most simple and best adapted to cases of most common occurrence, and if there should seem to be in them any thing erroneous, we will thank our medical readers, of whom there are many, who are likewise most intelligent farmers, to comment upon them. We must derive them chiefly from late authors in our library. Here follows a few from the Domestic Physician.] APOPLEXY. General blood letting should always be preferred in the first instance to local, and it should be continued until decided effects are perceptible on the system. BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE. In a very interesting case of this affection, communicated by the late Dr. James Kent Platt, to his friend, Professor J. B. Beck, of this city, and which threatened to terminate fatally, the affusion of cold water, by pailsful over the head and shoulders, proved almost immediately successful. BURNS. THE TARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1828. A walk through our market this morning convinced us more than ever, of the culpable indolence of the people in this neighbourhood in regard to fruit. Peaches were selling at $1 50, and pears at $1 per peck. For large yellow peaches the THE PRICE OF LAND.-An impression seems price was four cents each! can this be ascribed to to exist, the truth of which may be questioned, that any thing but want of enterprise and care? Has lands are selling far below their value, and that the any landholder within reach of market a right to present state of things, in that respect, is a forced complain of hard times if he can get even fifty one; whereas, if we consider the almost countless cents per peck for peaches, to the growth of which millions of unoccupied acres of land in the country; both his soil and climate are congenial? the sparseness of population, compared with the extent of our territory; the vast abundance and the NOT SO FAST!-In a late number of the John low price of all the products of the plough, it would Bull, it is asserted that "the quickest steam passage seem that the present is the natural state of things, on record was made last Saturday week by the Geand that $30-40-50-60-70, and $80 an acre neral Steam Navigation Company's packet Earl of for land, was only the result of an extraordinary Liverpool; that vessel left the Tower stairs, Lonstate of things, abroad and at home. And again, don, at a quarter after six o'clock in the morning, to estimate the real value of lands in the Atlantic and was at anchor at Ostend at a quarter before states, we must constantly bear in mind that a great eight in the evening; having completed the run of revolution has been achieved in the value of landed 146 miles in thirteen hours and a quarter, being at property, by the prodigious facilities which have the average rate of eleven miles an hour the whole been, and are constantly in a course of being esta- way; among the passengers was Lord HEYTESBURY blished, for bringing all the products, even the most and suite." There are boats of the Messrs. Stevens on the bulky of the new and fertile regions of the west, of the states that are washed by the tide waters. How New York and Albany 150 miles, repeatedly in into competition and contact with the productions North River, which have made the run between is it possible, under these circumstances, for land to less than eleven hours. sell for any thing like former high prices, since, after A communication on Botts in Horses, in reall, the question must be put-What per cent. will it yield? Suppose a purchase of 500 acres at $10 ply to an inquiry in No. 22, by a subscriber, will apper acre-the original purchase money is $5000; of pear next week. the 500 it is probable that not more than one-fifth is in actual cultivation-in other words, yielding any interest, whilst the remaining 400 acres or 4000 dolls., are lying dead; so that the portion of 100 acres Dr. Paris lays down three indications to be ful-which is in a state of activity, may be said to have virfilled, whenever it is ascertained that a poisonous tually cost $50 per acre; and it is quite probable that substance has found its way to the alimentary canal. unless the purchaser manages better, and has more These indications are, manure at command than usual, he would consult a truer economy by applying his labour to the culture of a still smaller sphere. As we have before suggested, landholders have not yet, by any means, realized the degree of economy which may, and must be practised in every department, and every minutiæ of living. In cases of extensive injury from this cause, one of the most successful applications, hitherto resorted to, has been the oil of turpentine. In the action which occurred in 1815, between the U. S. frigate Guerriere and an Algerine frigate, nearly fifty men belonging to the former were severely burnt, by the explosion of one of the large guns. Some of these men were in a most pitiable condition, and suffered the most exquisite torments. They were taken down to the cockpit, and spirits of turpentine freely poured over their naked wounds. They all did well. POISONS. First. The immediate ejectment of the poison from the body, by the operation of vomiting and purging. Second. The decomposition of the remaining portion, and the adoption of measures best calcufated to obviate its absorption. Third. To anticipate the occurrence of the consecutive phenomena, and to combat them by an appropriate treatment. Sometimes it becomes necessary to fulfil the second indication before the first, as in cases of acids and alkalies having been taken into the stomach. The first object here should, undoubtedly, be to neutralize them, and dilute them as soon as possible, and then to excite vomiting. The vomits to be preferred, in general, are the sulphate of zinc or copper. They do not require much dilution for their action, a circumstance of great importance in cases of poisons which act by being absorbed. In the next place, they act expeditiously; a dose of fifteen grains of either of these substances producing almost instantaneous vomiting, without exciting the nausea characteristic of other emetics, and which occasions a state of the system highly favourable to absorption. -PRUSSIC ACID.-A Mr. Montgomery, convicted in England of passing counterfeit notes, lately destroyed himself in prison by taking a small quantity of Prussic acid. He was found stretched out on his bed with his eyes and mouth open. "Virulent as this poison really is, it is much less active when applied to the human system, than some experiments upon animals would seem to indicate. A single drop placed in the nostrils of a cat will cause almost instantaneous death; two or three drops thus applied have destroyed a full grown deer, and an instance is related of a bullock being destroyed by ten drops. In the human system, however, this Let them not suppose that they alone are under acid is frequently given as a tonic medicine, in doses this necessity; it may begin with them, but assured- of two to five drops; and in a less quantity than ly it will, in its course, reach every other calling twenty drops, instantaneous death would not be and profession; for so immediate is the connection certain. Much, however, must depend upon the between all other pursuits with agriculture, which degree of nervous susceptibility. Some persons sustains them all, that they must as assuredly feel may, without inconvenience, swallow four or five her depression, as that the extremities of the body drops, whilst others are severely affected by the must be paralyzed by a pressure on the brain. mere smell. The effect of a sufficient dose to cause After all, it is an enviable calling, if pursued with industry and rigid, honourable, fair economy. On this point we shall dwell more at large, when we have leisure. At present we cannot forbear to say, that one of the most grievous evils under which, not only the farmer, but the whole country labours, is the excessive price of education for his children. To this, too, we shall advert again. death is instantaneous. Before the person taking the poison has time to ascertain the nature of the sensation which it causes, he is dead. The poison seems to be carried at once to the heart and the brain through the nervous system, and the machine is stopped almost without the derangement of a muscle or the alteration of a look.” To preserve potatoes in a proper state for food We will thank our patrons in different parts (says an English paper,) for many years, it is only of the Union, to give an account of the sales of necessary to scald them, or subject them to a heatOpium.-In addition to the means recommended land. It may be useful to record them occasionally. ed oven, for a few minutes. By doing this they in the text, for the recovery of persons poisoned by Six hundred acres were sold, the other day, within will never sprout, and the farinaceous substance will opium, I am happy to mention one which has prov-four miles of this city, on navigable water, near keep good for many years, provided the cortical ed very efficacious in this country: it is the affusion the Philadelphia turnpike, with a brick house and part be entire. They should be well dried after of cold water upon the head and back. In Phila- an abundance of wood and timber, for $4.50 per acre. being scalded. delphia, and in this city, it has proved successful in a number of instances; and in Kentucky it has [Not knowing how else to ascertain the fact, they may be seen. They are inquired for chiefly in There is, says a late London paper, great probability of the steam coach which has been built by Messrs. Gurney & Co., answering the intended purpose. It was tried yesterday evening in the square of the Horse Barracks of the Regent's Park, and performed with great ease at the rate of from twelve to fourteen miles an hour. It is much improved in appearance, being now more light and elegant than when it was first exhibited. By these improvements those who engage in the practice of vaccination may keep themselves always supplied with genuine matter; and they may, thereby also, detect and correct every imperfection or defect that is liable to occur in its application; and this as certainly without knowing, visiting or seeing the persons vaccinated, as by the most careful and constant attention, that can be paid to them. From the best authority, we have been favour-chiefly, on the selection of the matter, or seed that is Success in vaccination may be truly said to depend, ed with information, that 4 hbds. red leafy tobacco, used. For if the operator is supplied with genuine made by Mr. James Johnson, of Charles county, matter, he can have no difficulty in planting or insertwere sold in this market the week before last, at $8 ing it, with the instrument above mentioned: and when and $10 per hundred, and amounted to $313.48.-it is inserted, the practitioner has nothing to do with It is believed to be the highest sale made of the the vaccine process, but, to let it alone. same number of hogsheads, of any one crop in this market during the year. (From the New York Mercantile Advertiser, Sept. 2.) Last evening arrived the packet ship George papers The Russian army are proceeding on their march towards Constantinople, and the latest advices, which are brought down to the 2d of July, left them at the distance of little more than one hundred and fifty miles from that capital. The British Parliament, it was expected, would be prorogued on Saturday, the 26th of July. When the kine pock rises (which may be always looked for towards the end of the third day after the insertion of the matter) the greatest care ought to be taken, that it should not be rubbed, scratched, broken or bruised in any way: and further, that it should not be punctured or opened to take the matter from the arm as is often done by physicians, who thereby always interrupt the vaccine process and deprive those who are vaccinated, in a greater or less degree of the full benefit of this operation-hence, so much imperfect vaccination, and so much suffering from the varioloid after it; a disease that we have good reason to believe, can never affect any person, during life, after their vaccination has been once allowed to terminate, as it should, in a perfect scab. TO FARMERS. any that can be procured in the city; Patent Cylindri- want. BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. Corrected for the American Farmer, by Edward I. Willson. Commission Merchant and Planters' Agent, No. 4, Borly's wharf. red, 3.50 a 4.50-fine red, 6.00 a 7.00-wrapping, TOBACCO.--Scrubs, $3.00 a 6.00-ordinary, 2.50 a 3.50 6.00 a 10.00-Ohio ordinary, 3.00 a 4.00-good red spanThe narrow limits of this notice will not admit of gled, 6.00 a 8.00-yellow, 6.00 a 9.00-fine yellow, 10.00 any explanation, at this time, of the principles on a 20.00 Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00-Rapahannock 2.75 a 3.50 which these improvements in the art of vaccination Kentucky, 3.00 a 5.00. Amount of Inspections the last The provincial intelligence, as it is called, receiv-are founded. But Congress, it is to be regretted, ha-week, 487 hhds. Maryland. ed at London, brings accounts of heavy rains which ving been so far misled by a cruel trick that was pracFLOUR-white wheat family, $6.00 a 7.00-superfine have fallen in different parts of the kingdom. Crops introduced into North Carolina,) as to repeal the act to hanna, 5.00-CORN MEAL, per bbl. 2.50-GRAIN, best tised a few years since, (whereby the small pox was Howard-street, 5.12 a 5.25; city mills, 5.00; Susquehave been beaten down to the ground, rivers have encourage vaccination, the undersigned conceives it to red wheat, .90 a .95-best white wheat, 1.00 a 1.15overflowed their banks, bridges have been swept be a duty, that he owes to himself as well as to the ordinary to good, .70 a .85--CORN, .32 a .34-RYE, .40 away, villages have been inundated, cattle have public, to guard his improvements above mentioned, as-OATS, bush. .19 a .21-BEANS, 1.25-PEAS, .60 a.75been drowned, and quantities of hay, large trees. well as he can, against the abuses, to which it is pro- CLOVER SEED, 4.25-TIMOTHY, 1.50 a 2.25-ORCHARD sheep, gates and gate posts, have been carried off bable they would be liable, if committed, without any GRASS SEED, 2.25 a 3-Herd's 1 00 a 1.50-Lucerne 37 by the currents. restriction, into the hands of practitioners generally..50 pr. lb.-BARLEY, .60 a 62-FLAXSEED,.75 a.80-CorLONDON, July 23. He therefore advises all persons concerned not to make TON, Va. .9 a.11-Lou. .13 a .14—Alabama, .11a.12— The Sir William Jolliffe, steam packet, is arrived any up of these said improvements; or of the instru- Mississippi. 10 a 13-North Carolina, .10 a.11-Geor from Hamburgh, with papers to the 20th. They matter, without first obtaining from him a right to 221-WOOL, common, unwashed, lb., .15 a .16—washment recommended for the insertion of the vaccine gia,.9 a.104-WHISKEY, hhds. 1st proof, 201 a .21-bbls. contain some important intelligence from Turkey. do so: when he will fully and freely explain the prin- ed,.18 a .20-crossed, .20 a .22-three-quarter, .25 a The army assembling at Adrianople is stated to be ciples on which they are founded. .30-full do..30 a .50, accord'g to qual.-HEMP, Russia, 100,000 strong. All Musselmen from 14 to 60 years Private individuals will be admitted to use these im-ton, $220-Country, dew-rotted, ton, 136 a 140-waterof age, have been summoned to take up arms. The provements in their own families for a fee of ten dol- rotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbl. standard of Mahomet was to be immediately dis-lars: and physicians or others who engage in the prac-5.75; do. trimmed, 6.50-North Carolina, No. 1, 6.25 played. tice of vaccination generally, for fifty dollars. No The operations in Greece have not of late been charge will be made against those who obtain these a 6.50-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.874 a 3.00; No. 2, 2.25 a 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50; No. 2, 6.00; No. 3, of much importance. rights for any supplies of matter that will be furnished 3.50 a 3.75-BACON, hams, Balt. cured, .10 a 11; do. E. to them: but all others will be required to pay a fee of Shore, .124-hog round, cured, .8 a .9-Feathers, .26 CONSTANTINOPLE, June 25. five dollars for each portion of genuine matter selected .28-Plaster Paris, cargo price per ton, $3.37 a 3.50— It is not the Grand Vizier, but his Kiaja Bey, who, for them by the subscriber. ground, 1.25 bbl. with many Agas, is gone to Adrianople, in consequence of the passage of the Danube by the Russians. They lead the van of a great army, upwards of 100,000 men, the levy of the capital, at the head of which the Grand Vizier has placed himself. Official news has been received from the Morea, of the failure of the negotiations set on foot through the Greek Bishops with the insurgents. The Greeks had rejected every proposal, and referred to the Convention of 6th July. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE ART OF VAC CINATION. The subscriber having obtained letters patent, under seal of the United States, which bear date 10th July, 1822, for certain improvements made by him in the art of vaccination, will dispose of his right to use the same: with the right also to use a spring vaccinator; wherewith the insertion of the vaccine matter may be always effected with mathematical correctness. No letters will be received except those on which the Late Agent of Vaccination for the U. S. } CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Letter from N. Hammond, Esq. on the Washing of Banks, and means proposed to prevent it-Large Calves in New York-Inquiry on Highland Rice and the Indigo with which cotton is dyed red-Ploughing, its depth to be regulated by the nature of the soil and the crop to be raised-To Destroy the Bee Miller-Sir Henry A letter which contained a small portion of genuine Steuart's method of Transplanting Trees-Wine-Farvaccine matter put up on glass was stolen out of this mers and Planters of the United States, Ornamental institution, and a parcel of variolous scabs being sub- Decoration of Farms, &c.-Intemperance, Influence of stituted in lieu thereof, by those concerned in this trick, the Ladies to prevent-Hunting-Pedestrianism-High they were transmitted by mail to Dr. Ward of Tarbo- betting in England-Dogs and Rats-English Milling, ro' in N. C. who alledging the parcel to be "vaccine with remarks-Painting, the Promotheus-Manufactory scabs," used them as such, and thus unwittingly intro- at Fonthill-Recipes, Apoplexy; Burns; Poisons-Ediduced the small pox into his neighbourhood. Those torial, on the Price of Lands, &c.-Late Foreign News however who may wish for more full information on -Advertisements-Prices Current of Country Produce. this subject are referred to the several reports which have since been made thereon in Congress. In these reports the subscriber has been fully acquitted of all blame. J. S. Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts. No. 26.-VOL. 10.] AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, SEPTEMBER 12, 1828. HAMILTON COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. QUARTERLY MEETING. General Findlay presented some samples of a new species of wheat. Mr. Reuben Reader deposited a draft and specification of his "newly invented Bullshare Plough," and it was ordered that the Curators examine and report their opinion thereon to the next meeting. A resolution was passed, directing articles presented to the society, to be deposited with the Corresponding Secretary. On motion of D. Gano, a Fair and Cattle Show appointed to be held on the 6th and 7th of June, 1828, and the Board of Agriculture directed to report rules and regulations therefor, to the next meeting. The following new members were reported: J. W. Piatt, Abel Woolverton, Jonathan Garrad, Philip Turpin, Charles Fox, Jonathan Foreman, B. Drake, Isaac Marriot, Hugh Moore, D. K. Este, Robert T. Lytle, Adam Moore, Samuel Lewis, Patrick Smith, Enos Woodruff, Alexander Botkin, James W. Robinson, Nathaniel Wright, B. E. Bliss, P. S. Symmes, Samuel Findlay. A resolution was passed directing the December meeting to be held at the court-house. D. C. WALLACE, Recording Sec'ry. [J. C. SHORT, Esq., President of the Society, delivered an Address, from which we transfer with pleasure the following extracts of a practical nature, and, doubtless, well adapted to the region for which they were prepared.] 201 Apiifolia,) is said to be the best adapted for hedging. | and perhaps more liable to drought, with superaddI know not whether this is the kind which I have ed force may the observation be repeated here. observed in the neighbourhood of Springfield, on "It is perceptible to the most negligent observer, Mad river; but certainly there is a low-growing that a laudable attention is excited among the farspecies there, not more than six or eight feet in mers of the Miami country generally, to an imheight, admirably adapted to this purpose. The provement in the breed of horses, to say nothing of Proceedings of a meeting of the Hamilton Coun-berry of this shrub is much smaller than common other stock. In this marketless era and period of ty Agricultural Society, held at the court-house in haws, and contains frequently but one, never more depression, nothing pays so well for the trouble and Cincinnati, on Saturday, the 1st of September, 1827. than two seeds. We have, moreover, two species expense of rearing, as a good horse. "A new object of culture, which is now presentMajor M. W. Beatman, of the U. States' army, of the formidable honey-locust; the fragrant crab presented a sample of Mandan corn, with a commu- apple; also, the wild plumb, cedar, sycamore, and ing itself to the attention of American agriculturists, nication relative thereto. willow; the two last better adapted, perhaps, than is the silk worm. From some experiments made any of our native growths, for overflowed bottoms on a small scale, during the last four years, I think and wet grounds. Besides these, a variety of others, I may safely say, that our climate is admirably said to be suitable for hedges, if not natives of the adapted to this interesting animal. It remains only immediate region round about us, could easily be to be ascertained (and there is hardly a doubt on procured. Where stone is abundant and timber the subject,) whether the white or Italian mulberry scarce, perhaps the cheapest enclosure is the stone will thrive here; and, if so, it requires, I should fence. But one objection (and that a serious one,) think, but little foresight to predict, that in twenty can be made to it, which is, that unless it is carried years, silk will be exported from the Miami country. up to an unusual and expensive height, some of our Although this article, no doubt, can be raised in back-woods stock, are not sufficiently civilized to many parts of the extended continent of South A stone fence four feet two inches America, yet we have every reason to believe, that be turned by it. high, and two feet broad at the top, I know from the habits of people there, and the tropical producexperience, presents a disregarded barrier to the tions of those regions, will cause the attention of inroads of sheep, and is not much respected by these new nations to be turned to other objects. some cattle. Perhaps a better fence for this coun- While these very circumstances (of climate and try is made by fixing in the ground a row of double fashion,) will make them consumers of silk to an upright locust stakes, joined together at the top by incalculable amount, and thus offer to our industry, a cap-building the foundation of stone two feet in this branch at least, a continual market. But in high between these stakes, and then filling them up the first place, let the amount now paid for foreign to any desirable height with common rails. The silks, be saved to the United States, and here is an advantages of this fence (which I have had to re-object worthy the attention of our lawgivers and main perfectly unmoved, under a depth of ten feet of ourselves. I have now growing on my farm a of water,) are, that it is as well suited as any other nursery of the white, or Italian mulberry, containfor overflowed grounds-it presents an obstacle to ing at least 10,000 young trees. The seed was sowthe progress of even a goat or a deer, and is as se- ed this spring in drills, a great deal too thick; as it cure against hogs as if it were all of stone. The was a new business, I had no idea of the height to locust stakes will out-last three or four sets of rails; which they would arrive in one season. and when, finally, some century hence, the stakes speaks of eight inches as the summit to which a rot off, there will then be the foundation of a stone seedling tree may reach the first year. Some of fence laid for the proprietor, at that distant period, my young mulberries, although thus badly managed, to finish. These observations, however, only apply are now (September 1,) four feet and a half high, to those districts where timber is scarce. In newly having to struggle for an existence in their very in"The scarcity of fencing timber, which begins settled parts of the country, the common worm-fancy, with two or three desperate attacks of weeds. to be felt in some of the oldest settled parts of the fence will continue to be seen for many years. In it remains to be seen how they will stand the frosts county, and especially around the city, together conclusion of what I have to say on the subject of of the ensuing winter; if they survive, all is safe. with the larger portion of Hamilton, which is over-enclosure, I beg leave to recommend to your atten- Do not think me visionary, when I say, that milflowed by the Ohio and the Miamies, requiring for tion the early plantation of nurseries of our best lions of dollars will be saved to the poor west' such inundated ground, fences of a different con- forest trees. These should, in all cases where the from the culture of this beautiful material. struction from those on the uplands, are circum-seed can be procured, be raised from the seed, and stances that appear to me, to force themselves on managed, in almost every instance, just as our comour view, and to render it desirable that among the mon apple and peach tree nurseries are. first objects of the society's attention, we should "If to any one not accustomed to this business, take into consideration the materials of which our it should appear a labour altogether for the beneenclosures are to be made in a few years to come. fit of generations yet unborn, I only ask him to Without enclosure, there can be no permanent make the experiment on a small scale. He will be improvement; and it requires a very little expe- astonished at the rapid growth from the seed of our rience to feel that their erection and frequent wild cherry tree, black and white walnuts; the difrepair, constitute the greatest drawback upon ferent species of ash, mulberry, locust, chestnut, the farmer's profits. Hedging appears to be the na- and catalpa, all durable and valuable for rail tim tural resource of all disforested countries; and where ber, building and ornamental purposes. The cathe plant of which it is composed is handsome, talpa, with a wood when first cut as soft as the must add surprisingly to the beauty of rural sce-common buck-eye, is said to be as lasting as the nery. What shrubbery will thrive in hedges in our locust. These plantations, when once they have climate and soil remains to be decided; no experi- taken root, grow, like interest, while we are asleep. ment of long standing enough, having yet been Defended a little while from the attacks of animals, made to ascertain the fact. We must be taught a few swift revolving and fugacious years, will prethe lesson, however, some day, and would it not be sent to the planter or his successor, a beautiful and prudent to begin to learn by degrees?-so that at useful grove. There is on every farm, some nethe time we must necessarily attend to this business, glected corner, where a beginning can be made of we may go about it understandingly. Let us make seminaries of this kind. Our cleared lands are a few rods of hedge as soon as possible, out of too much cleared; too bare of trees. The land sufwhatever different materials can be procured. Ifers, the crop suffers, the stock suffers, in consewill enumerate some of these. The English haw- quence. Plantation is wanted." This was said in thorn, so celebrated by poets and travellers, will Rhode Island; under the influence of a hotter sun, certainly grow here; we have no less than eleven other species of hawthorn, peculiarly our own, and * Address to the Rhode Island Society for the Encou- Cobbett "The vine, too, and all its delicious products, may be ours. To become acclimated, this should also be raised from the seed. We have made hitherto wretched progress in this department; we have gone on from year to year, sticking sickly cuttings in the earth of two or three varieties, brought from Europe or Africa a century ago, and which have been pejorating ever since. Why not from the best grapes we can procure, grow a vigorous seedling progeny at once, and of these again select the best? It is probable,' says that accomplished naturalist, Mr. Nuttall, that bybrids betwixt the European vine, and those of the United States, would better answer the variable climates of North America than the unacclimated vine of Europe. When a portion of the same industry shall have been bestowed upon the native vine of America, as that which has for so many ages and by so many nations been devoted to the amelioration of the European vine, we can then no longer imagine the citizens of the United States indebted to Europe for the luxury of wine. It is not, however, in the wilds of uncultivated nature, that we are to obtain vines worthy of cultivation. Were this the case, Europe would to the present, have known no other malus than the worthless and austere crab in place of the finest appleno other pyrus than the acerb and inedible piraster or stone-pear, from which cultivation has obtained all the other varieties. It is from seed that new and valuable varieties are invariably to be obtained.' (SEPT. 12, 1828. Of the merino breed. Have you sold your wool for the last three years? I have been unable to sell my wool for the last three years. Price of the Merino Wool per pound. 1811 Bought, brook washed 1812 Bought, p. do Sold, "One only subject more, among the innumerable | pulverized; then, after the heat of summer has passobjects which present themselves as worthy of your ed, and in time for the plants to get a good hold of notice, permit me to mention:-Can no remedy be the ground before the winter frost sets in, sow about devised against the evils which an intemperate use six quarts of clean seed to the acre, and the next of ardent spirits is daily augmenting? These evils summer it will be in its prime. Great crops of this strike at the root of all prosperous husbandry, and grass have been raised in some parts of South Caform an "Iliad of woes" hideous of detail. Will rolina. (See the Report of the Committee of the not some of the very able physicians of Cincinnati Agricultural Society of Pendleton, in the 31 vol. inform us how far, if at all, the use of spirituous li-212, Am. Farmer, in which there are many valuaquors is beneficial to the labourer? In the infancy ble remarks on the culture of different grasses.) of our vineyards, what substitutes can be made use Herds'-grass, or Red-top, thrives well on lands of? What antidote to allay its poisonous effects? too wet for timothy, and makes a much better hay and, finally, if we must be drunken, how may the for horned cattle, being much finer and softer, provenom be extracted from these lethiferous cups, in-ducing a large crop. The manner of cultivation fused into them by Circean drugs and narcotic and seeding is the same as the timothy, except re- 1814 do roots? You will not gentlemen, turn away from quiring more seed, say eight or ten quarts to the 1816 do this good work, if the interests of agriculture agi-acre. tate your thoughts-if the respectability of our vocation merits a regard, "Si te digna manet divini gloria ruris;" or if, more than this, the welfare of your fellow beings can stimulate to action--the murderer's reeking blade, the widow's silent agony, or the orphan's unmurmuring wants. GRASSES Suited for Cultivation in the Southern States and elsewhere. The frequent inquiries we (Sinclair & Moore,) receive on the subject of the culture of grasses, &c. have induced me to make a few remarks, founded on experience, for the information of our customers and other inquirers. 4 0 do 4 0 do do do unwashed sorted R 66 50 do do brook washed, sorted F 5 6 do 5 9 do 3 6 do 1 9 cross bred fleeces, brook washed S 4 unwashed fleeces 2 6 1817 do Tall Oat Grass, meadow oat, (Avena elatior)—this 1818 do do do do AMERICAN FARMER. vegetables," p. 188, is as full of error as any article "A comparative view of the profit, &c. of various of its dimensions can well be. The first line of the estimate is "1816. Justin Ely, Esq., West Springfield, raised wheat 50 bushels per acre; weight per bushel, 60 lbs.; pounds per acre, 3000. Nutritive matter on an acre, 2865 lbs. Cost of manure, $00! Labour, seed, &c. $00. Total cost, $12. Price per bushel, $1.50. Total worth, $75. Profit per acre, Orchard Grass, or cock's-foot-This grass, after many years experience, is universally approved of READINGS ON THE SEVENTH VOLUME, for hay, and particularly for its abundant produce of early and late pasture; does not grow so tall as the above, but flowers about the same time, and for hay should be mowed then; requires from one and a half to two bushels of seed to the acre. PrepaThe common red clover is so well known, and ration, and kind of land, same as the above. The the cultivation of it, that it may seem superfluous best way to sow all those seeds is as directed for to include it in my observations, but as there are timothy; yet they all may be sowed with grain in many yet unacquainted with its value, as an im- the fall or spring; but I prefer the fall; and red cloprover of the land adapted to its culture, I will ver, if sown with them, will add fertility, whilst the make no further introduction. It grows well on all other grasses exhaust the land. corn lands sowed on winter crops, oats or barley Lucerne, is a species of clover, and like other sowed in the spring, provided the native grasses tap-rooted grasses, is a great improver of land, but have been destroyed by previous tillage. This grass is much more delicate and slender, and consequentis of so much consequence as an improver and me- ly less able to contend with the weeds and grass so liorater, that it ought to be looked up to as the foun-common in our lands. I have sowed this grass sedation and corner stone of systematic good farming, veral ways, and at different times, broadcast, with- of land; for the average of New England falls far In the first place, it must have been a pet piece wherever the climate will admit of its culture. I out succeeding as well as I expected, and am in- short of 50 bushels. Indeed, every product stated am informed it often fails on upland in the lower clined to think it had best be sown in drill, and use in the estimate is unusually great. Indian corn, 128 Carolinas, and more southerly, in consequence of a small cultivator and hoe between the drills about bushels; potatoes, 614, &c. In Bedford, we think the summer heat and drought, when sowed in the four times the first summer; after which the lucerne ourselves well paid for our labour if we get 20 bushwinter and spring as we do here; which has been would have acquired a strength sufficient to require els of corn, 15 of wheat, 15 rye, 20 of oats and 150 obviated in the southern parts of this state on san-less cultivation, but the grass and weeds ought to of potatoes. But let us suppose the acre under exdy lands, by sowing the clover seeds in the fall late be kept out of it; then I think it would give crops amination first rate; yet some manure must have enough to avoid the heat, and early enough to af- of lucerne and seed, that would more than double been applied-say 12 four-horse loads, a very moford the grass time to get a sufficient root in the the clear profit of sowing broadcast. A deep sandy derate manuring for such a yield. Dung must be ground to stand the winter's frost. If the object is loam, made mellow twelve inches deep, by cultiva- worth something in New England. There are few to improve the land, it must be left on it to grow tion, suits best for this plant; but it will grow well farmers in the eastern part of Pennsylvania who and fall there, it being the best improver of all on stiff land also. Sow the seed in drills about two would refuse to give $1 for a four-horse load, and plants; covers the land early, before the heat of the and a half feet apart, as early as will suit to plant haul it three or four miles into the bargain. I have sun evaporates the nitrous salts, which will increase corn; or perhaps it would suit better to sow to the known $2 a load given. Say then twelve loads, at as the land is kept covered and mellow by the de-south in the fall, as recommended for the red clo- $1 per load-you must have a wagon, four horses composing clover. We sow about six to eight quarts ver. Four crops may be mowed of this plant in and two men, to haul, load and unload, and all will one season. To have an acre, or more, near the be very busy, and not have far to go if they haul Timothy, (meadow cat's-tail,) in New England, stables, for mowing, and to give to the stock green, eight loads a day-and a four-horse team and two is called Herds'-grass, (Phleum pratensis,) has been especially for working horses and oxen, is very va men are certainly worth $3 per diem. The aggreone of the most popular grasses we cultivate for pro-luable. It requires fifteen to twenty pounds of seed gate of this item must be much below the fact, and ducing hay for feeding draft and other horses, is in to the acre. the writer of the article under consideration justithe seed here about the 20th July, which is the time to cut it. This grass gives but little pasture, and the fies the conclusion, for he says the manure of the hay is not so good for other stock as herds' or orchard corn cost $30, that of the potatoes $37, &c. grass; is well suited to the southern states, on their We of Pennsylvania generally plough three times moist or nearly dry bottom lands, near creeks and twice; and wheat ought not to grow for a man who rivers, now in many cases grown up with brambles, bushes, &c., being considered too damp for the culrefuses to plough twice. Nothing is more common ture of corn, cotton, &c., which, if properly set with this grass, would produce two tons of hay to the acre. Grub out such lands during the winter and in the spring, and during the summer plough and harrow frequently, until completely fine and well Young, in one of his tours, quotes ploughing at 51. Grain cannot thresh itself, and many hard knocks must be given before fifty bushels are threshed, and threshers must be paid, or they will not work. In our county we give the tenth bushel, and find boarding and lodging. To thresh fifty bushels at 15 cents per bushel, is $7.50. In such fine grain, ten bushels may be threshed in a day-five days boarding, at 25 cents per day, $1.25. After it is threshed and measured up, it must go to market. There is not one farmer in ten throughout the United States, who can load fifty bushels of wheat, take it to market, effect a sale, unload and return in less than a day. But I am willing to allow Mr. Ely the most favourable situation. Suppose he can make two trips a day: this is $1.50 for carriage. We shall say nothing of the rent of this acre, nor of taxes, &c. lest we frighten Mr. E. out of his wheat growing propensities. We have reduced his profits pretty well already. The account, then, of this acre of fifty bushels of wheat, stands thus 12 loads of manure, at $1 per load, 2 days ploughing, at $1.25, Sowing and twice harrowing, 14 bushels seed, at $1.50, Harvesting, Threshing, Transportation, Total expenses, Fifty bushels wheat, at $1.50, $12.00 4 50 0 37 2 50 0 41 1 871 2.00 8 75 150 your rent. 2. The value of stock, farming tools, &c. be prepared by frequent ploughings and harrowings, Every item of this "comparative view," with the exception of corn, potatoes and onions, and they cannot be relied on, appears to be as palpably erroneous as that of wheat. Mangel wurtzel, for instance, is stated to have grown 74,518 lbs. per acre. In the first column, however, it is stated at 133 bushels per acre, which I presume is a typographical $33 91 error. Taking the given weight of a bushel, 56 for 75 00 the divisor, and 74,518, the number of pounds grown on an acre, as the dividend, the quotient will Nett profit, $41 07 be 1152-4; which is the number of bushels on a Even this result, reduced as it is to something single acre, and is certainly a great produce. The like the truth, is an handsome profit, and very un- puzzle is, that this astonishing crop, which cost noexpected even to myself. Forty-one dollars clear thing for manure, nothing for labour, seed, &c., toprofit on an acre, is farming to some purpose. One tal cost nothing, price per bushel 11 cents, total hundred acres would be $4100, and better interest worth $146, should produce nothing profit! This for money than United States' stock. But with us out-herods Herod, and sets all agricultural data at of the mountains, whose average crop does not ex-defiance. By the way, 1152 bushels at 11 cents, ceed eight bushels, and who get 624 cents per bush- would produce only $126.72. This error in multiel in truck, it behoves us to do all the work our-plication makes but little difference in the result selves; to live upon ten florins in ten years; (as Ma-it is only an additional evidence of the inaccuracy chiavel says was the custom of the German far- with which the article is drawn up. mers in his day,) to wear wooden shoes; two of us wear one coat, like Klycgg and his brother; and to eat the skins of our potatoes, and sell the balance. It is a great error to suppose, because the farmer does the work of a farm himself, with the help of half a dozen sturdy sons, that therefore the labour costs nothing. If a man can earn $100 a year and his boarding, which cannot be estimated at less than $75, because he would have to pay that if he was idle; his labour is a capital of upwards of $2900, An article, so full of error, is well calculated to and the produce of his labour is the interest of that mislead the inexperienced. An agricultural tyro capital: but if he expends $35 for apparel annually, looking at the results: Wheat, per acre, $62 profit; the interest is reduced to $140—which is the capi-onions, $105 profit; mangel wurtzel, cabbages, cartal of $23334. The true way of calculating the profit of an acre, or of a thousand acres, is first to calculate the worth of the land; that is, how much will it sell for. "A thing Is worth as much as it will bring." The interest of this sum will be a legitimate item on the debit side. I you are a tenant, charge The whole article is a miserable proof of the unfitness of men to write upon subjects with which they are unacquainted. I do not mean that none but practical farmers should write on agricultural subjects; husbandry is greatly indebted to pens, the holders of which never held a plough. I only mean, before a man attempts to instruct others in an important science, he should examine his subject, and at least become master of the rudiments of it. rots, ruta bagas, &c. nothing-would pronounce him The "The American Farmer" is an agricultural chronicle, a book of reference. It is read in Europe, as well as with us. It records valuable facts. French and British are able calculators, well versed in numericals. They know that figures, rightly managed, cannot lie, but may be made to convey false ideas when in the hands of bunglers. What would Arthur Young, the Marquis de Mirabeau, or our Lafayette say, were they told that our acre of wheat produced 50 bushels, and was sold at $1.50, gave a clear profit of $62, while an acre of mangel wurtzel, yielding 1152 bushels, which cost nothing for manure, seed and labour, produced no profit? Tell it not in Gath. I have lately been put in possession of the 7th and 8th vols. of the American Farmer. The "comparative view" attracted my attention last evening. Its fallacy should have been exposed sooner. Bedford, Pa. J. B. M. 1. The farmer ought to rise early, to see that others do so, and that both his example be followed, and his orders obeyed. 2. The whole farm should be regularly inspected, and not only every field examined, but every beast seen at least once a day. 3. In a considerable farm, it is of the utmost consequence to have hands specially appropriated for each of the most important departments of labour, for there is often a great loss of time, where persons are frequently changing their employmente; and the work is not executed so well. 4. Every means should be thought of to diminish labour, or to increase its power. For instance, by proper arrangement five horses may do as much labour as six perform, according to the usual mode of employing them. 5. A farmer ought never to engage in a work, whether of ordinary practice, or intended improvement, except after the most careful inquiries; but when begun, he ought to proceed in it with much attention and perseverance, until he has given it a fair trial. 6. It is a main object in management, not to attempt too much, and never to be |