers.) EXTRAORDINARY LEAP.-Colonel Emmerick, a wick, rather than surrender, leaped a precipice PEDIGREES OF THOROUGH BRED HORSES. 106. FITZPARTNER, sixteen hands and a quarter Albemarle, Va., March, 1800. DAVID CLARKSON. 111. GIMCRACK, a roan colour, was got by Hart's imported Medley, (the best blood in England,) his dam by Ariel, brother to old Partner; his grandam by Whittington; his great grandam by Dabster, out of Col. Anthony Thornton's celebrated roan mare, considered the first of her day in England. F. G. BACON. Nollaway county, Va., March, 1802. N. B. Gimcrack was a celebrated racer and foal getter. 112. SANS CULOTTE, a chestnut sorrel, 7 years old this spring, was got by old Celer, dam by the imported Medley; grandam a thorough bred Fearnought mare. STEPHEN DAVIS. Charlotte county, Va, March, 1802. 113. YOUNG DARE DEVIL, five feet three inches New Kent county, March, 1802. 114. HIGHFLYER, late the property of Wm. Newson. Esq., purchased by James Barbour, Esq., at 1000l. He is of a beautiful form, bright bay, 5 feet three inches high, rising eight years old. He was got by Wildair, his dam by the celebrated old Yorick; grandam by Regulus, imported by Lord Dunmore; his great grandam by the imported horse Sterling; his g. g. grandam by old Janus; his g. g. g. grandam by Silver-Eye; his g. g. gg. grandam by DAVID CLARKSON. Spanco. Albemarle county, Va., March, 1802. 115. WILD DEVIL, a beautiful bay, 16 hands 2 inches high, an elegant form, strong and nervous, and very lengthy. He was by old Dare Devil, his dam by Wildair, his grandam by Rockingham, his great grandam by Spanking Roger, out of a Jolly Roger. JOHN ANDERSON. Hanover Town, Jan 1803. [A valuable acquisition for the lovers of field sports, has been gained by the arrival of a brace of setter dogs, the most beautiful we have seen, sent a present to John McTavish, Esq. by the 107. LEXINGTON, a fine bay, fifteen hands high, Marquess of Well sey, K. B. Attracted by their remarkable for his great strength. He was bred by fine appearance, and aware that the Irish Altha dog Richard S. Taylor, of the county of King William. stands unrivalled with European sportsmen, we in He was got by the celebrated horse old Wildair, quired into the history of these, with a view to regis formerly the property of Col. John Syme, of Hano ter the particulars under this head of the American ver county; his dam by the celebrated horse Longs Farmer, to enable the owners of their descendants dale; his grandam by the famous horse Jolly Roger; 116. MOUNTAIN LEADER, a beautiful chestnut to refer hereafter to an authentic account of their his great grandam descended from the noted run-sorrel, five feet two inches high; eight years old importation and breed. The following is the result ning horse Gift, which was imported to America next spring. He was got by old Wildair; his dam of the inquiry-The dogs are of bright chesnut co-some years past by the late Colonel Dangerfield, of a Mousetrap mare. lour.] New Kent county. April 1st, 1800. which I annex Manor, July 25th, 1828. Dear Sir-I have just received a letter from Sir J. S. SKINNER, Esq JOHN MCTAVISH. ANDREW WOODLEY. Chesterfield, Va., March 1803. CALEB BOUSH. 117. THOR, a fine bay, full 15 hands high, of great strength and beauty, and rising six years old. He was got by old Diomed, his dam by old Wildair, his grandam by Cluckfast, his great grandam by old Partner, his g. g. grandam by old Regulus, out of an imported mare. PHILIP ROGERS. Tuckahoe, near Richmond, Feb. 1806. 118. YOUNG FIGURE, a beautiful blood bay, 15 hands 3 inches high, remarkable for strength, acti vity and symmetry, of form. He was got by the imported horse Highflyer, his dam by old Figure, his grandam by Camillus, his great grandam by Gen. Nelson's Rockingham. C. CARRINGTON. Cumberland county, Va., March, 1799. 119. FITZ MEDLEY, a beautiful dapple grey, upwards of fifteen hands high. He was got by the imported horse Medley, his damn by Dandridge's Fearnought; his grandam by Harris's Eclipse, out of a high bred Jolly Roger mare. JOHN EPPERSON. Buckingham, Va., March, 1799. 120. AGRICOLA, a fine black, five years old this spring; five feet five inches high. He was got by Highflyer; his dam by the imported horse Dove, on Emory's noted running mare in Maryland. Chesterfield, Va, April, 1800. REUBEN SHORT. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, AUGUST 1, 1828. HOW INTELLIGIBLE! HOW MUCH TO THE POINT! HOW ENCOURAGING! HOW ACCEPTABLE! PLEMENTS. glish; in Moral Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, and Mi- MANUFACTORY OF AGRICULTURAL IM- Clothing, books, stationary, furniture for rooms, including bedding, will be furnished on the lowest terms, to those who may be desirous of obtaining them here. The quantity, as far as practicable, will be limited by the rules heretofore established. Incidental expenses, which, from their nature, cannot be specified, will, in the absence of particular directions, be regulated by the Superintendent. To enable him to do this, no money must be furnished to a Cadet, except by the Superintendent or his order. BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. Corrected for the American Farmer, by Edward I. Willson, Commission Merchant and Planters' Agent, No. 4, Borly's wharf. TOBACCO.--Scrubs, $3.00 a 6.00-ordinary, 2.00 a 3.00 -red, 3.00 a 5.00-fine red, 5.00 a 7.00-wrapping, No debts contracted by any Cadet without the per- 6.00 a 10.00-Ohio ordinary, 3.00 a 4.00-good red spanmission of the Superintendent in writing, will be paid. | gled, 5.00 a 6.00-yellow, 6.00 a 9.00-fine yellow, 10.00 It is expected that provision will be made for the ex-a 20.00-Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00-Rapahannock 2.75 a 3.50 penses of each Cadet, at least six months in advance. Kentucky, 3.00 a 5.00. This arrangement will go into operation on the first FLOUR-white wheat family, $6.00 a 6.50-superfine Sir-I have always remitted in advance of twelve day of September next. Being the result of expe- Howard-street, 4.874 a 5.00; city mills, 4.87; Susquemonths subscription for the American Farmer: your rience, and considered as an improvement calculated to hanna, 4.75-CORN MEAL, per bbl. 2.50-GRAIN, best receipt 23d March, 1827, was for the 9th vol. I now relieve the hitherto arduous duties of Capt. Partridge, it red wheat, .95 a 1.09-best white wheat, 1.00 a 1.10-orinclose the note of the Office of Discount and Depo-will, it is trusted, be found in its operations, highly bene-dinary to good, .80 a .90--CORN, .32 a .34-RYE, .45— sit, in Charleston, the 2d of October, 1827, Joseph time, place their sons or wards here, will, if they pre- SEED, 3.50 a 3.75-TIMOTHY, 1.50 a 2.25-ORCHARD ficial. Those who have placed, or may previous to that OATS, .22 a .24-BEANS, 1.50—PEAS, .60 a .75-CLOVER Johnson, Prest. A. 125-$5 payable to A. Rose or fer, have their bills for instruction and expenses, made GRASS SEED, 2.25 a 3-Herd's 1 00 a 1.50-Lucerne $71 order-in advance of vol. 10, which please acknow-according to the rules stated in the last prospectus, in-.50 pr. lb.-BARLEY, .60 a 62-FLAXSEED,.75 a.80-Corledge. I remain, sir, your obd't serv't, stead of the gross sum of two hundred and seventy-five TON, Va. .9 a.11-Lou. .13 a 14-Alabama, .11.12JAMES SHOOLBRED. dollars. After September first, all communications Mississippi .10 a .13-North Carolina, .10 a.11-Geor gia, .9 a.10-WHISKEY, hhds. 1st proof, 204 a .21-bbls. V. B. HORTON, Superintendent. .221-WOOL, common, unwashed, lb., .15 a .16-washIt is deemed superfluous to descant upon the merits of ed, .18 a .20-crossed, .20 a .22-three-quarter, .25 the system of discipline and instruction adopted in this.30-full do. .30 a .50, accord'g to qual.-HEMP, Russia, institution. The object is, to improve the existing sys-ton, $220--Country, dew-rotted, ton, 136 a 140-watertems of education, principally in the following particu- rotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbl. lars, to wit: 5.75; do. trimmed, 6.50-North Carolina, No. 1, 6.26 1st. To adapt the course of duty to the intended per- a 6.50-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.874 a 3.00; No. 2, 2.25 suits in the life of the student. a 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50; No. 2, 6.00; No. 3, 2d. To advance his standing in the Academy, accord-3.50 a 3.75-BACON, hams, Balt. cured, .11 a 124; do. B. ing to his proficiency in his studies. .28-Plaster Paris, cargo price per ton, $3.374 8.50Shore, .14-hog round, cured, 8 a .9-Feathers, .26 ground, 1.25 bbl. Charleston, 16th July, 1828. Middletown, Conn. June 12th, 1828. The public are respectfully informed, that by a recent arrangement, the duties heretofore discharged by Capt. FARTRIDGE, in conducting the discipline and instruction of the institution, have been in part assigned to others. Capt. Partridge, as President, will retain the general supervision of the institution, and continue his regular courses of Lectures. The government is vested in a Superintendent, and Board of Investigation, composed of the President and officers of the institution, to be guided by such rules and regulations as may be adopted by the Board of Trustees. The Trustees will, at least once in each month, perBonally examine the situation and concerns of the institution; and strict attention will be paid as well to the moral and religious, as to the scientific and literary instruction of the Cadets. A competent number of gentlemen, educated at the Academy, and prepared by the experience of several years as Professors in the various branches of education here taught, and by a familiar acquaintance with the peculiar mode of discipline and instruction here pursued, have been engaged, with the assistance of other able instructors, to take immediate charge of the different departments. will be addressed to 3d. To reduce the time usually devoted to the study of the ancient Languages, excepting in cases in which they may be useful, considered in reference to the intended pursuits in the life of the student. 4th. To embrace the French and Spanish languages.15; Potatoes, bush. .75; Chickens, dozen, 2.50 a 3.00; MARKETING-Butter, per lb. .124 a 25; Eggs, dozen, in the regular course of instruction. 5th. To adopt as part of the regular course, in addition to the sciences usually taught, a general course of practical Mathematics; Civil Engineering, particularly as applied to the construction of roads, rail-rays and canais; Topography and Military Science. 6th. To teach, as a part of the regular course, but without encroaching on the time appropriated to study, military exercise, fencing, and the use of arms. 7th. To combine the cultivation of the mental and physical powers in such a manner as shall promote the full development of the faculties of the body, with soundness of health and constitution, and thus enable the individual to exert and sustain the habitual exercise of the highest energies of which his mind is capa ble. A junior department, for the younger members of The high degree of approbation of this system, the Academy, will be established, in which they will which has been manifested by the American people, pursue their studies under the personal care and instruc- while it affords evidence of their desire to encourage tion of one or more instructors. In all other respects, useful improvements in education, and of their patrithey will enjoy the privileges and be subject to the disciotism, authorizes us to hope that the liberal patronage pline and duties of the older Cadets. This arrangement, which the institution has hitherto received, will not be without in any degree affecting the expediency of plac- withdrawn so long as it shall continue to be merited. ing youths of that age in a primary school, as recommended in the last prospectus, will afford them the same advantages at this institution, while at the same time, they become familiarized with and prepared for the discipline and duties of the senior department. GEORGE W. STANLEY, JOHN ALSOP, WM. L. STORRS, Trustees. The course of instruction will be full and thororgh in A. PARTRIDGE. Beef prime pieces, lb. .8 a.10; Veal, .S; Mutton, .64 a.7; CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Sheep and Wool, Extracts from Luccock's Essay on Wool, On the Causes which act immediately on the Fleece-Food for Sheep-On the Cultivation and Preservation of Turnips-Power of Draught on Wagons and Carts-Swamps-Kitchen Garden, for August Silk Worms in Georgia-On the Culture and Preservation of the Fruit of Plums and other Fruit Trees-Transplanting Trees-Dutch Method of Distillation-Freshening Salt Provision-Poultry-Inland Navigation on the Northern Section of the United States-Female Education-Happy Parental Discipline-Poetry, Original Epigram-Irish Setter Dogs, presented to Mr. McTavish -Scraps from late English papers-Pedigrees of Thorough bred Horses, continued-Editorial-Advertisements, Mr. Partridge's Academy-Prices Current of Country Produce and Marketting. Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts. AGRICULTURE. (From Luccock's Essay on Wool.) SHEEP AND WOOL. ON THE CAUSES WHICH ACT IMMEDIATELY UPON much better after the tar has been laid on than it ticed without any particular reference to the breed THE FLEECE. (Continued from p. 154.) vince themselves that some of the best qualities of healthy yolk down to the very fetlock; while those which cover these parts with a short and opaque hair, like the Wiltshire breed, afford the secretion so beneficial to the staple only from the upper parts of the half covered body. The dissimilarity of the fleeces yielded by these two kinds of sheep, the complete envelopment of the one, and the scanty coat of the other, leads us to suppose that the quantity of wool, which we produce from an individual sheep, is in a great measure regulated by the conduct of the grower. If he approach the purity of the Spanish blood, he clothes his flock in a kind of surtout which enwraps every part of the animal, except the lower extremity of the face and the feet; and by selecting his rams from the Downs of Marlborough, if he were ambitious of such a distinction, he might probably produce a race entirely devoid both of wool and of yolk. that he finds this dirty coat as indispensably neces- Much need not have been said upon the nature sary to the good qualities of the fleece as it is to of yolk and its intimate connection with the good the health of the animal; without it the wool be- qualities of wool, when speaking upon the peculiar comes hairy, thin and light; with it, the fleece is constitution of sheep, had not this distinguishing full, soft and rich, possesses a sufficient quanti-feature of their different families been too much ty of healthy yellow yolk, and appears to thrive neglected. In general this substance has been nodid before: the nature, the qualities and the condi- of the animal, or the qualities of the fleece which tion of the wool are most wonderfully improved.—it bears; sometimes as totally disregarded as the Another topic, which might with great propriety From these circumstances, we conclude that the sand, or the hay seed, which are accidentally minbe recommended to their attention, is the quality yolk, a substance which has been so greatly ne- gled with the pile. Yet the disposition to produce of that substance which is most commonly found glected, yet has so long deserved the attention of this valuable animal soap is certainly as important intimately mingled with the pile of our fleeces, which the grazier; which has been perpetually under his as some other characteristics of the sheep, and on account of its yellowness and consistency, its eye through a long course of ages, is not only ne- ought not to be overlooked when we describe their egg-like appearance, is aptly denominated yolk.cessary to the production of a valuable fleece, but different varieties, or select them for our farms. The investigation of its properties, and of the good is the very pabulum of wool. The French have I have not yet seen any of those animals or their effects which it produces upon the fleece while taken much greater pains to ascertain the nature of produce, which are said to afford a staple equally growing, is more properly the business of the gra- this valuable oil and its effects upon the fleece than fine from every part of the body, but conjecture zier than of the woolstapler, and he has the most the English, although we can boast of much older that if this breed were minutely examined, it would abundant means of acquiring information. Hither-manufactures than theirs, and the assistance of the appear that the yolk is produced in equal quantity to it must be acknowledged that they have been legislature through more than four hundred years. on every part of the carcass. The sheep also which too much neglected; yet the few facts with which On the other side of the channel, intelligent manu-produce wool upon their bellies and shanks, like the we are furnished, indicate that without the assis- facturers have been encouraged to institute experi- Merino family, most probably yield a good and tance of yolk, or the application of some other sub-ments, and perform them with such ease as to constance which shall act as a substitute for it, wool possessing the best qualities cannot be produced. The celebrated breeds of Berry, of Castile, and of Persia, we are informed, furnish the most copious supply of yolk, and at the same time yield those valuable fleeces which are eagerly sought after by the manufacturers of the countries where they are shorn, in order that they may be able to supply even distant markets with the most valuable commodities. The attempt to improve the fleeces of England, of Germany, and of Sweden, by the introducing of foreign blood, has uniformly exhibited proofs of the value of this nutritious substance; not Some who have thought upon the subject have only by communicating to the offspring a more soft concluded from the oiliness of the yolk, that it conand attenuated pile, but by enabling them to yield sists of the common perspirable matter, which all for its support and preservation a much larger sup- animals exude, mingled with a portion of that greasy ply of this valuable fluid. And even the native substance which sheep so copiously secrete. But breeds of our own island, whose unmingled blood M. Vauquelin, who has submitted it to the test of has flowed through several ages, if attentively ex- chemical analysis, declares as the result of his examined, evince that the power of producing a co-periments, that "the greater part of it is a soap pious supply of healthy and nutritious yolk, is one with a base of potash," and that the remaining of the most important qualities of wool-bearing ani- portion consists of that salt in a state of combinamals, and that there is scarcely any property in tion with other substances. The whole of it he conwhich they differ from each other more widely. siders as the production of the animal, without the The fleece itself when shorn wihout washing most addition of any ingredients which the fleece might clearly shows that the breast and shoulders of sheep accidentally collect from the soil or the litter upon have generally yielded it much more freely than which the sheep reposed. The account which this parts remote from the vitals; and the good qualities learned chemist has published upon the subject, to of the pile which is produced thre, are distinguish-gether with some remarks upon the method of able by the most untaught obsever. On the hinder scouring and bleaching wool, may be found in the parts of those animals, which have been long ne- Philosophical Magazine, vol. 19. We are sorry that Here, as in every other case, the breed is of the glected, a coarse and shaggy staple is most com- a person so well qualified did not push his experi- utmost consequence. It is the basis upon which all monly observed, and the wol becomes finer and ments farther, and endeavour to ascertain whether improvements of the flock must be founded; the more valuable as it approanes the fore quarters; the yolk be similar in all the various breeds of only source of hope, that attempts to produce fine but in cases where the shee have been improved, sheep, and how far it differs from the matter per- wool of the first quality, will be followed by sucand a larger quantity of th animal juices directed spired by other laniferous quadrupeds. cess. Other circumstances are generally imposed to the thighs, the breech the fleece has not only The manner in which the yolk acts upon the upon the shepherd, and he has little more control become less extensive, bt is also composed of wool is not accurately known. Some have consi- over them than over the storms of winter or the smaller hair; a circumstace which on many ac- dered it as the superabundance of that substance sultry heat of autumn. He may preserve his flocks counts is well worth the ttention of the grazier.- which forms the filament, and which by some un- from their extreme influence, but cannot entirely The quantity of yolk wich our native breeds pro- known process, while the pile is growing, is consoli- counteract it. But the breed, the constitution of duce is in general small: than that of foreign sheep; dated into a transparent mass; while others con- his sheep, he can change almost at will; it is subyet even among them e variety is so considerable clude, perhaps more reasonably, that it is a pecu-mitted to his own direction and deserves his first reas to furnish data for ery useful conjectures. In liar secretion, which exudes through the skin, and gard. The temperature to which sheep are exposed the southern parts ofhe island, it is sufficient for by intermingling with the pile renders it soft, plia- has long been considered as one of the prime the production of a at which enables the flocks ble and healthy; affecting it much in the same way agents in the production of fine wool. This valuato endure the rigor of winter without any addi- as oil does a thong of leather when kept immersed in ble substance was observed to abound most in countional covering, sufient also to prevent the fleece it and perfectly saturated. A very curious and intri- tries, which enjoy the influence of a mild and genefrom becoming thi or hairy; but in the northern cate question has been asked respecting the mode in rous climate, exposed neither to the oppressive heat parts of the kingm, and upon the hills of Scot- which the wool imbibes the yolk, whether by means of the torrid zone, nor to the chilling winds of the land, some of th breeds of sheep produce it in of the root alone, or also by the pores which it is frigid. The best fleeces are grown in Spain, Italy such small quantes as to render it unsafe for the supposed may be scattered through the whole length and Persia; countries which lie under almost the farmer to exposhis flocks to the severities of the of the hair. But as this question, if solved, pro- same parallels, and enjoy a temperature sufficient to winter quarter nless he furnish them with an arti-mises no useful information, we shall leave it to the maintain that copious and regular perspiration of ficial covering grease mingled with tar, in order, advocates of the respective hypotheses to determine, the animal, which is undoubtedly favourable to the as he says, to eep them warm. Yet he confesses and satisfy ourselves with having barely mentioned it. production of good qualities in wool, although not No. 21-Vol. 10. a It has already been suggested that it would be the extreme of folly to point out any particular breed of sheep as that which, in all circumstances, might be considered as the best. On this point the opinion of the wool-grower must be determined by the demands of the manufacturer and the circumstances of his farm; yet he may always depend upon it as an indubitable fact, that whether he produce long wool or short, of a coarser or a finer pile, will be good or bad, adapted to the purposes for which it is designed, or not so, in proportion to the quantity of sound and healthy yolk in which it is produced. it absolutely essential to the fineness of the pile. It sheep. They are driven to the mountains, a more cold, nor to any capricious changes. If he wish to was supposed that a greater degree of heat by dis-cool and dry situation, not so much with a view of produce the best of fleeces, he must cultivate the sipating the juices of the sheep, prevented them preserving their fleece, as to secure their health, breed with sedulous attention, and no longer atfrom nourishing the wool; and that the fleece by and prolong their lives. The existence of fine tempt to apologize for the want of exertion, by this means became short, thin and hairy. On the wool in the more temperate regions has been ac- complaints that his flocks do not bask themselves contrary, in regions where the climate was less counted for upon principles very different from the upon the sunny mountains of Leon, nor crop their warm, it was conjectured that the yolk, or what-natural tendency of those climates to promote its winter herbage on the genial banks of the Douro. ever it be that promotes the growth of the hair, was growth. The superiority of the Spanish, the Italian, The most celebrated flocks of these regions have rendered unsuitable to the production of an attenu- and the Persian fleeces, has been traced already to already dispersed their colonies, without injury to ated pile, and caused the fleece to be coarse, long the establishment of ancient manufactures, which the fleece, over the gentler hills of England, the and shaggy. The opinion was supported not mere- continually affected the flocks through a long suc- plains of France and Saxony, through some of the ly by observing the situation of the countries where cession of ages. To this cause it is most naturally dells of Sweden, to the banks of the Plata, to Souththe better fleeces are grown, but also by remarking attributable, and there is no occasion to seek for an ern Africa, and the utmost regions of the Asiatic that when a sheep changed its climate, it produced auxiliary one. Had the superior kind of wool de- isles. an offspring, not so much resembling itself as the rived its excellency only from the influence of the The effects of dryness and moisture upon wool, laniferous animals which surrounded it; and that sun, of the clouds and the soil, the fleeces of the although not frequently distinguished from the genein a few generations its descendants were scarcely southern parts of France, of Turkey and Arabia, ral influence of climate, are very considerable, and distinguishable from the native sheep. The in- even those of the northern portion of Hindoostan deserve the close attention of the grazier. No stances, which have been adduced with the greatest and of China, must have borne to each other a very measures, I believe, have been adopted to ascerconfidence, as affording a sufficient demonstration considerable resemblance; nor could the pile of tain the degree in which these causes affect the of the all-powerful influence of climate, were col- Spain have greatly degenerated by being conveyed fleece, and our information respecting them must lected from accounts which have been given of to the hills of Mexico or of the United States of be deduced from general cases and the prevailing English sheep exported to the West Indies; of Spa- America. If a moderate degree of warmth had opinion of those, whose employment calls upon nish to South America, the Cape of Good Hope been absolutely necessary to the existence of wool-them to observe the qualities of wool. There are and some other countries; and of those, which bearing sheep, none of them would have been found few persons conversant with this article, who do not were regularly conveyed by the Dutch to the island on the coast of Guinea, nor in the scorching regions perceive when they examine the fleeces of a disof Java. The degeneracy of their offspring has of Bengal; it would have been impossible that both trict, of which one part is much drier than the been thought a sufficient reason for supposing, that distinctions, those which produce a valuable pile, other, a remarkable difference in those which each the constitution of the wool-bearing animal was in- and those destitute of it, should exist together al-submits to their inspection. Upon the lower grounds capable of enduring, without injury, the excessive most in the same plains, and crop with equal avidi- and in marshy countries, we almost invariably find heats of these southern regions. But in these in- ty the same arid grasses. The production of wool a sheep producing a longer and coarser pile than its stances the intermixture of blood was entirely over-even under the equator, is one of the most convinc- neighbours, which pasture upon the more elevated looked, and the animal absurdly expected to pro- ing proofs that the fleeces of sheep are not so great- farms. Sometimes the husbandman of these more duce a lamb exactly similar to that which it had ly affected by the sultry and oppressive heat of the dry and healthy spots, prefers a breed of sheep dropped in its native country, when mated with one climate, as by the constitution of the animals which smaller than that which occupies the pasture of the which carried a fleece resembling its own. The in-produce them. richer farms, one able to roam much more widely sufficiency of this argument is now generally ac- But the effect of heat upon wool is nevertheless in search of food, and to travel with less fatigue to knowledged, for by more accurate observations, it very remarkable. Dr. Anderson, in his observa- a distant fold, such as yields a fleece so different has been discovered that the sheep of England, tions upon the fleece, has clearly proved that the from that of the heavier flocks, as to admit of no when transported to Jamaica, yield the same kind pile, produced during the prevalence of hot wea- comparison with it, in order to ascertain the precise of "burly fleece" as they did at home, and if pre-ther, is visibly coarser than that, which the same effect of their damper situation. Yet there are vented from mingling their breed with that of the sheep affords in the colder season. He supposes some instances in which we meet with members of native stock, their offspring afford a wool exactly that the superior degree of heat expands the pores the same family in both parts of the district, atsimilar to that which they would have done in this of the skin, and that the absence of it tends to con- tended nearly with the same care and maintained climate. Even the hairy native sheep of the island, tract them; so that the pile which is protruded almost in equal condition, and observe that the which probably came originally from the Spanish through them becomes thicker or thinner in the wool of the one is shorter, finer, and lighter than main, and were supposed to possess a coat without same proportion as the diameter of the aperture the fleece of the other. Perhaps the dissimilarity any admixture of wool, are found to produce that is larger or more contracted. It is to be regretted may be partly owing to the smaller quantity of substance in small quantities concealed beneath that he did not extend his experiments farther, to food, which the sheep upon thin lands can collect, their stronger and more brittle covering, and would different breeds of sheep, and observe whether the to the extra fatigue they undergo in order to obtain most probably produce it in a larger proportion, if effect was similar in all of them; for it appears that it, and to the smaler portion of time which they proper measures were taken to cultivate it. But in his flock furnished a copious supply of the wool- spend in repose aid mastication; but after every a country where the fleece is not shorn, and in a producing humour, and that the pores through reasonable allowane is made for circumstances of climate where the woolly pile is little used, it is not which it passed were constantly full. We acknow- this kind, there is a considerable proportion of the wonderful that the flocks should be neglected, or ledge that these experiments, so far as they pro- effect remaining, which we attribute with some contheir produce little regarded. The same general ceed, are completely satisfactory, and they convince fidence to the superir moisture or dryness of the remarks apply to those sheep of Spain, which have us that "a great degree of heat produces upon the farms where the fleeds were grown. No stapler, I been exported to the American colonies. So long fleece an effect totally opposite to that which has am persuaded, whose opinion is founded upon a as they were suffered to intermingle with those, been generally ascribed to it; that it tends to ren- long course of observabn, will seek among marshes which had been introduced from other quarters, the der the hair coarser instead of finer. Probably it and vapour for fine wol. He expects to find the race invariably degenerated; but since care has might be easy to ascertain the influence of tempe- fleeces of such situatios more coarse, hairy and been taken to preserve them distinct, as good wool rature, even in its extreme degree, if a sheep were loose than those produed where the rays of the has been imported into Spain from Buenos Ayres as conveyed to distant climates, shorn there, and the sun fall directly upon th field, and preserve both the individuals would have produced at home. At fleeces compared with those which it had yielded at the fleece and the lodgmat of the sheep dry and the Cape of Good Hope, the Spanish flocks have home. If the manner in which wool is produced healthy. The moisture, bich so frequently suruniformly exhibited the same phenomena. When were more accurately noticed; if the effects of rounds the summits of the loftier mountains, and preserved pure from the native blood, the lambs changing seasons were diligently noted; if care rests upon their shoulders, specially if they be exhave been distinguished for the beauty of their were taken to preserve the fleeces which an indivi-posed to vapour rising from he ocean, is no less defleece; and the descendants of a pair, which have dual had afforded in different situations, and under leterious to the staple than e mists of lakes and been carried even to the distant shores of New varied treatment, so that they might be compared morasses. On those mounta of Ireland, of ScotSouth Wales, whose progenitors were conveyed with each other; and if the staple were either mea- land and Norway, which rise om the shores of the from Spain to the United Provinces, and from sured, or marked at regular intervals of time, we Atlantic, and are exposed to influence, we find thence to Africa, produce a fleece so correctly beau- should ascertain a number of facts respecting the fleeces of a very inferior order, en compared with tiful as to rival, it is said, the best produce of the production of wool which we are at present igno- those which the same sort of sho produce in more Leonean mountains. The animals, also, which rant of, and perhaps might be able to procure it in sheltered situations; and still faher beneath the have been observed to cast their fleeces, when sent a much more perfect state. Until our knowledge be- value of those, which are procur from the drier on shore in Java, most evidently do so, not because comes more perfect, we must consider the influence sides of the Castilian and Kermaan hills. The the heat of the climate is incompatible with the of temperature as reduced to a single point, which sheep of Shetland, producing a sm and valuable growth of wool, but because the land about Ban- requires only that the shepherd do not unnecessari- fleece, although exposed to the imence of moistam is naturally ill adapted to the constitution of ly expose his flocks to the extremes of heat or of ture in its utmost violence, and the ace once dif No. 21.-VOL. 10.] 1820, from April 11th, to October 22nd, 195 days, fused over the highlands of Scotland, and which,| notwithstanding the cloudiness of its pasture, yield-the thermometer ranged above 33 deg. it in opening. It is to be remarked, that the wool, or [What a commentary on the wholesome admonition to our southern brethren, is contained in the following.] Extract from a friend at Natchez, to the Editor, 21st June, 1828, on some of the agricultural and domestic habits and economy of the southern people. I was transported in eleven days to this place, where I find all the tropical plants in full bloom in the gardens. The early fruits have disappeared, and plumbs are now in season. Vegetables of all descriptions are abundant; but what surprises me is, with the finest soil and extensive pasture, so little care is taken of it, that butter now sells for 25 and 31 cents a pound; and the greatest portion of sup cents per pound paid for it. I was told that forty cows would produce 24 pounds of butter a week!There must be gross mismanagement some where. I observe the planters daily hauling corn out to their plantations to feed their hands and stock; this comes from up the river a considerable distance.They, I believe, pay attention to nothing but cotton, It strikes me as poor economy, when it is observed, and purchase every thing else, instead of raising it. that eight oxen are employed to haul a load of corn, which four ought easily to carry; and when too they travel at a snail's gait, to suit the particular convenience of the driver, and indulge him in his lazy disposition. ed a wool much superior to that which is now pro- 1821, from April 20th, to October 20th, 183 days, duced there, may be selected as instances to show the thermometer ranged above 32 deg. that too much is attributed to these causes; and it 1822, from April 3d, to November 4th, 212 days, has been supposed that the improvement, visible in the thermometer ranged above 39 deg. 1823, from March 22nd, to October 18th, 210 the sheep of Cornwall and of the fens in Lincolnshire, evinces that a moist atmosphere is not so in- days, the thermometer ranged above 36 deg. 1824, from March 23d, to October 22th, 219 days, compatible with the growth of good wool as we have stated it to be. But these instances by no the thermometer ranged above 32 deg. A mean of the proceeding, would give at Baltimeans prove that these breeds of sheep upon drier pastures, and attended with greater care than they more 202 3-5th days exempt from frost, and affords are at present, would fail to produce a much better ample time, for it is probable the profitable culture fleece than they have done in a moist one; and the of cotton as a staple, and with certainty for ordinaimprovements which have been adduced would pro- ry domestic purposes. It is one of the peculiar bably have proceeded with greater rapidity, been qualities of cotton, that in its collection from the effected with more ease, and attained a higher de-field, to its manufacture into clothing, the far great gree of excellency, had they been attempted upon est part of the above labour necessary to carry flocks in situations better adapted to their nature through the various processes can in reality be best and to the good qualities of wool. The bad effects done by the weaker part of the population, women of water upon the pile while growing may be owing and children. Again, every process is perfectly to the readiness with which it mingles with the yolk, consonant to personal cleanliness; no filthy drudgeand carries off a quantity of that animal soap, which ry, but, I was almost tempted to say, elegant amuse-ply is brought from the state of New York, and 31 is so necessary to the good quality and even the ex-ment, marks every step made in the production of istence of the fleece; for if care be taken to prevent cotton cloth. In a pretty long and extensive range over the this by the skilful application of tar mingled with butter, which act as repellants to the water, the United States, I have found prosperity and indepenlower part of the staple, which grew after the mix-dence in such farm houses, where the head of the ture was applied, contains a sufficient supply of family had enacted a rigid tariff, and suffered his or rich and nutritious yolk, and is a much superior her family to purchase nothing which they could sort of wool to those points of the pile, which have themselves manufacture, and was sometime since no been exposed without protection to the dripping little amused, at seeing some southern angry resolutions against our national tariff, where the resolvents wetness of the wintry season. (To be continued.) came to the appalling conclusion to manufacture for themselves. Thinks I, this denunciation, if carried into effect, will have about the same consequence as must have arisen from the passionate resolutions of Mr. SKINNER, Esq. a great man I once read of, who being teazed by his Dear Sir-In this age of internal improvement, creditors, swore in his wrath, "that he would pay them every object calculated to increase and secure indi- all off, and never go again in debt to man or mortal." vidual resource ought to meet attention, and I know [It is my sincere hope, that all that can do so, and I of no single production of the earth not necessary have shewn, that all may, at least along the Atlan for food, so greatly calculated to administer to hu- tic coast as far north as Baltimore, oppose the gene. man industry and of course to comfort and public ral tariff, by a counteracting one of their own. morals as cotton. This admirable vegetable is at once an ornament to the country where cultivated, and in its manufacture the most light, splendid and cheap, of all articles of human clothing. I have long thought of soliciting a corner of your paper to introduce a few remarks on the culture of cotton, as I am well convinced that it may, and ought to be, cultivated in places far northward from where it can be produced in such abundance, as to be made a staple of commerce. In the latter respect, I did myself for many years in the vicinity of Natchez, cultivate cotton, and it was ther and there, while observing the economy of this plant that the idea struck my mind, how remarkab'y it was calculated to give employment to aged, young, and otherwise inefficient persons, in the middle sections of the COTTON. Let (From a late English Paper.) THE BREEDING OF LIVE STOCK. Some remarkably curious experiments in the breeding of live stock have been lately made in France, the results of which appear to prove that a greater number of either sex may be obtained at every president or presidentess of a family, by and the option of the farmer. M. Charles Giron de Buwith the consent of the little republics over which zareinques proposed, at a meeting of the Agricul heaven has placed them, plant cotton and flax, and tural Society of Severac, in July, 1826, to divide a rear the innocent producer of wool, and employ them- flock of sheep into two equal parts, and that a greatselves in creative imitation of nature itself,, and er number of males or females should be produced peace, comfort, health and happiness, will follow in- at the option of the proprietor. Two of the memdustry, and then will the songs of gladness resound bers of the society offered their flocks for the expealong the vales of the United States. This would riment, and the results have confirmed the author's indeed be a most effectual mode to settle the ques- theory. In the first experiment, in the flock intion about restrictive or non-restrictive statutes, and tended to produce the greater number of female what is most remarkable, would turn the tariff so lambs, the proportion was as follows: females 84, lately enacted into a most invaluable national bene- males 53. In the flock intended to produce the faction. Farther, the plan I have suggested would greater number of male lambs, the proportions save an immense expenditure of precious breath, were, males 80, females 55. The certainty of obthat would be much better puffed over the plough, taining similar results was corroborated by other the loom, or cotton gin. But to return to our sub-experiments. M. Giron also related experiments ject. made with horses and cattle, in which success, in Cotton rises from the earth with a central stem, There is but little difference in time or manner, of producing a great difference in the proportion of from which lateral branches are protruded, and planting Indian corn or cotton, nor could I ever per- the sexes, was equally striking. His method is, to one rule may be observed, and will at once decide, ceive much difference in the requisite soil for the keep the animals intended to produce the larger whether cotton can or no: be cultivated at any two vegetables. In the climate of Natchez, and on portion of females on the best pasture, and not to given place. It demands about 120 days from plant- middling soil, about 250 pounds of clean cotton to allow them to breed as fast as they might; the law ing, to admit the developement of the capsule or an acre is the ordinary annual produce. On simi- of nature appearing to be, that when a race of aniproduction of mature cotton; therefore, if at any lar soil, and in the lower parts of New Jersey, Del-mals is in circumstances favourable for its increase, place the seasons are devoid of frost 120 days, cot- aware, Maryland and Virginia, the produce would nature produces the greatest number of that sex, ton will ripen. By reference to the excellent ther-be necessarily more limited; but no doubt would for which, in animals that do not pair, is most efficient mometrical tables kept a: Baltimore by Mr. Lewis domestic use, most munificently reward the cultiva- for increasing the numbers of the race. But if Brantz, I find for a series of 8 years, from 1817 to tor in the latter sections of the United States. they are in bad condition, or on stinted pasture, or 1824, inclusive, that the summer temperature stood In its early growth, cotton is a very tender plant, have already given birth to a numerous offspring, thus: and particularly liable to utter destruction by very nature, to diminish the increase, produces more slight frost, but as it advances, becomes more males. hardy, and continues rising and protruding young United States. 1817, from March 3. st, to October 28th, 213 days, the thermometer ranged above 36 deg. 1818, from April 23rd, to October 22nd, 182 days, the thermometer raiged above 37 deg. 1819, from April 2nd, to October 26th, 207 days, the thermometer ringed above 40 deg. branches, flowers and capsules, until arrested by the Eat and drink with moderation, keep the body frosts of autumn. The latter circumstance is re-open, rise early, take moderate exercise, be cleanly garded as an advantage, as the immature seed ves- in your person, wash often, bathe frequently, and sels are destroyed, and those pearly ripe facilitated you may then calculate upon health. |