Persian empire." On the other hand, with regard to Constantinople, Captain Jones, of the British navy, whose book of Travels contains ample information respecting that capital and its vicinity, and the Rev. Dr. Walsh, whose authority is acknowledged to be great on the subject, concur in the opinion that should it be approached, it must quickly fall, in consequence of the facility of cutting off its supplies of water. It is positively asserted by the London Courier that the French expedition to the Morea was concerted with Russia as well as England. We doubt not that important arrange. ments have been made by the principal cabinets, which will be disclosed ere long; and that the present British ministry have not been wanting in providence and energy." "We have our regular file of the Courier de Smyrne down to the 5th July inclusive. The details which it furnishes respecting Turkish and Grecian affairs possess considerable interest, though they be not of later date than the information brought by the way of Liverpool. The articles from Constantinople are direct and authentic. In the course of June the Turkish Government was making the greatest efforts to fortify the vicinity of Constantinople, and in particular to protect the aqueducts by which the capital is supplied. The Captain Pacha directed in person, the completion of the works of defence. A number of Russian prisoners had arrived and were well lodged and fed. What is more remarkable, the governor of Smyrna, on the 1st July, gave permission to a Russian ship to enter the port, discharge her cargo, and take another. No Russian subjects had been molested. A very large Turkish force was assembled under the walls of Adrianople, and a levy en masse had been ordered in all the provinces. Every able bodied Mussulman was commanded to enlist. We translate the following paragraph in order to afford an idea of the feelings and preparations of the Porte. We extract the following paragraph, relative to the state of the harvest in East Gothland, from a German paper: 66 A letter dated Plymouth, Eng. August 24th, to a respectable house in New York, states the opinion that in consequence of the long succession of bad weather, they have no doubt that the averages in 'Stockholm, July 29.-The harvest is so uncomEngland will require supplies from the U. States.monly fine, that the farmers in East Gothland, one The letter also adds that the price of sweet flour in of our most fertile provinces, can now hardly obbond, at Liverpool, was 26 to 28 shillings. tain five rix dollars per ton for rye. Hay is cheaper than it has been during the last 20 years." (From the American.) We continue to day, our extracts from the London papers received by the ship Columbia at N. York. A meeting of the Executive Council of Maryland will be held on Thursday, the 2d of October next. BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. A meeting was about to be held in London to pe- tion than it would be honorable to the character and The Courier asserts that the resignation of the A telegraphic despatch announced the sailing of The French expedition was expected to reach the (From the London World, August 20.) a 20.00-Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00-Rapahannock 2.75 a 3.50 Kentucky, 3.00 a 5.00. FLOUR-white wheat family, $7.00 a 8.00-superfine Howard-st. 6.00 a 6.25; city mills, 5.75 a 6.00; Susque red wheat, 1.29 a 1.25-best white wheat, 1.25 a 1.35— hanna, 5.50 a 5.75-CORN MEAL, bbl. 2.50-GRAIN, best ordinary to good, 1.10 a 1.20--CORN, .38 a .40-RYE, .40 OATS, bush. .20 a .22-BEANS, 1.00-PEAS, .50 a.60— CLOVER SEED, 5.00 a 5.50-TIMOTHY, 1.75 a 2.25-ORCHARD GRASS 1.75 a 2.25-Herd's 1.00 a 1.50-Lucerne 371 a .50 lb.-BARLEY, .60 a 62-FLAXSEED, .75 a .80-COTTON, Va. .9 a.11-Lou. .13 a .14-Alabama, .10.11Mississippi .11 a .13-North Carolina, .10 a .11-Georgia, .9 a. 104-WHISKEY, hhds. 1st proof, 204 a .21-bbls. .221-WooL, common, unwashed, lb., .15 a .16-wash ed, .18 a .20-crossed, .20 a .22-three-quarter, .25 a .30-full do..30 a .50, accord'g to qual.-HEMP, Russia, ton, $210 212; Country, dew-rotted, 136 a 140-waterrotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbl. 5.75; do. trimmed, 6.50-North Carolina, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.87 a 3.00; No. 2, 2.25 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 5.50; No. 2, 5.12 No. 3, 4.00 BACON, hams, Baltimore cured, .10 a 11; do. E. Shore, Plaster Paris, cargo price per ton, $3.37 a 3.50.124-hog round, cured, .8 a .9-Feathers, .26 .28ground, 1.25 bbl. a MARKETING-Apples, per bush. .50 a .75; Pears, per a THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS. Were we to copy all the articles on the weather Constantinople, June 25. and the state of the crops, that have appeared in "Four hundred Russian prisoners arrived here the London and provincial papers since our last, we to-day, and have been billeted on householders. should nearly fill our columns with them, and they The Sultan issued orders not to resist pertinaciously would after all, be only a representation of the same the passage of the Danube, but to concentrate facts, applicable to different places. We shall con- peck, .25 a .37; Butter, per lb. .25 a 314; Eggs, dozen, strength and effort for Shunila, and the defile of the tent ourselves, therefore with briefly stating, that in 16; Potatoes, Irish, bush. .75; Sweet, do. .75; ChickBalkan Mountains. The Grand Vizier is about to every part of the kingdom the harvest has begun ens, dozen, 2.00 a 2.25; young Ducks, doz. 2.50; Beef, proceed to Adrianople with the levy en masse-the with good prospects of a favourable issue. All ac- prime pieces, lb. .8 a.10; Veal, .8; Mutton, .6 .7; Pork, Captain Pacha goes to Varna by land. A decree counts concur in asserting that the corn has suffer-.6; young Lambs, dressed, 1.75; young Pigs, do. .75 a has been read in all the mosques, by which every ed, comparatively with the anticipations, very litman between the ages of fifteen and sixty is order-tle; and generally there is an average produce. ed to arm and hold himself ready to march. In a The great loss has been in the hay; which, in many few days, Constantinople alone will produce a con- places, especially on low lands, has been either cartingent of 150,000 men. No one doubts at present ried off by the floods, or rotted by long continued that the Turks will make a desperate resistance.moisture. In Ireland the weather has upon the The people yield submissively to the orders of the whole been good, and crops there are reported to government and seem resigned to whatever event. be abundant, more especially potatoes. The Sultan has directed that a general engagement should be avoided with the utmost care until the Russians arrive at the Balkans. A partisan war is preferred. An innumerable multitude of armed Turks will harrass and thin the invading host on every side. The New York Journal of Commerce, under date of Monday, half past one o'clock, P. M. has the following paragraph: THE FLOUR MARKET. We learn that sales have been made this morning of Troy flour at 7 7-8. The news by the Columbia does not appear to have produced any material change in public sentiment. 874; Sausages, lb. .8 a.10; Soft Crabs, doz. .50 a .75; Hard do. 184; green Corn, dozen, .25; Canteloupes, .6 cumbers, pickling, per hundred, .25; Beets, bunch, .63; a .8 each; Tomatoes, peck, .25; Onions, bush. .50; CuTurnips, bush. 1.00; Partridges, .8 eah; prime Beef on the hoof, 5.50 a 6.00. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The state of the weather has not of late differed tages of Green or Dry Vegetable Matter ploughed into On the temperature of Scils: The comparative advan in France from what it has been in this country. Land, and the application of all other Vegetable and Rains have been abundant in almost all its provin- Animal Manures, by Dr. Wm. J. Cocke, of Virginiaces. Nevertheless, the price of wheat had fallen in On the Cultivation of Orchard Grass in the South-On some markets, and that of bread underwent a de- the Salivation of Horses, and on Pumpkin Seed Oil, by cline in proportion. From all parts of France it is C. S. Rafinesque, of Kentucky-On Ground Bones as a stated that the harvest has not suffered the damage Manure-English Patents, Improvements to Ploughs; which had been apprehended from the bad weath- New Method of Refining Sugar-On Manuring Lander; the farmers, however, are represented as anx-foreign Grain, Flour, and 'Meal-New Mode of Marking New English Corn Law, Scale of Duties payable on ious for a suspension of the rain. Some fears being Sheep without injury-Liming Seed Wheat-Early Fe entertained respecting the harvest in the neighbor- cundity-Gideon B. Smith on the Culture of Silk-Peach hood of Paris, the metropolitan Archbishop had or- Trees-Preservation of Fruits and Juices, concludeddered that prayers should be offered up in all his The Flower Garden of Paris-To extract Grease from Woollen Cloths-Hunting-Editorial, Celebration of parishes for the cessation of the rain. the ninety-first birth day of Charles Carroll of Carrollton; Society for promoting the Culture of the Vine; View of the United States; Latest News and its effects Maryland Agricultural Society's proceedings; Darby's -Prices. Hops. From the unsettled state of the weather, our reports from the hop plantations are not quite The Philadelphia Aurora of Tuesday says:so favorable as they have been. The plant in many "The accounts of the British crops, and of the situations, especially on the stiff soils, begins to London market, furnished by the arrival of the pac-show the effects of the continued and heavy rains ket ship Columbia, at New York, produced no that have fallen of late, and a further continuance Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for change in our market for flour yesterday. Holders of this weather, it is much feared will prove serious still ask $7, which we quote as the nominal price." to the coming crop. JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts. AGRICULTURE. (From Loudon's Encyclopædia of Agriculture.) THE SHOEING OF HORSES. C DD α ก a d In face, (b,) and not only be rather wider, but it should the feet generally perfect; but it is to be considered also have rather more substance than is common: that there are but very few feet but what have unfrom half an inch to five-eighths in thickness, ac- dergone some unfavourable alteration in their form, cording to circumstance, forms a fair proportion; which makes them very sensible to concussion. It when it is less, it is apt, in wearing, to bend to pres-is for this reason, therefore, that it is recommended, sure and force out the clinches. A great error is that a shoe be used, for general purposes, someThe importance of the subject of shoeing to the committed in setting shoes out so much wider than what wider and thicker than the common one. agriculturist, is sufficiently attested by the immense the heels themselves: this error has been devised weak, tender, flexible feet, it will be found particunumber of inventions which the ingenuity of philo-to correct another, which has been that of letting larly advantageous; and here the benefit of wide sophers and artists are every day devising, to render horses go too long without shoeing; in which case, heels to the shoe will be most apparent. Good as the system complete. Almost every veterinary pro- if the heels of the shoe were not too wide original- the roads now are, yet most horses are occasionally fessor has his favourite shoe; and we find one of the ly, as the foot grew, they became lost within the subjected to travel on bad ones; some know no most ingenious of the present day endeavouring to heels; and thus bruised and produced corns: but as other: to these, the addition of one, or at the most, force on our notice, and introduce into our stables, we will suppose that few will wish to enter into a two ounces to each shoe, is nothing, but the ease the French method; which, with the exception of certain error to avoid an uncertain one, so we re- to the horse and its superior covering, as well as the mode of nailing on, White observes, is the very commend that the heels of the shoe should stand support, is incalculable. In very young, very light, worst he ever saw. The French only wide enough to prevent the expansion of the and very firm feet, the width and substance may shoe (a) has a wide web towards quarters pushing the heels of the feet over the outer be somewhat diminished at pleasure, and particuthe toe, and is concave above, edge of the heels of the shoe: for which purpose, if larly in situations where the roads are uniformly and convex below (b,) on the the iron project rather less than a quarter of an good; but a very long and extensive experience ground surface, by which neither inch, instead of three-eighths, or even half an inch, has assured us, that the shoe pourtrayed, is one well the toe nor heel touch the ground as it frequently does, many advantages will be gain- calculated to meet the ordinary purposes of travel(c;) but the horse stands pretty ed. Whoever attentively examines a shoe well ling, and the present state of the art of horse shoemuch in the same way with an set off at the heels, as it is termed, will find only ing. unhappy cat, shod by unlucky one-third of its flat surface protecting the heels; An improved shoe on the present plan, would be boys with walnut shells. But as the remainder projects beyond, and serves but to found to unite all the perfections of the modern Blaine observes, in reference to form a shelf to lodge dirt on; or as a convenient English improvements, with some derived from our these inventions, "no one form clip for another horse to tread on; or for the wearer neighbours the French. What has since been called of foot defence can be offered as to cut his own legs with; or to afford a more ready a seated shoe, was introducan universal pattern." It is, he hold for the suction of clayey grounds to force off ed by Osmer; but from the continues, plain that the princithe shoe by. The heels of the common shoe are obstinacy and ignorance of ples of shoeing ought to be those that allow as lit-likewise not in general sufficiently long for the smiths, as it could not be tle departure from nature as circumstances will jus-protection of the foot; and which defect, more brought into general use, it tify. The practice, also, should be strictly conso-than a want of width, causes the tendency to press became little thought of, unnant to the principles; and both ought to consist, on the crust of the heels. It is further to be ob- til revived by Clark, of first, in removing no parts but those which, if the served, that if the decreased width of the outer Edinburgh; by whom it was bare hoof were applied to natural ground, would standing of the heels, and the increased width of the patronized and recommendremove of themselves. Secondly, in bringing such web, should make the inner angle of the shoe heel ed. It finally was taken up parts in contact with the ground (generally speak in danger of interfering with the frog, the corner by Moorcroft, and has ever ing,) as are opposed to it in an unshod state; and may be taken off. In forging this shoe, it may be since attracted some attention, and continues to be above all, to endeavour to preserve the original bevelled, or left plane on both surfaces, or rather forged in some shops where the work is superiorly form of the foot, by framing the shoe thereto; but nearly so, for it is usual with most smiths to thin it done; and where the employers have liberality never to alter the foot to the defence. The shoe at in some degree towards the inner edge. This shoe enough to pay for such work, and judgment enough present made at the forges of the most respectable is applicable to most feet, is easily formed, and, as to discriminate between its advantages and those of smiths in the cities and large towns throughout the such, in country places, is all that can be expected. the common shoe. If to this shoe were added the kingdom, if it have not all the requisites, is, how- The injurious effects of bad shoeing would only French mode of fastening it to the foot, we think ever, so much improved on, that with some altera- be required to be known to excite every endeavour the improvement would almost shut out all others. tions, not difficult either to direct or adopt, is the to obviate them; and there are some circumstances On examining the figure, it will be seen that this one we shall hold up as the most eligible for gene- in the more common shoes of country smiths, that shoe presents a flat surface opposed to the ground; ral shoeing. It is not that a better might not be ought to be impressed on the mind of every agri- (a,) but a concave one towards the sole, (b;) but offered to the notice; and in fact such a one we culturist, and guarded against by every one who that this concavity does not begin, as in some seatshall present to our readers; but so averse are the possesses a horse. It is too frequently observed that ed shoes, near the outer edge, but embraces twogenerality of smiths to have any improvements the ground side of their shoe is convex, and that thirds only of the web, leaving by this means a sufforced on them, and so obstinately determined are the inward rim, when the foot is on the ground, is ficient surface for the crust: but this bevelling is they to adhere to the forms handed down to them the lowest part, on which it is evident the weight not intended to reach the heels; it stops short of by their forefathers, that their stupidity or malevo- must first press; and by which pressure the crust them (c,) leaving the web at this part plane for the lence, or both, frequently makes the improvement will be forcibly thrust on the extreme edge of the heels to rest upon. The great advantages of this itself, when seemingly acquiesced in, a source of shoe; and the only resistance offered to its being seating are, first, that as the crust rests on a flat irreparable injury. It is for these reasons we would forced from it, depends on the nails and clinches, surface instead of an inclined plane, as most of the recommend to agriculturists in general, a modified instead of its just application to the ground, and common forged shoes presents, so its position is shoe of the common stamp. the support derived from the uniform pressure of maintained entire, and the inclination to contracthe whole. Every shoe should, therefore, be perfectly level on its ground surface: nor should any shoe be put on that has not been tried on a plane iron purposely made for such trial; which irons are kept in some smithies, but are absent from too many. The substance of the shoe should be the same throughout, forming two parallel lines of upper and under surface; in plain language, the heels, instead of being clubbed, as is too frequent, should be the exact thickness of the toe. Neither should the width at the heels diminish in the proportion it usually does; on the contrary, for a perfectly formed foot, the web should present an uniform width throughout. The improved shoe for general use is rather wider than what is usually made. Its nail holes (a,) extend no further towards the heels than is actually necessary for security; by which the expansion of these parts is en couraged, and contraction is avoided. To strengthen the attachment, and to make up for this liberty given to the heels, the nails should be carried around the front of the shoe, (c.) The nail holes, on the under or ground surface of the shoe (a,) are usually formed in a gutter, technically called Varieties in form of foot, differences in size, weight, the fullering; but in the case of heavy treading and uses of horses, will necessarily make deviations powerful horses, this gutter may be omitted, or if in the form and substance of shoes. The very shoe adopted, the shoe in that part may be steeled. The recommended, may be considered as a variation web, should be quite even on the foot or hoof sur- from what would be immediately necessary, were No. 29.-Vol. 10. tion is in a great degree avoided. The nailing on of this shoe we would recommend to be after the French method, which consists in conical nail holes, punched with a square countersink, (d,) into which are received conical nails (e,) which exactly fill up the countersink; by which means so long as any part of the base of the nail remains, the shoe must be held firmly on, and which is not the only advantage gained; for the nail holes being obliquely formed, and at some distance from the outer rim, act less detrimentally on the crust of the foot. To prepare the foot for the application of the shoe, is also an important consideration. Avoid taking off more than one shoe at a time; otherwise the edges of the crust become broken away. Observe that the clinches are all carefully removed. Let the rough edges of the crust be rasped away; after which, the sole should be pared throughout, until a strong pressure with the thumb can produce some AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH August 19th, 1828. On motion-Resolved, "That the thanks of this society be presented to Mr. Horry, for his very able and scientific Address delivered this day, and that a copy be requested for publication," which motion being seconded, was unanimously agreed to. Extract from the minutes. yielding: too stronge a sole tends to heat and con- course of social life-which have brought their ag will carry the name of Columbus to the latest postraction, too weak a one will not require paring. riculture to the greatest improvement, and have terity. These wars completely arrested the progress In this paring, imitate the natural arch of the sole most successfully combined it with commerce.* of agriculture, and the art retrograded. Italy was as much as possible. The line of concavity should It was my intention to have taken an historical ever considered well adapted for every species of not begin, as it usually is made to do, from the ex- view of agriculture, and its connection with com- agriculture; possessed fine meadows, a fertile soil treme margin of the foot, but should begin from merce and manufactures, from the earliest ages to and benignant climate. There agriculture was still the inner line of the crust only; by which means the present time. But however profitable the re- attended to, particularly in Lombardy; but not in the crust, or outer wall of the hoof, will have a search would have been to myself, I found that the the spirit of former times. In many parts of Eufirm bearing on the flat surface of the shoe. Let attempt would be a trespass on your patience; and rope, owing to those wars, lands were considered no heated shoe be applied to correct the inequali- that, although the subject may be worthy of a trea- the least costly of all gifts. This accounts for the ties that may be left, unless it is for a moment, only tise, it could not be brought within the limits of an large grants which were made to monasteries; and to observe, but not burn them; but still more care- address. After the subversion of the Roman em- it is due to the monks, at least, to say of them, that fully avoid putting a plane shoe on an uneven foot. pire, the Feudal system became established every a great part of Europe owes agricultural restoration The portion of sole between the bars and quar-where, and Europe sunk into barbarism. Not only to them. The culture of arable lands became every ters should be always pared out as the surest pre- the arts of elegance, which minister to luxury, and where imperfect. In England, during the reign of ventive against corns. The heels also should be are supported by it, but agriculture, as it had been Henry VIII. the country was depopulated, by abanreduced to the general level of the foot, never al- practised by the Romans, and many of the useful doning tillage, and throwing land into pasture.— lowing their hardness to serve as an excuse for arts, without which life can scarcely be considered Good lands rented for one shilling the acre; meadow being left; neither suffer the inner heel to be low-as comfortable, were neglected, and in some instan- rented for double the price of arable land: but after ered more than the outer. After all the rest has ces lost. The human mind, uncultivated and de- a time, landholders found it necessary to augment been done, the frog should be so trimmed as to re-pressed, was cast into profound ignorance. This their incomes, which were growing more and more main on an exact level with the returns of the heels, state of things continued till towards the close of inadequate to their luxuries. This caused them to and no more. The custom of taking away the the eleventh century. The Crusades undertaken to give more attention to agricultural concerns, and to point or angle of the horny inflexions of the heels, rescue the Holy Land out of the hands of Infidels, perceive that a high price for produce, against which under the false term of opening the heels, is to be by bringing nations together, had a tendency to en- their less enlightened ancestors had been used to carefully avoided. Let all these operations be per-lighten the human mind; to rouse Europe from the clamour, would bring much more into their coffers formed with a drawing knife. The butteris should lethargy in which it had long slumbered, and to in- than it took away. They, therefore, drew their atnever be allowed to come near the foot of any horse troduce a change in government and in manners, tention to tillage, which rewarded their expectations, but the largest and coarsest of the cart breed. and in favor of the arts. The Crusaders in their and their lands rose in value.* (To be continued.) progress, marched through countries better cultivat- During the reign of James I. considerable imed and more civilized than their own, and thereby provements were made in most arts, and also some became acquainted with the agriculture, the pro- in agriculture, which was beginning to be esteemed ductions, the arts, and the more polished and im- the most beneficial of any; and a number of books proved manners of other countries, and, particular- and pamphlets treating on husbandry were then ly, of the east. Those who lived to return to their written. Books on agriculture were also published homes, carried with them their acquirements; and every where on the continent of Europe; but notthese had an immediate influence on the state of withstanding these publications, the improvements property, of government, and of power in the differ- still progressed by such slow degrees, that towards ent kingdoms of Europe. Charters and immunities the close of the seventeenth century, at the time of were granted to cities and corporations, whereby a the first settlement of South Carolina, and when, in great body of people were released from servitude, France, the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, by and from all the arbitrary and grievous impositions Louis XIV. in 1685, caused many of the French to which their former vassalage had subjected them. protestants, the ancestors of a respectable portion Towns became small republics, governed by known and equal laws, and liberty was deemed an essential and characteristic part in their constitutions. the country as well as to the cities, and roused all This happy change was made to extend also to men from the inaction of their former wretched state. Industry revived, population increased, and It is with great diffidence that I address you on commerce and agriculture became objects of attenthe present occasion; and this proceeds from the tion. The husbandman, master of his own industry importance of the subject, and my inability to dis-and secure of reaping for himself the fruits of his cuss it according to its merits. I shall, however, in labour, became the farmer of the same fields where obedience to your pleasure, make the attempt, and he had formerly toiled for another. But at this petrust to your indulgence. riod literature was not, and could not be diffused. Of all the arts, Agriculture is doubtless the most The art of printing was not discovered till during useful and necessary. As a science, it has always the fifteenth century; and what was taught and been considered the most important to the general written, was composed in the Latin language, on welfare and interest of mankind, and, therefore, de-metaphysics chiefly, and on subjects which rather serves the peculiar attention of every nation. With confused than instructed the understandings of men. it all other sciences are intimately connected; and Happy, however, would it have been for Europe; in all ages, and more especially in modern times, it happy would it have been for mankind, if these im has been considered the best test of freedom, and of provements and changes which took place after the civilization. Agriculture is the foundation of man- Crusades, could have been allowed to progress, aidufactures, since the productions of nature are the ed by the art of printing, invented at a subsequent materials of art. Commerce too, proceeds from ag-period. But Europe and mankind were doomed for riculture, for the different climates of the earth hav-centuries, to a far different lot. Constant and desoing caused its productions to be various; exchanges lating wars were to be waged: wars for aggrandize suitable to the wants of its inhabitants are necessa- ment and for conquest; for making all men to be of rily made. Men thereby lend their assistance to one mind in matters of religion; for fixing and estabtheir fellow men, and a traffic is formed between na-lishing equal balances of power; civil wars arising tions, each rendering one to the other mutual bene- from ambition, and those carried on for the attainfits. Hence, commerce is founded through the me- ment of empire; and wars waged by the oppressed in dium of agriculture. An intercourse becoming con- the sacred cause of liberty. But it is not my intenstant, mankind gradually becomes civilized: and tion or my province to discuss any of those topics, those nations have ever been deemed most humane or even to say any thing relative to the discovery of and wise as to their laws and institutions-most im- America. History has recorded those events, and proved as to science, literature and arts-most polished as to manners, and refined in all the inter J. H. READ, Secretary, p. t. Delivered in Charleston, before the Agricultural So- HORRY. MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN: See Note A: at the end. it of our community, to seek Carolina as an asylum from cruel and bigotted oppression; England and every other kingdom and state in Europe had not had arrived among the nations of the east, partibrought their agriculture to the perfection at which cularly in China, where drill husbandry had been long known, where all the different kinds of manure had long been carefully collected, and skilfully distributed; where the lands were irrigated and drained in the most perfect manner, and abundant harvests reaped. At that time, in England, and over most of Europe, the broad-cast husbandry was alone practised; and draining and irrigation were unskilfully performed. At last, however, several eminent and learned men communicated their researches to the world, and laid the foundation of an improved state of agriculture.† The most important improvement was made by Mr. Jethro Tull, who was educated at one of the English universities, and admitted a Barrister of the Temple, towards the commencement of the eighteenth century. During a tour of Europe, the attention of this gentleman was particularly directed to agricultural subjects. On his return to England from France and Italy, he took a farm in Berkshire, in order to pursue his plans of an improved cultivation. His grand principle was, "That labour, continual stirring the earth, and arrangement," would supply the place of manure and of fallowing; and raise more grain at a less expense. In 1781, he published "a Specimen of his System," and in 1733, "an Essay on Horsehoeing Husbandry," designed to introduce a new method of culture, whereby the produce of land will be increased, and See Note B. at the end. NOTES. soils, may be carried to a very great extent; especially if they be applied to their laws for the protection of property, and the manners and customs of the people. But reflections on these topics, I shall consider as foreign to my present purpose. B. the usual expense lessened. The work also describes written books and treatises imparting information on which possess the most luxuriant and productive the instruments to be used agreeably to his new plan. all branches of knowledge.* What has been long called, and known to us by the name of "Drill Husbandry," is founded upon this last work of Mr. Tull, and includes every method of Bowing or planting seed in small furrows, drills or Agriculture takes its origin in the remotest antiopenings, in rows, at different distances, according quity. All nations, ancient and modern, have reto the nature and circumstances of all the soils and garded it as the basis of population, and of their the crops, by suitable machinery, and in which the prosperity. Mankind, however, has always at first after-culture is performed by the use of "the horse- shewn a disinclination to exchange the savage, for hoe," of Mr. Tull, or other hoes or tools of a simi- civilized life, and the introduction of agricultural lar kind, or acting on the same principle. Mr. Tuli pursuits among a savage people has never been acdid not live to see the effects of his system in Eng-complished without some extraordinary interposiland, after a fair trial of a number of years, for he tion. died in 1740. His method of culture made but slow progress in England, because the farmers were attached to their old customs, and those who opposed the new system were industrious to prevent others from attempting its trial. But it met with different success in France, for as soon as copies of the book were there received, a translation was undertaken at one and the same time by three different persons of consideration, without the knowledge of each other. Afterwards two of them put their papers into the hands of the third, Mr. Du Hamel du Monceau, of the Royal Academy at Paris, who published a treatise on the principles of Mr. Tull. In this treatise Mr. Du Hamel made a comparison between the old method of husbanery and the new. By his calculation the profits arising from the new, were consider ably more than double those of the old. According to him, the profits of twenty acres of land, for ten years, by the old method amounted to 3000 livres, equal to $562 our money, and by the new method to 7650 livres, equal to $1434, making the prodigious difference of $872 in favor of the latter. C. The exportation of corn had been prohibited; and it was not till the 5th year of Elizabeth's reign, that it was allowed; and Camden observes, that agriculture, immediately after that permission was granted received new life and vigour. But during the next reign, Mr. Hume, in his history, says that the nation was still dependant on foreigners for daily bread; In the early stages of society, after man had pas- and there was a regular importation from the Baltic, sed the toils and hazards of the hunter's state, he as well as from France, and if it ever stopt, the bad must have found in the pastoral also-although he consequences were sensibly felt. Sir Walter Rabecame less exposed to dangers and to hardships, leigh computed that two millions (of pounds sterand was more certain of his subsistence-that his ling, I suppose,) went out at one time for corn. herds and flocks were liable to innumerable accidents, and that he and they might at once be reduced to the miseries of famine. It became natural, therefore, for him to think of means, whereby he may with more certainty subsist, and procure the necessarias of life. His attention would immediately be turned to the earth, and in obedience to the command of the Almighty Father of the universe, he would proceed to cultivate it; and experience would prove to him, that by due cultivation, the soil would produce in abundance fruit and grain for his nourishment; but that without his labour, the natural fertility of the soil, the warmth of the sun and the revolutions of the seasons would be in a great measure unavailing. The publication of the "Anatomy of Plants," by Grew, contributed to enlarge the views and extend the inquiries concerning the nature of vegetation and the food of plants. After the restoration of Charles II. Evelyn inspired his countrymen with a desire of reviving the study of agriculture. He was followed by Ducket, the learned Ray, Dugdale, and several other authors; all of whom aided in the recovery of the art of cultivation, and some improvements were introduced by them. The Royal Society, which had been established in 1662, now contributed still more to its advancement, and served as a focus for collecting and recording valuable materials The agriculture of the earliest ages must have on the nature of vegetation, and the principles of been extremely simple; for the progress of the art agriculture, as well as other subjects. About the Mr. Du Hamel's book met with a very general has ever been slow, and in most countries it has commencement of the last century, additions and circulation, and that, together with the improved been by degrees almost imperceptible. The imple- improvements were made. Bradley reduced the editions of Mr. Tull's work, afterwards published, in ments for opening and turning the soil, must have facts on vegetation into a more systematic order; a great degree tended to form and establish, not-been at first, of the rudest kind; and they could not and Miller contributed very materially, by the pubwithstanding the futility of some of his positions, have been made without some knowledge of the lication of his dictionary, as well as of his other particularly that of manure being of no consequence, metals. valuable works. This dictionary was, and now is, a new era in the history of agriculture, on the contiThe records of holy writ, however, inform us, considered the most celebrated work of its kind, and nent of Europe as well as in England. But the same that before the deluge, the art of forging metals may be said to have laid the foundation of all the system, nearly, had been, for ages, almost the only had been discovered, and that there were workmen horticultural taste and knowledge in Europe, and one known and practised in Asia. In parts of India, in brass and iron. Agricultural instruments of some afterwards in America. The last edition of this it has always been used in the culture of almost kinds, made of one or both of those metals, might, great work, published during the life of the author, every kind of grain, planted in that extensive and therefore, have been in use before that great event; was that of 1768, and in it the nomenclature and style fertile country, and in the growth of hemp, tobacco, and even a plough might not have been unknown to of Linnæus was followed, instead of that of Tournecotton, and even of the castor-oil plant. It is assert the antedeluvians. Agriculture once effectually fort. Linnæus has remarked, that Miller's was a ed also on the authority of travellers, and from the commenced may proceed of itself, under the impul- botanical as well as horticultural dictionary; and it best sources of information, that in Arabia, China ses of its own creation. An increase of population is admitted that it proved a powerful means of introand Japan, where the cultivation of the earth has will require and occasion an increase of supplies.—ducing a taste for scientific botany, amongst those undergone no changes for thousands of years, they Necessity will force industry; and industry will find who at first had recourse to it merely as cultivanot only drill, but dibble corn of every description. inducement in the advantages incident to the acqui-tors. The antiquity, therefore, of the system must be ad-sition of property in the civilized state. Thus a promitted; though it cannot be denied but that Mr.gressive agriculture, and a progressive population Besides, in most of the libraries formed and colTull, who was a man of letters, and therefore, most ensue, and the one becomes the natural consequence lected by gentlemen prior to the revolution, copies probably, had read respecting the agriculture of the east, introduced it into England, and thence it was extended to the continent of Europe and to America. My opinion is, that so far as extends to the culture of rice, and of indigo when a staple, and also of some of the small grains, the drill husbandry has, mostly if not always, been practised in South Carolina. I have never heard, except for experiment, of rice being planted otherwise than in rows or trenches.I can remember that indigo was thus planted; and am induced to believe that Mr. Tull's system was as generally known in the British American Colonies prior to our revolutionary war, as in most parts of England, and that it came into practice in them sooner or more generally than in that country; for prior to the revolution most of the sons of wealthy agriculturists particularly those of the south, were educated in England, and on their return home, they brought with them such means of information and of improvement as would render the most essential services to their native country, and the best D. of the other. Agriculture may exist and progress to of Mr. Tull's essay were generally to be found; and Observations applicable to agriculture and to those countries situated in the finest climates, and See Note D. GRASSES. Columbia, S. C., September 8th, 1828. 22d of August last, an article on artificial grasses adapted to the southern states, signed D., dated Richmond, Va., July 28th, by which it appears that Mr. D. has received a letter from a "distinguished gentleman of South Carolina, lamenting the total destitution in his section of the country of all valuable grasses," &c. This gentleman is certainly mistaken, unless he lives in a part of the state I am totally unacquainted with. It is true that we must manage our grass lands differently from what is done in more northern climates; but it is also true that besides very valuable exotic grasses that may be cultivated with advantage, we have many native ones which can, with a little trouble, be made very profitable; and among these there are several kinds that in no degree yield to any of those cultivated at the north. I believe it is perfectly true that we can, in the southern states, obtain hay of a quality equal, and most probably superior, and at an expense less than can be done at the north. We must also admit that our agricultural habits have hitherto been opposed to our successes in this respect; or rather, that we never have considered the subject properly, or attended to it in a manner worthy of it. To prove this most satisfactorily, I shall state what Mr. R. a very respectable neighbour of mine, has been doing for several years, by noticing what he has particularly done this year. There is no planter in this state, but what knows crab or crop grass, (Digitaria sanguinalis,) and also the crow-foot grass, (Eleusine indica,) and that both these make excellent hay, particularly the latter; and also that there is no need of sowing either of them, and that they will invariably grow more or less abundantly, according to the quality of the land, after a summer ploughing. has been attempted. I have seen several papers at immediately. The same application was used in a It is undoubtedly desirable that the agricultural I N. HERBEMONT. (From the Reporter.) Feeling a lively interest in the prosperity of the sheep business in this country, having a flock myself, have thought proper to communicate the following facts and observations to the public, with a view to excite inquiry and elicit information in relation to that disease which has carried off so many of these useful animals during the present season. Some time in February last, I looked at a flock Mr. R. obtained last week from four acres of of yearling lambs, (about 200 in number,) belongland, only of middling quality, twenty thousand pounds of crow-foot grass hay; and he has anothering to J. R. which I had seen late in the fall; at that time they were in a thriving condition. In lot of about the same size which will produce, pro- February, when I examined them, several had died bably, about the same quantity. There is no kind and the remainder were very poor, and a general of doubt as to the quality of this hay. It is very cough prevailed among them, which increased with fragrant and very nutritious, and both horses and a shrill sound, a dull and heavy appearance, and cattle eat it most greedily. extreme emaciation. Some time after, I dissected sheep of this flock, which had fallen a victim to the disease. I commenced at the cardia, (pit of the stomach,) and cut obliquely backward, in the direction of the diaphragm on both sides, more a HORTICULTURE. KITCHEN GARDEN FOR OCTOBER. This is the last month for finishing all material sowing and planting before winter. A few articles only are to be sowed, but several planted and pricked, some for winter supply, and others to stand the winter for early and principal crops, next spring and summer. At this season, likewise, several present crops will require to have a thorough clearing from all autumnal weeds; others earthing up, and some a peculiar winter dressing. Sowing is now required in only three articles for early production next spring and summer, viz: peas, lettuces, and radishes; and small salading for present supply. Planting must now be completely finished in all or most of the following crops: celery, endive, cabbage-coleworts, cauliflowers, brocoli, borecole, garlic, shalots, rocombole, mint, balm, beans, &c., and several plants for seed, as cabbage, savoys, carrots, onions, parsnips, red beet, turnips, &c. Aromatic plants, in beds and borders, should now have a thorough cleaning and dressing, if not done in the preceding month, cutting away all decayed stalks of the plants, hoeing off all weeds, digging between some that stand distant, others close growing, and spreading earth from the alleys over the surface of the plants. Jerusalem artichokes may now be dug up for use, and towards the latter end of the month all may be taken up for keeping in sand the winter. Cut down the stems of the asparagus in the beds of the last spring, hoe off the weeds, dig the alleys, and some of the earth over the beds. Plant out, finally, some of the strongest cabbage plants, sowed in August, two or three feet distance, or some closer to cut young. Plant also for coleworts a foot distant for spring. I beg, sir, you will take notice that this great crop of hay is a second crop this year off the same land, from which was cut, last June, a great crop of oats. Now, to obtain such crops, Mr. R. manures his land pretty highly with stable manure; gets a first crop of Indian corn; this is followed by a crop of than half way toward the spine or backbone; thence small grain; rye, wheat, barley, or oats; and after to the pelvis on both sides, so that I could have a complete view of the contents of the abdomen. I the latter is off the ground, which is about the end found no adipose matter. I continued my examiof June, he gives his land a good ploughing, and has it rolled with a heavy roller to smooth it, and nation about the region of the colon; but found no inflammation, nor any other morbid appearance, he lets it stand till about this time, when he mows until I came to the duodenum; it contained nothing Your main spring sowed crops of carrots being his grass and cures it. Where can such a crop of but a little yellow, greenish slime, the duodenum now arrived at full growth, take them up towards hay be procured at a cheaper rate? It is remarka- somewhat inflamed, but the liver quite sound. I the latter end of the month, for steeping in sand ble, that if the land is ploughed as early as the lat- then passed the knife between the ribs and carti- all winter. Cut the tops off close cleaned from the ter end of May, (which may be done if rye, barley lages which connect the ribs with the sternum, earth, and, when quite dry, let them be carried unor wheat is the first crop,) crab grass will chiefly which I removed. I dissected the pleura and ex- der cover, and placed in dry sand, or light dry come up; but if as late as the last of June or ginning of July, crow-foot grass will come up al-posed both lobes of the lungs. They were indu- earth; a layer of sand and carrots alternately. most exclusively—and this is the better grass of the rated and inflamed from the extremity, more than Young carrots of the autumn sowing in July and half way to the bifurcation of the trachea or August, clear from weeds, and thin where too close; windpipe. I opened the pericardium, but saw no the former sowings for present use, or young winter The present crop of Mr. R. is the crow-foot, morbid appearance. I then laid the lungs open, carrots, the latter for spring. Large carrots for which was from two to two and a half feet high, and in the cellular substance of the lungs and in seed, plant in rows two feet distance. measured it myself.) This grass is most undoubtedly excellent, and it contains so much saccharine the bronchial vessels there were a multitude of matter, that I have no doubt sugar might be extract-worms about as thick as a linen thread, and from ed from it. This grass will grow on all qualities of one to six inches in length, exceedingly sharp pointdry land, and more particularly on a light sandy soil. Every farmer has it, then, in his power to have such crops of it as Mr. R., by using the same means. This being the case, why should we envy our northern neighbours their permanent meadows, two. be ed at one end, and that end of a chestnut brown co lour, the rest of it of a pale white colour. In a day or two after, I dissected another sheep while it was Manure your grounds, where it is required, with rotten dung of old hot beds, especially where the hand-glass crop of cauliflowers and early cabbages are intended. Dig_ground for present planting with proper crops of the season, and also at oppor tunities, ridge vacant ground to lie fallow, and improve for future sowing and planting. Continue to tie up full grown plants of endive in dry weather, every week to blanch. Plant endive til! spring. or their other cultivated grasses? But we have lowthey were dead. I directed Scotch snuff to be given for the last late crop, in a warm border, to stand grounds also well calculated for meadows, properly so called, and in these a great number of native grasses grow with the utmost luxuriance, and many of them make excellent fodder. I know but few of them by name; some of them, however, will be found among the Panicums, the Paspalums, (in dry and also in wet Jand,) the Agrattis, the Poas, &c. This productiveness of our cultivated lands in crab and crow-foot grasses, without either being sown, is not however, a new discovery. It has been obtained, occasionally, and I believe every time it to the sheep which seemed to be diseased, on their Hoe cabbages, coleworts, brocoli, savoys, and turnip-cabbage, cutting up clean all the weeds, and drawing earth to the stems of the young plantsNOTES. Diaphragm-The muscles which separate the Likewise hoe winter spinach, thin the plants, and chest from the abdomen. Adipose-Fatty matter. Colon-One of the large intestines. Pleura-The lining membrane of the chest. destroy all the weeds. Horse-radish is now at full growth to be dug up for use as wanted, by trenching along each row to the bottom of the upright roots, cutting them off close to the bottom, leaving the old stools for future production. |