which soften and adorn human nature, he had no America. "In his natural disposition, though kind, affectionate, humane, generous, just, magnanimous and brave, he seemed deficient in some of the most essential requisites of a commander over the ferocious, turbulent, ignorant and hardy adventurers who came to America in the first few years after its discovery. I have never reflected upon the character of Columbus without admiration, nor upon the events of his life without regret; and a full conviction, that if like De Gama, Cabral, Albuquerque, and Cortez, he had been more limited in his personal ambition he would have enjoyed the fruits of his genius and labour, with more tranquility and security. "But taken all in all, with the whole contour of his character, he certainly was, except Prince Henry of Visco, the greatest and best man who has contributed to discover the new world. Though he has not imprinted his name on this continent, his fame is beyond the reach of envy or detraction; it is incorporated into the history of the world, and associated with the most pure and sublime feelings of the human heart. race." "Mind, mind alone, bear witness earth and heaven! every time it is seen. When beauty of looks loses the state, and the stand appropriated to the ladies SPORTING OLIO. FOX HUNTING. Extract from a gentleman residing near Alexandria, dated November 15, 1828. er. Immediately after the purse race, the ladies' cup, richly chased, and valued at $100, was contended for by Lady Jackson (an Eclipse filly,) Fox and Sportsman, two horses celebrated for their speedone mile and repeat. It was won by Lady Jackson m. 52 s., and presented to the rider, in the name in two heats-the first in 1 m. 50 s., the second in of the ladies, by Mrs. Livingston. 1 "Yesterday I met our friends T. and D. and some others; fourteen couple of dogs out. Found a grey fox between the factory bridge and that on the Alexandria road. After a double or two he gave for the second day, purse $300, three miles and reSplendid, Sir Lovel and Lady Flirt, were entered us the slip by swimming the creek. We went round by the bridge to recover him; but in place of peat. This was won in fine time by Flirt in two our little grey, we bounced (as here termed,) a gal-heats-the first in 5 m. 53 s. the second in 5 m. 544 s. It was a beautiful and well contested race. Splenlant red fox, which, after a double round Penny- did passed Flirt in the commencement of the third hill, broke away for the clear grounds on the river; mile of the second heat, but was unable to maintain passing Major Hunter's plantation, the brick bridge his ground; the Lady asserted her right to preceA Castillo y a Leon, Nuevo Mundo dio Colon. The sentiment expressed in this epitaph is too through the enclosures of Arlington to the George-dence, and in spite of the strenuous efforts of Splencircumscribed; Columbus did not give a new world town ferry, where he doubled to the left, leaving did and Sir Lovel, regained the lead, and gradually alone to Castile and Leon, he gave it to the human Arlington wood to the left and the Georgetown ferry increased the distance between her Ladyship and road to the right, he ran to Chapman's woods; the first five miles was up the wind. He now found it them, as if afraid of trusting herself longer within a losing game, and doubled short back for Arling- the reach of such ungallant competitors. As soon ton, passed near the house and through the lawn, as this race was over, another purse of $50 was through the low pasture grounds near the river, given, and run for by Fox, Sportsman, &c. This and was evidently making for Pennyhill, but be- was won by Fox in two heats-the first in 1 m. 51 s. the second in 1 m. 52 s. Sportsman was very restween the causeway and turnpike gate he was viewed by the dogs, ran to and killed. The chase tive, and lost two or three lengths each heat in the start. This day's race was followed by a Ball, nuwas a little more than an hour and a quarter." merously and brilliantly attended by much of the beauty and fashion of Dutchess and Columbia counties, got up in good style by the members of the Jockey Club. The room was handsomely decorated by the ladies, and the music and supper such as did credit to the legitimates, Bennett and Samuel, to whom those important departments were confided. The celebrated Segur, on Female Education, justly remarks, "Heaven in creating woman, seemed to say to man, behold either the torment or delight of your present and future existence. Give a direction to this being, calculated by the extreme pliancy of her mind, to receive all the impressions you may wish to bestow on her. It is another self which I offer you; in taking charge of her, you ought, in a certain degree, to identify her with yourself!" Her breast sustains and nourishes us; her hands direct our earliest steps; her gentle voice We are indebted to a friend, who was an eye teaches us to lisp our first expressions; she wipes away the first tears we shed-and to her we are in-witness of the different performances of speed at debted for our chief pleasures. the races at Poughkeepsie last week, for the followIn fact, nature seems to have confided man to her continual care; ing particulars. His lively description is worthy a Pierce Egan. the cradle of infancy is her peculiar charge, and her kind compassion soothes the bed of death. (From the N. Y. Evening Post.) DUTCHESS COUNTY RACES. On the third day, purse $200, two mile heatsTrouble, Lady Jackson, Sir Lovel and Hopeless were entered. This was the most interesting race of the three days. Lady Jackson won the first heat in 3 m. 544 s. beating Hopeless half a length, and was the favourite at three and four to one. Trouble but just saved his distance in this heat, and was supposed (from the shortness of his training and stride,) to be totally unable to cope with so fleet a one as her Ladyship had proved herself to der. The first exhibition on the Dutchess Course be. But here again they were mistaken; he lengthhas gone far to prove the error of the one opinion ened his stride and won the 2d heat under a hard Hopeless was withdrawn, and and the entire fallacy of the other. Their exten-pull, in 3 m. 53s. sive buildings were filled with people of the first the case of the other two evidently as desperate, as standing and respectability from different parts of the event of the next heat proved. Trouble beat Dutchess County Races.-The races over the Dutchess Course terminated on Thursday last, without an accident or occurrence of any kind to Nothing, says Fordyce, can fix esteem but that mar the pleasures of the thousands who assembled to kind of beauty, which depends on the splendour of witness, and were advocates for these periodical a virtuous and enlightened mind. The least degree and regulated trials of speed, or to excite a feeling of understanding will be disgusted at petulance, of disappointment or regret in those whe were solicaprice or nonsense, even in the fairest form. Ex-citous to remove the prejudices of such as held ternal accomplishments are continually losing; in- racing incompatible with good morals or good orternal attractions are continually gaining. A beautiful character is, as the morning light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day. Sense, spirit, sweetness, are immortal. All besides withers like grass The power of a face to please is diminished A GOOD NAME. them with ease in 3 m. 544 s., adding (to the satis- couple of wild ducks are caught; and in a favourfaction of his old friends,) another laurel to his own able season, most of the towns within one hundred It is ever to be kept in mind that a good name is and his trainers' brows. miles of Bornheim are supplied with them at the in all cases the fruit of personal exertion. It is not The last, though not the least amusing, of the rate of 1s. 3d. a couple. In the middle of this inherited from parents; it is not created by exterraces took place immediately after, for another estate there is a lake about seven miles in length, nal advantages; it is not a necessary appendage of purse of $50, one mile and repeat. Sportsman, Ro- which, many centuries ago, formed a branch of the birth, or wealth, or talents, or station; but the reman, a colt from Dutchess county, and Dandy Jack Scheldt. Here a mode of angling, or rather making sult of one's own endeavours-the fruit and reward contended for it. The first beat was won by Roman ducks angle, is practised. To the legs of half a of good principles, manifested in a course of virin 1m. 528.; the second was a dead heat between dozen tame ducks, short lines with hooks and baits tuous and honourable actions. This is the more Sportsman and Roman; the third heat was won by are attached; the birds swim about, and as the lake important to be remarked, because it shows that Sportsman, distancing the Dutchess county colt.is well stocked with fish, in a few minutes they are the attainment of a good name, whatever be your Roman was withdrawn, and it was now 100 to no- sure to bite; a struggle then takes place between external circumstances, is entirely within your powthing, Sportsman against Dandy, who had contriv- the duck and fish, the latter attempting to escape, er. No young man, however humble his birth, or ed, by hook or by crook, to save his distance in and the bird endeavouring to get to the shore, obscure his condition, is excluded from the invalueach previous heat. They started, and had not where, the instant he arrives, a good supply of food able boon. He has only to fix his eye upon the gone far before Sportsman bolted, and lost 150 to is given to him. The scene is truly ludicrous, and prize, and press towards it in a course of virtuous 200 yards before he could be brought to the track indeed cruel, when it happens that a large pike conduct, and it is his. And it is interesting to noagain. Dandy went on his way rejoicing, thinking, seizes the bait; the poor bird struggles with all his tice how many of our worthiest and best citizens no doubt, the gap too wide to be made up; but, might to reach the bank, but is often pulled under have risen to honour and usefulness by dint of their alas, poor Dandy (like many of his tribe,) was a water, and would be drowned, did not a person go own persevering exertions. They are to be found rum one to look at and a bad one to go; he was out in a boat to his assistance. in great numbers, in each of the learned professions, overtaken and beaten almost in the arms of victory. and every department of business; and they stand This contest finished the third day, and ended a forth bright and animating examples of what can display as rational as honourable, (when directed be accomplished by resolution and effort. Inby honourable men,) and as useful as most others; deed, in the formation of character, personal exerat least this is the opinion of a friend to the course THE BEECH TREE, tion is the first, the second, and the third virtue. and its legitimate objects-amusement, and the imProof against the Electric Fluid. Nothing great or excellent can be acquired without provement of the breed of horses. it. A good name will not come without being Dayton, Ohio, Nov. 1828. The communication in your paper upon the sub-sought. All the virtues of which it is composed The Emperor of Horses is no more.-Screw Driver ject of the effects of lightning upon cedar, or rather are the results of untiring application and industry. is dead! He died suddenly on Sunday the 19th Oc-its non-effect, has induced the following. I give Nothing can be more fatal to the attainment of a you the facts so far as I am able, and they may lead good character than a treacherous confidence in exto some further observations, which may result internal advantages. These, if not seconded by your own endeavours, will "drop you midway; or perusefulness. haps you will not have started when the diligent MISCELLANEOUS. MR. SKINNER, tober, 1828, in his training stable at Philadelphia. DUCKING. traveller will have won the race." Thousands of young men have been ruined by relying for a good name on their honourable pacame up, and it was then observed by the gentle- rentage, or inherited wealth, or the patronage of man that we should try and find a beech tree under friends. Flattered by these distinctions, they have which to take shelter. In the course of conversa-felt as if they might live without effort-merely for their own gratification and indulgence. No mistake tion it was stated that it was a common opinion is more fatal. It always issues in producing an inamong surveyors and woodsmen, that the beech possessed the quality ascribed to the cedar; that one had never been known to be stricken by lightning, and that during the heaviest thunder storms, they felt perfectly secure when they could find shelter under the spreading branches of a large beech. efficient and useless character. On this account it is that character and wealth rarely continue in the The younger branches, placing a deceptive confisame family more than two or three generations. dence in an hereditary character, neglect the means of forming one of their own, and often exist in society only a reproach to the worthy ancestry, whose name they bear. [Hawes' Lectures. (From Gen. Miller's Memoirs.) The French have a curious mode of taking wild fowl, which Col. Hawker, in his interesting, and, to sportsmen, invaluable work on shooting, denominates "hut shooting." A place of concealment The statement induced me to further observation for the gunner is fixed on the margin of a pond, and enquiry. I have never since passed a tree frequented by wild fowl at night. Twelve tame which had been riven by lightning, without its reducks, more or less, are tied to three lines, four to calling it to my recollection, and caused me particcach line, extending in a parallel direction from the ularly to notice; and I presume I have passed an shore to the centre of the pond, and fastened to hundred oaks which have been stricken, and alstakes at each end. The middle string has drakes though beech is more common than any other timattached to it, the outer ones ducks. In this situa ber, I have not discovered one of that kind, nor "The person of Bolivar is thin, and somewhat tion they keep constantly calling to each other, for have I any recollection of ever having seen one below the middle size. He dresses in good taste Colonel Hawker remarks that there is as much dif- previous to the above occasion which called it par- and has an easy military walk. He is a very bold ference between the loquacity of a French and anticularly to my notice. I have also uniformly learned rider, and capable of undergoing great fatigue. English duck, as there is between two individuals upon enquiry of those who are accustomed to the His manners are good, and his address unaffected, of these nations. The gabble of the tame ducks woods, that such is the prevailing opinion as stated. but not very prepossessing. His complexion is salinduces wild ones to alight, and when there is a I give you the facts as I have them. If they are low, his eyes dark and penetrating, but generally sufficient number collected, out of range of the de- well founded, and if the timber stated has the pro- downcast, or turned askance when he speaks; his coys, the gun is discharged from the hut, with perty of resisting the effects of lightning, it is nose is well formed, his forehead high and broad, great execution. We have seen this kind of shoot-proper it should be universally known. One well the lower part of his face is sharp; the expression ing practised on the eastern shores of Massachu-attested instance of a beech having been struck by of the countenance is care-worn, lowering, and setts, by fastening tame ducks to a stake in creeks, lightning would at once decide the question, and sometimes rather fierce. His temper, spoiled by &c. to serve as decoys. A stuffed wild duck, fas-show the fallacy and error of the opinion, as it adulation, is fiery and capricious. His opinions of tened to a shingle, properly balanced with lead to should be, if without foundation. On the con- men and things are variable. He is rather prone keep it erect, and anchored in the stream, serves as trary, if an instance of similar character with the to personal abuse, but makes ample amends to those an excellent decoy, which we have often seen used one described in the Farmer could be referred to, who will put up with it. Towards such his resentwith great success. it would go very far in establishing the position. ments are not lasting. He is a passionate admirer In an agricultural view it is worth enquiry. If of the fair sex, but jealous to excess. He is fond beech has this property as contended, and as animals in storms seek shelter, it would be well to leave, in clearing, or plant beech trees, where grazing animals might seek shelter and safety. DECOY DUCKS. At the magnificent estate of Count Marnix, the grand verneur of the Netherlands, there are such immense decoys for wild ducks, that in winter time during a hard frost, fifteen hundred to two thousand Yours, with much respect. H. B. of waltzing, and is a very quick but not a very graceful dancer. His mind is of the most active description; his voice is loud and harsh, but he speaks eloquently on all subjects; his reading has been principally confined to French authors, hence his Gallic idioms so common in his productions. He entertains numerously, and no one has more skilful gent persons, that in a very few years the supplies MR. COBBETT'S BEAU-IDEAL OF A LABOURER. The following characteristic advertisement ap pears in Cobbett's Register: "I want three or four labouring men for the winter, at three shillings per week, boarded and lodged in my farm-house. They must be single men, young, stout, and know how to do work upon a farm, and willing to rise early, to keep home steadily, and to be, at all times, sober. None need apply if they have ever lived a week, at any time, within forty miles of London. I prefer men from any part of Wiltshire, and from North Hants; but I object to no county, provided the parties have not lived within the above distance of London, and have been in farm service, or farm work, all their lives. In the spring the men may go away, if they like; and, indeed, they may quit my service whenever they like, I being at liberty to quit paying them when I like. "N. B. No man need come, unless he have a smock frock on his body, and nailed shoes upon his feet." CUSTOMS OF NANTUCKET. A GREAT BARGAIN!! In Lancaster county, Va., immediately bounding on the Chesapeake Bay, a very valuable FARM, consisting of 370 acres of land, is offered for sale at the very reduced price of eleven dollars per acre. There is some A new species of Bejuco de Guaco, so celebrated valuable white oak timber on the land, and large sea in South America for its power of curing wounds The exportation of timber and cord wood from said vessels may approach within forty yards of the shore. made by the most poisonous serpents, is now in full county to New York city, is highly recommended as a flower in the stove of A. B. Lambert, Esq. of Bay-means of considerable speculation. Address "R. Y. S." ton House, Wilts, (one of the Vice Presidents of or "B. A. C.", Nuttsville, Lancaster county, Va. the Linnean Society,) running from one end of the stove to the other, and filling the house with the perfume of its flowers; it was raised from seed sent from Carthagena last year. The Theophrasta Americana, a most curious plant, with the appearance of a palm, raised from seed brought from St. Domingo by Dr. Hamilton ten years ago, has also flow-out our borders." ered in the same gentleman's stove this summer. [Devizes Gazette. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1828. AGRICULTURAL ALMANACK, Society for promoting Agriculture.) "Let us cultivate For the year 1829, (patronized by the Philadelphia the ground, that the poor as well as the rich may be filled, and happiness and peace be established throughFor sale; by Nov. 28. JOHN H. NAFF, 10, South Charles-st. BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT. Corrected for the American Farmer, by Edward J. Willson & Co. Commission Merchants and Planters' Agents, No. 4, Borly's wharf. TOBACCO.--Scrubs, $3.00 a 6.00-ordinary, 3.00 a 8.00 The officers of the MARYLAND SOCIETY FOR-red, 3.50 a 4.50-fine red, 5.00 a 7.00-wrapping, PROMOTING THE CULTURE OF THE VINE, will hold a 5.00 a 9.00-Ohio ordinary, 3.00 a 4.00-good red spanmeeting at the residence of George Fitzhugh, Jr., gled, 4.00 a 7.00-yellow, 4.00 a 9.00-fine yellow, 10.00 Esq., on next Tuesday, at four o'clock, P. M. They 3.50-Kentucky, 3.00 a 5.00. a 20.00-Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00-Rappahannock 2.75 a are earnestly requested to be punctual in their attendance, as business of importance will be submitted to them. FLOUR-white wheat family, $8.00 a 9.00-superfine Howard-st. 7.00 a 7.25; city mills, 6.50 a 6.75; Susquehanna, 6.75 a 7.00-CORN MEAL, bbl. 2.75-GRAIN, best red wheat, 1.40 a 1.50-best white wheat, 1.50 a 1.60— The day was so tempestuous that the Board ord'y to good, 1.25 a 1.40--CORN, old, .45 a .50-new of Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural Society corn, .40 a .45-in ear, bbl. 2.00 a 2.25-RYE, bush. .45 a did not form a quorum at Homewood, on Thurs-50-OATS .32 a .33-BEANS.75 a 1.25-PEAS .45 a.55— day last; of course no business was transacted, nor, as we believe, was any day appointed for their next meeting. CLOVER SEED, 5.00 a 5.50-TIMOTHY, 1.75 a 2.25-ORCHARD GRASS 1.75 a 2.50-Herd's 1.00 a 1.50-Lucerne 371 a .50 lb.-BARLEY, .60 a 62-FLAXSEED,.75 a.80-COTTON, Va. .9 a.11-Lou. .13 a .14-Alabama, .10a.11Mississippi.11 a .13-North Carolina,.10 a.11-GeorThe price of grain is at a stand, and will so re-gia, .9 a.10-WHISKEY, hhds. 1st proof, .27-bbls..28 main, to be affected again probably by the next news from England. Red wheat is at about $1.48; best white, weighing 60 pounds, would bring $1.55. We shall feel indebted to any gentleman at or near the seat of government of each State, who will send us the usual report on the income and expenditures of the state. PLEMENTS GENERALLY. a.29-WOOL, common, unwashed, lb., .15 a.16-washed, .18 a 20-crossed, .20 a .22-three-quarter, .25 a ton, $210 & 212; Country, dew-rotted, 136 a 140-water.30-full do..30 a .50, accord'g to qual.-HEMP, Russia, rotted, 170 a 190-FISH, Shad, Susquehanna, No. 1, bbl. 5.75; do. trimmed, 6.50-North Carolina, No. 1, 6.25 a 6.50-Herrings, No. 1, bbl. 2.87 a 3.00; No. 2, 2.25 a 2.50-Mackerel, No. 1, 5.50; No. 2, 5.00; No. S, 4.00 -BACON, hams, Baltimore cured, .10 a 11; do. E. Shor .124-hog round, cured, .8 a .9-Pork, 4.50 a 5.50— $3.37 a 3.50-ground, 1.25 bbl.; grass fed prime Beef, 4.50. A major part adhere to the old method of riding in a horse cart, without either springs or seats. When ladies ride in them, the cart is backed up to the door, the lady brings out her chair, steps from it into the cart, and then drawing her chair after her, sits down in it, and the carriage drives off. As fashion rules in every thing, this is just as well as any cher way, since the first and wealthiest make use of it as well as the poorest. In this place, as a man is neither known by the company he keeps, nor the coat he wears, the wealthiest merchants have been often taken for common draymen, when driving their carts, and have often been called upon to act in that character. While we were there, some strangers from the continent on arriving at the wharf, pressed into their service two cart- MANUFACTORY OF AGRICULTURAL IM- Feathers, .26 a .28-Plaster Paris, cargo price per ton, men, whom they loaded most unmercifully with baggage, and put their service in requisition in un- The subscriber has on hand, ready for sale, a supply loading and stowing away at their boarding house, of his CYLINDRICAL STRAW CUTTERS, a machine he bebut found, to their utter mortification and surprise, lieves to be superior to any other in the world for that upon offering to pay for those services, that their purpose. Brown's VERTICAL WOOL SPINNER, a very cartimen were two of the richest men on the island, useful and simple machine for private family use, perwho of course refused any compensation, saying has not equalled by any other. A full assortment of Gideon Davis' PATENT PLOUGHS; the superiority of these with a good natured smile, that whenever they over all other ploughs is so generally known, that to wanted their services again they would know where speak of their merit is unnecessary. A general assortCONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. to call. There is not a public house on the island, ment of highly improved Barshare Ploughs; Corn and but if all the boarding houses are of a similar char- Tobacco Cultivators; Patent Corn Shellers; Wheat don's Encyclopædia of Agriculture-Sketch of the Rise On the Art of Horsemanship, with cuts, from Louacter to the one at which we stopped, no one can Fans, warranted equal to any in the the state of their and Progress of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society complain of his accommodations. Besides the known size; Harrows; Double and Single Swingle Trees; Sho---On the Culture of Mules, with Queries-On the Syshospitality of its citizens always insures to a re-vel and substratum Ploughs; superior Caststeel Axes; tem of Breeding In-and-In-Gathering and Preserving spectable stranger every proper kindness and atten- Mattocks; Picks and Grubbing Hoes; superior Oil Potatoes-Letter to C. F. Mercer, Esq.-Grapes-AmeStones and Points, and Heels, of all sizes for Davis' rican Grapes-Statistical Observations on the United Patent Ploughs, always on hand. Blacksmith work and States, by Wm. Darby-Lectures on the Discovery of repairs done at short notice and at customary prices. America-Female Education, Beauty and UnderstandThe subscriber intends keeping no article for sale in ing-Fox Hunting near Alexandria-Dutchess county his line, but such as will give satisfaction to his cus-(N. Y.) Races-Death of the celebrated horse Screw tion. [Worcester Yeoman. Upwards of three hundred barrels of Maple Sugar have been received by the Canal, which has been sold at five cents a pound. Last season we understand a parcel of about seventy barrels was received. It is supposed the manufacture of this article will increase, and that it will soon be one of considerable importance. The supplies of sugar from New Orleans have already increased to such an amount, that they are rapidly taking the place of foreign sugar, and it is supposed by many intelli tomers. In consequence of the last advices from England, the prices of grain have declined considerably, and our market much more settled. A cargo of Mr. J. Paca's wheat, from Wye river, sold on Wednesday at $1.41, white wheat of inferior quality; sales of red wheat yesterday at 1.48 and 1.43; and sales of new corn at 43 and .45 cents. the Electric Fluid-A Good Name-Bolivar-Cobbett's Driver-Ducking in France-Beech Trees, proof against Beau-Ideal of a Labourer-Customs of Nantucket-Ma ple Sugar--Bejuco de Guaco-Editorial-Advertisements-Prices Current. Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market streets. No. 38.-VOL. 10.] AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, DECEMBER 5, 1828. (From the Southern Agriculturist.) ON THE MANUFACTURE OF INDIGO. On the Culture, Gathering and Dyeing of the Indigo Plant, and the Manufacture of Indigo-by the MARQUIS DE FOUGERE. [Translated from the French.] The gentlemen in South Carolina being perfectly well acquainted with the culture of indigo and the choice of seeds and soil, it is deemed unnecessary to translate that part of the author's instructions which relate to these objects. Gathering of Leaves. be The proper time for cutting the plants, may known by various signs which are more or less certain; it will always be known when the plants have arrived at perfect maturity and contain the greatest quantity and best quality of fecula which they can produce, when the greater part are in full blossom, and the seeds begin to appear. is very dry, the second kind of dryers, of which 6. Workshop. 297 A log house twenty feet long and twelve or fifteen Two tubs, made from a wine cask, sawed in two. Two churn staffs, made with a piece of board nine or ten inches square, and a handle fastened perpendicularly in the centre, and two spatulas, or paddles of wood. Four wooden frames, fifteen inches square, co vered with coarse cotton cloth. Six calabashes, of different sizes. A large kettle, capable of containing twenty gal lons. 8. A skimmer with a long iron handle. [Here follow remarks which do not apply to South 9. Three or four boxes, a foot square, and six inches Carolina.] The heat of the sun during one day will not always be sufficient to dry the leaves properly; the operation must be recommenced on the day following at nine o'clock, laying the leaves two inches The branches of the plant must be cut at about thick, turning them over at times with rakes or one inch from the stalk, with pruning knives or any wooden shovels; at three or four o'clock, (never other sharp instrument. When, after some time, later, in order to prevent the absorption of any the principal branches will have become stouter, it moisture from the evening air,) fan them, in orwill be well to leave them and only to cut the secon-der to separate the seeds and small sticks, heap them in a dry stack-house, whose floor should be dary ones, in the way above mentioned. This relates only to the indigo plant of Senegal; boarded; then they should be strongly compressed if the Bengal plant be cultivated, it will be neces- and covered with mats; in fine, every precaution sary to cut (with sickles,) the whole plant at four should be taken to preserve them from dampness, or five inches from the earth, leaving on the stalk and, above all, from rain. the inferior part of the first branches. The leaves must never be torn from the branches; for they would no longer be susceptible of being properly dried for the manufacture of indigo. As the leaves which have been cut at sunset, can pass the night without alteration, they may be gathered from five o'clock until night, and the work may be resumed in the morning, and continued until half past eight o'clock only. It will be easily perceived, that in cases of emergency, the work may last all night. In all cases the plants must be transported in bundles to the dryers, and there immediately opened. They should be compressed together during as little time as possible; one hour being often sufficient to create heat, blacken them, and deteriorate the fecula which they contain. The dryers generally consist of an area of flat brick-work, covered with cement and surrounded by a wall two feet high. In dry weather, when it has not rained for a long time, and the soil is perfectly dry, any spot will answer for this purpose; but care must be taken not to use a damp place, which would destroy the crop. The leaves of indigo are known to be perfectly dry when they preserve a perfect unstained green colour, somewhat paler than that of the fresh leaf; when they can be easily reduced to powder by crumbling them between the fingers; (when kept for some time, they lose, without any injury, a part of this quality, but they should never be stored without it;) when they have the smell of dried clover, (lucerne,) and are free from brown or blue spots. In the latter state, they would yield little indigo, and it would be impossible to extract any from leaves in which either of these colours should be predominant. When the indigo leaves have been carefully dried and possess all the requisite qualities, they may be preserved without alteration during two months, in a dry store, and may even be transported in bags. They should, however, be visited at times, and should they present any appearance of dampness or blackness, it will be prudent to expose them to the sun on a dry day, and to manufacture them as soon as possible. Remarks on No. 2.-The casks must be set upright, and one of the heads of each must be taken out. The diameter of four of these heads must be diminished by one inch. Eight of the casks must be perforated through one of the staves at the bottoin, with a hole of three quarters of an inch in diameter, and four of these will moreover be perforated with a hole half an inch in diameter, and four inches higher than the others. The casks should be of the best kind, properly cleaned and fitted with strong iron hoops. The four casks which have but one hole, are designed for steeping the leaves, and may be called steepers. The other four, which are perforated with two holes, may be called The union of one steeper and one receivreceivers. er, is called a set. The ninth cask will contain lime water, and is called the lime cask. No. 3. The two tubs must be scraped in order to remove all the tartar and colour of wine lees, with which this wood is always impregnated; they moreover should be strengthened with iron hoops. They are destined to receive the settlings of the receivers, and to support the filters, No. 5. No. 5. These frames may be made with any sort of wood, provided they be strong. Covered with cloth, they are used as filters to drain the indigo. No. 15.-The straw mats are used to dry the indigo, and to supply the place of a drying house.They may be suspended on poles, supported by stakes driven into the ground. Location of the Workshop. The difficulties which attend the dessication of leaves, vanish in dry seasons. The care which we bestow by this method is amply compensated by the facility with which indigo is manufactured from Dryers may be formed at once, which will unite the dry leaves: an operation which formerly required all the requisites favourable to the prompt and com much experience and many days of labour, is now plete drying of the leaves, by placing all their sur- performed in less than twelve hours, by an intelli. faces in contact with a current of air, and by per- gent person who has witnessed it once. mitting them to receive the reflecton of heat from no particular phenomena to be observed, and the the soil, which by its nature, can tirow out a great fermentation of twenty or thirty hours, during which tirely. Indeed, the operation of washing may be quantity. These dryers consist of a number of poles placed horizontally and equally distant, and supported by forked stakes, driven into the soil, which should be covered with very dry white sand. The dryers must be located on in open spot, dis tant from any pond, river or trees and to windward of any cause which might produe dampness. Whatever way be the mode exployed to dry the leaves, the branches must be eposed to the rays of the sun at eight o'clock at arthest, one separated from the other, and neer in a heap. At mid-day they should be turned ver, (when the air No. 38.-Vol. 10. There are one was exposed to lose his crop, or deteriorate the I shall briefly describe the method of manufac- The workshop should be located as near as posThe sible to water; whether a river or well. water may be either sweet or salt, but as a portion of the former is always necessary for boiling and washing the indigo, it will be better to use it endispensed with, when sweet water has been employed in sleeping the leaves. The limpidness of the water conduces, in a great measure, to the beauty of the product. The steepers should be so elevated, that in withdrawing the stoppers, the water may run into the receivers. Manufacture. When a sufficient quantity of dried leaves have been collected, nothing can be more easy than the extraction of indigo. The operation is reduced to this: First, forty-four gallons of water in one of the steepers, (it will then be three-fourths full,*) add be removed with a spatula into a calabash, and Hay should therefore be of the best, whether mea- (From Loudon's Encyclopædia of Agriculture.) OF THE FEEDING OF HORSES. (Continued from p. 290.) The feeding of horses generally, is an important feature in their management. In considering the food for horses, we are apt to locate our notions to the matters around us, without taking into account that every country has its peculiar products. White observes, that the best food for horses is hay and oats; and had he added for English horses, it might have been just, but without such notice the assertion is much too confined. In some sterile countries, horses are forced to subsist on dried fish, and even vegetable mould; in Arabia on milk, flesh The lime water is prepared by throwing four or balls, eggs, broth, &c. In India, where the native five pounds of good lime into a cask of water, agi grasses are tall, but little nutritious, the better sorts tating for a few minutes and allowing it to settle. are fed on Indian corn, rice, millet, &c.; and the It should always be prepared before hand, and em-poorer on rushes, sedge, leaves, &c. In the West ployed in a perfectly limpid state. It is drawn from the casks by means of the stopper. Indies on maize, Guinea corn, and sugar cane tops; The grain used as horse food is of various kinds, possessing, it is supposed, different degrees of nutriment, according to their different proportions of gluten, sugar, or farinaceous matter. In South Britain, oats are almost exclusively used as horse grain; and which, according to the experiments of Sir Humphrey Davy, as we have seen, contain 748 parts of nutritious matter out of 1000. In wheat, 955 parts of 1000 are nutritious; but wheat is seldom given with us except to racers and hunters, or on extraordinary occasions when great excitement is required, when it is sometimes given in the form of bread. Barley is more frequently given than wheat, and contains 920 parts in 1000 of nutritious particles. Made into malt, where its sugar is evolved, it becomes still more highly nutritious. Barley appears to have been the principal horse food of the ancients. The pulse used as horse food, are the seeds of beans, peas, vetches, &c. Beans are seldom given alone on account of their heating and astringent qualities, but are mixed with straw or hay, cut into chaff, either whole or broken. The roots used as horse food, are such as contain much sugar, but in which the gluten is in small proportion only. Carrots stand deservedly high on this list. They are favourable to condition, as the skin and hair always look well under their use.They are highly nutritious we know, from the fattening that occurs from them. They also generate good flesh, as we know horses can work on them, and have their wind increased by their use; indeed, so favourable are they to the proper action of the lungs, that a course of carrots will frequently remove the most obstinate coughs. The parsnip has similar properties. Swedish turnips, as having the saccharine particles in abundance, are also found good. Beet root likewise. In half an hour after the beating has terminated, the indigo is generally deposited at the bottom of the receiver. The upper hole must then be opened, in order to allow the mother water to escape; the indigo which is found at the bottom in a liquid The food of British horses may be divided into state, must be placed on a filter to drain it. In the herbage, grain, roots, and mixtures. Of herbage, mean time the copper boiler must be filled two- the principal kind is the proper gramina, eaten thirds with water, and fire applied; the indigo in either moist or dried into hay. When eaten moist paste must be mixed in a calabash, with a small in their natural state, such a horse is said to graze; quantity of boiling water, and when it no longer but when these matters are cut and carried into presents any lumps, it must be thrown into the the stable to a horse, he is said to be soiled. Hay is boiler, after straining through a piece of coarse herbage cut during its flowering and seeding procanvass, The ebulition of the water is of course cesses, which being subjected to the action of the Mixtures, or mixed food, is formed of several stopped by this addition, but it soon recommences, sun and air a proper time, are then collected into kinds among agriculturists; and it possesses many and must be checked twice by the addition of cold large masses called ricks, where a certain degree advantages, as it can be varied to every taste, and water. The flakes which may float must be care- of fermentation takes place before the matter is made either coeling as an alterative, or nutritious fully removed with the skimmer; the boiler must fitted to become wholesome or nutritious, or before and stimulating as a tonic. Although it is princithen be filled with cold water, and the fire with-it receives such alteration as fits it for resisting fur-pally used for wagon, post and farm horses, it would drawn. The whole must be allowed to settle. The ther decomposition and decay. The judicious ma-be better were is use more universal. Of this manlimpid water is drawn off from the indigo, and the nagement of this fermentative process, forms one ger feeding, one of the best is formed from a chaff latter drained on a filter. Should the first draining of the greatest desiderata in hay making. Pur- made of one par best meadow or clover bay, and of water carry along any indigo, it must be again sued to a proper extent, the remaining moisture two parts wheatn straw; to three bushels of this acting on the farinaceous parts, as the seeds, &c. in conjunction with the heat evolved during the process, as it were malts the whole, and sugar is produced. Pushed beyond this, the hay becomes car bonized, and mow burnt; its nutritive properties are lessened, and its noxious qualities increased, it * The French wine casks contain about sixty gallons. being found in this state to excite diabetes, sweat†The weight of a man on the leaves will be suffi-ing, and extreme weakness and emaciation. The to a certain degré, weakened also; in such cases, cient; a greater weight might injure the quality of the quality of the hay is too little attended to, but by bruising their orn, not only the work of masti indigo. which is of very great importance; and more par- cation is much of spared, but that of the stomach ticularly so where little corn but much hay is given. also. In old horse with worn teeth, bruised oats filtered. When the indigo is sufficiently drained, that is to say, when no more water escapes from it, and it has arrived at the consistence of a thick paste, and begins to split and separate from the filter, it is to As in the act of churning butter. mixture add one of bruised oats. The importance of bruising or fattening the oats is very great. When used whoe, the grains are apt to slip between the teeth or the chaff in mastication. In fact, corn when ither given alone, or with chaff, would in most intances benefit by bruising. To horses under grea exertion, the stomach must be, |