a hoe. In this part of the operation, the back part of the blade and the inside of the eye are up next the hammer; the upper side of the blade and outside of the eye next the anvil. The hoe is then trimmed by a pair of shears, such as are used by tin-plate workers, down to the impression made by the sink in the anvil. These shears are worked by a crank on the same shaft that gives motion to the tilt hammer. The hoe is then heated, and the blade part fastened in a vice made for the purpose; one jaw of the vice is flat; the other is formed so as to receive the ridge on the face of the hoe, and the upper part sunk or indented so as to fit the round of the eye. While the iron is at a proper heat, it is turned down to the front, and swedged into the last described jaw of the vice, so that the eye is brought to form a square with the blade. Then the two wings which form the eye, are turned over so as to lap one over the other on the back, or pole of the eye, at which place they are welded at a subsequent heat and operation. What is claimed as new and an improvement in the art of manufacturing weeding and other hoes, by this method, is, forging the blades and eye at the same operation, with a tilt hammer, at which time, one side of the hoe is perfectly flat, the other only varied by the different thicknesses required. From this shape, the hoe is completed by squaring the eye to the front, and turning the wings so as to meet and lap over. There are many operations I use which have been heretofore practised. JAMES A. BLACK. Making paper of the Husks of Indian Corn-Andrew and Nicholas A. Sprague, Fredonia, Chatauque county, N. York, October 31. A patent for the same purpose, was granted to Burgess Allison and John Hawkins, Dec. 30, 1802. We have not examined that patent, and, therefore do not know what difference there may be in the two processes. The specification of the present patentee is in the following words: "To one hundred and twenty-eight gallons of water, put in ten quarts of good lime, or about six pounds of good alkalies, and place therein about one hundred and ten pounds of clean corn husks, or flag leaves; let the water be moderately heated, over a moderate fire, for two hours, when they will be ready for the engine, there to be worked, and managed in every respect as rags are, for the making of paper." GUINEA GRASS. (A writer on Guinea Grass, in a recent communication, signed B., in the Southern Agriculturist, says:] "I plant the seed early in March, if the weather is mild, upon very strong rich land, in trenches about four inches wide and one deep, and about a foot apart; the seed is well scattered in the trench, and covered light; it will soon be up, and about the first of May you will have an abundance of plants ready to put out. "The plants are taken from the seed bed as soon as they are five or six inches high, and set out in rows fifteen inches apart, from centre to centre, and a foot apart in the row, if the soil be rich and strong; and nearer, if poor, as it will branch or shoot out in proportion to the strength of your land. It should be kept clear of other grass, and the ground occasionally stirred about it until the first cutting, which will be early in June, if the land is good and the season rainy, for it delights in wet weather. "I cut it about eight inches from the surface of the ground, and when the grass is about two feet high, that is, two feet above the eight inches of stubble, I generally get five cuttings during the season, but have got six and seven. "As this grass is killed by frost (the only disad- the prices which they have commanded have not revantage attending, or that can be named against it,) paid to labor and capital their just reward. it is requisite to preserve the seed every year; to It may be useful to illustrate this point by a brief do which, experience has taught me that the most reference to the exportations of bread stuffs of all certain and less troublesome mode, is to select a sorts from the United States for the last ten years. spot, after the first cutting, for a seed bed, which These bread stuffs, it is well known, were, and still must not be touched until just before a frost, when are the staple productions of the agriculture of the it is dressed up, as herein directed. I will suppose Northern and middle states, and furnished the mea person wishing to cultivate one acre of grass the dium of their commerce, and the means of the purnext year: I would for that quantity have my seed chase of foreign manufactures. The farmers of these bed twenty feet square, the grass upon which, by states have been conscious of intense suffering and the last of August, will have attained its full height, privation. They have felt their substance dwindeight or nine feet, and be fully out in seed, which ling in their possession, and their farms virtually will continue to put out and drop seed until a frost. sliding from under them. The causes were remote About the first of November, I cut the grass upon the and invisible, and, perhaps, have not been truly seed bed just above the ground, pull up the roots, weighed, nor fully appreciated. They cannot be shake off the dirt carefully, dig the bed about four too often reminded of these causes, and pointed to or five inches deep, rake it quite level and then lay the remedy, until the latter shall be adopted, and the grass or stubble which was cut from the bed, the former removed. The following statement and which will cover it completely, carefully over shows the annual value of bread stuffs exported from the bed, to protect it from frost: in this situation the United States for the last eleven years: let it remain till the next spring, and when vegeta- In 1817 $20,374,000 In 1823 $6,263,251 tion is pretty well advanced, remove the covering of old grass, and you will find the bed well stocked with young plants, and you will have a succession of plants getting up until late in the spring, according to the depth the seed was turned in when the bed was dressed. If you wish to gather seed to propagate this invaluable grass among those who are too distant to get the plants from the seed bed, I have found the following to be the best method: When the seed is well put out, take a basket at mid-day, when the weather is fine; and gently shake the tops of the stem over the basket, when none but the ripe or mature seed will fall into it; but it is very tedious, as the seed ripens irregularly, and drops immediately as ripe. "I have never myself made fodder or hay of it, but am perfectly satisfied that it would yield for that purpose more in quantity than any grass now in cultivation; nor do I think the quality would be inferior to the clover or the best grass. Certain it is, that when given in the green state, either to horses or cattle, it is devoured with as much avidi ty as any grass yet known among us, and although the stem is large it is so tender that not a particle is rejected by even the most delicate and pampered horse. HORTICULTURE. CULTURE OF SILK. B." House of Representatives-January 19, 1829. Mr. Martindale, from the Committee on Agriculture, to which was referred the petition of Jacob B. Clark, made the following REPORT: The Committee on Agriculture, to which was referred the petition of Jacob B. Clark, for the grant of the public land at Greenbush, in the State of New York, to aid him in the rearing of the mulberry tree, preparatory to the culture of silk, re port: 1818 15,550,807 1819 8,259,128 1820 6,620,401 This table shows a rapid diminution of the exports of this important staple, of about fifteen millions, or three fourths of the whole, in about five years, reducing it to the minimum point, at which it has remained, with little variation ever since. The cause of this immense change is the loss of the foreign market, not the exhaustion of the fertility of our soil, or the diminished power of the country. On the contrary, that power has grown with its rapidly increasing population. In the last ten years, three millions have probably been added to our numbers, and our powers of production have been proportionably increased. Had the foreign demand continued, our exportation of bread stuffs would have been swollen to the astonishing amount of twenty-six millions, instead of having been reduced to less than change, had not the nation experieneffects of this have been impossible to calculate the ced them. Here is a withdrawal of an accustomed market to the amount of twenty millions in the single article of bread stuffs; and, embracing the other ordinary productions of agriculture, it cannot be estimated at less than forty millions. To this amount does the power of the agriculture of the country exceed its productions. To this amount, it may be fairly estimated, it has lost a market it once enjoyed. Te this extent have our commercial foreign relation been changed within the last ten years, by the change of the condition and policy of foreign nations producing an immense change in our condition, an imperiously demanding a corresponding change our policy. These changes suf ficiently account or the embarrassments and depression of agriculare; and their consequences have been extensively an grievously ruinous. The depreciation of the piduce of the soil, and the rapid diminution of the uantity, have greatly reduced the value of the soilitself, and sunk to half its former amount this gre capital of the nation. If there be a remly within the competency of the government, both uty and policy demand its provisions and applicion. That remedy is most obviously an enlargedemand for the products of agriculture, causing, a necessary consequence, That they have maturely considered the subject of the said petition, and have endeavored to ascertain its importance to the nation, in reference to its agriculture. The Committee need not remind the House that the depression and embarrassment of this great primary interest have produced deep and almost universal complaint, and have been the oc- both an increase of quaity and of price. But this casion, not less of regret, than of anxious solicitude remedy can be applied ly by diversifying the pur to provide the means of relief. The depression and suits of the farmer, anddapting the fruits of his embarrassments still continue. While the produc- soil and labor to the comption of the country, tive powers of the country have increased with un- and substituting the donice productions for the fo paralleled rapidity, its foreign and accustomed mar- reign supply. The condit and policy of foreign kets have been as rapidly diminishing. Supply has nations forbid the hope of ef from abroad, and exceeded demand. The ordinary productions of compel us to look, as the la resort to the home agriculture have been usually superabundant; but market. This consideration,gether with the na ture of the subject referred to the committee, has 1825 1826 1827 sideration calculated to arrest their attention, and other purposes. The mulberry embellishes and awaken it to a just appreciation of the importance beautifies the country, instead of encumbering it; of this object of national industry. Could a perma- lining the fences and hedges, and serving for ornanent market for an additional million of barrels of mental shade trees. The tree diminishes, much less flour (more than the present annual export of that than apple orchards, the productive powers of the article) be suddenly opened to the merchants of the soil for other purposes. In a word, the culture of United States, with what eagerness would they seek this valuable material is so much positive creation it, and how speedily would they supply it. Should derived from the mysterious operations of an interit be unlawfully obstructed, with what importunity esting little insect, aided and directed by the cheap would Government be urged to remove the embar-care and attention of men. rassments! The army and navy of the Union Another consideration recommends the culture of $10.261,527 would be put in requisition to defend it from aggres- this precious material still further to the interest 8,104,837 sion, and its treasure would be freely and liberally and feelings of the American people. It is not sec6,545,245 expended, to keep clear the channel of so important tional. Its culture may be rendered co-extensive a branch of its commerce. And this would be na- with the Union, and carried as high, at least as the The mulberry, Amounting, in the aggregate, to the enormous sum tional justice and sound policy. It would be in aid forty fifth degree of north latitude. of $50,156,566; making an average annual importa-of agriculture as well as commerce. But need the at this moment, is growing in a vigorous and thrivtion of 7,165,223 dollars worth of silk. But, of this American farmer be reminded that a hundred dol-ing condition as far north as Middlebury and Buramount, was re-exported $12,898,858; leaving for lars worth of silk is as valuable as the same amount lington, Vermont; and, it is believed, will flourish the home market $37,262,780; and showing an aver- of flour or wheat? And if he can produce this va- wherever the apple tree will grow. It is indigenilue of silk with vastly less labor, from less space, and ous to the Southern region; and thrives there more age annual consumption of silk of $5,323,244. But this statement is far from exhibiting to the with much less risk of accident or failure, with luxuriantly than at the North; and wherever the apprehension of this country the true amount of what avidity should he engage in its production. mulberry will grow, there may the silk worm be these importations. This is the amount of the in-Here is a domestic market for silk, of nearly double reared. All may therefore, participate in the benevoice prices; the prices of the goods at the place the value of all the foreign markets for all his bread fits of this culture; and a community of interests and whence imported; the prices not to sell by, but to stuffs, exposed to no interruption, liable to no acci- pursuits cannot fail to generate some congenial feelpay duties by; the price to the foreign manufactur- dent, constantly increasing with the growth of the ings, and facilitate the restoration of harmony to er, perhaps, but not to the American consumer. nation, and perfectly within his power. He has but our political and social relations. The retail market value, which is the price the pur-to will, and suit his action to his volition, to insure All this, too, may be done without interrupting chaser pays in labor, in produce, or in dollars and both its possession and supply. One acre of full the ordinary pursuits of agriculture. The feeding cents, must include, first the duty from twenty to grown mulberry trees, it is estimated will produce two of the worm commences with the first opening of twenty-five per cent; second, the charges and profits hundred dollars worth of silk; but it would require the mulberry leaf, and continues for the period of of importation, at least ten per cent more; and third, ten acres of first rate land to produce the same value thirty two days, when the worm commences the the ordinary retail profit, twenty five per cent on the of wheat. Neither is there any comparison in the process of spinning and eats no more. The nurswholesale cost. This per centage swells the value quantity and quality of the labor required. The ing of the worm, and the winding of the silk, is of the importations of silk, for the last seven years, bone and muscle of the most athletic and robust are light in-door work. The gathering of the leaves is to the formidable amount of $84,764,205; averaging indispensable to the production of wheat, while the the appropriate employment of children; and "one annually, $12,109,172. By the same standard of feeble powers of women and children are compe- woman can make fifteen pounds of raw silk" worth at least sixty dollars, "in a season of six weeks." value, the value at which they have been sold and tent to the business of producing silk. The power and capacity of our country to pro- So many and so weighty considerations concur in purchased the amount actually consumed in the country, for the last seven years, is $62,880,819; duce silk is unlimited, and need not be measured by recommending the culture of silk to the Amerishowing an annual consumption of $8,982,974. To its consumption of that article. We may as well can people, that the committee do not doubt that purchase these silks, would require 8,982,974 bush-export our own silks as foreign; and to a large their sagacity and intelligence, as well as their urels of wheat, at a dollar per bushel, to produce amount, supply the raw material to the foreign man- gent necessities, will lead them speedily and extenthem, and manufacture them, would enrich the far-ufacturer. The South may add raw silk to their sively to its adoption. Under these circumstances, mers and manufacturers of the nation, just as much staples of cotton, rice, and tobacco, for exportation, the introduction into the country of the best varieas the production and sale in a foreign market, of while the North can meet the consumption of the ties of the mulberry is a matter of national impor10 much wheat or cotton. The fitness of the soil nation with the manufacture. tance, and, your committee believe, worthy of the and climate of the country, to produce this silk, is The suitableness of the soil and climate of the fostering care and patronage of the Government. as valuable as its capacity to produce so much United States for the culture of silk is indisputable. The excellence of the silk depends upon the prowheat or cotton. The home consumption, which That matter is set at rest by the fact. It has been perties of the mulberry leaf; and these are considrequires so much silk to supply it, furnishes just as cultivated in Virginia and Georgia; and abandoned erably diversified. The white mulberry is decidedly valuable a market for the agriculture of the country, at the time, not on account of any physical defi-the best, and of this there are various species. The as a foreign market for so much wheat or cotton; ciences or difficulties, but the more profitable cul- preference among the whole can only be determinwhich is, in fact, more than double the value of the ture of tobacco first, and cotton afterwards. This ed by experience and comparison. This knowledge foreign market for all the flour and wheat we export; culture is profitable no longer; and it is believed that is proposed to be acquired by the petitioner; and and the domestic supply of the farmer would not the necessities of the South, as well as the embar-your committee are persuaded that it would be diminish, by one bushel, our esport in the latter. rassments of the North, point to a greater diversity cheaply obtained for the nation by the grant of the If the value of the raw sill bear the same pro- of the pursuits of agriculture, as the only practical prayer of the petitioner. Simply the rearing of so portion to the manufacturer a wool (and it is presu- remedy for both. It is now cultivated, to a very many mulberry trees as the committee propose to med not to be less,) it would be worth, annually $4,- respectable amount in the State of Connecticut. require on the premises, and for distribution, they 491,487; the subsistence of the manufacturers may The Committee are enabled to state, on unquestion- think would greatly exceed in value to the nation the be fairly estimated to compose the half of the resi- able authority, that five small towns in that State land proposed to be granted. A mulberry plantadue, viz: 2,245.7434 dollars $6,737,230, the amount produced, in one season, nearly two tons and a half tion, on a large scale, would thus be established, and of both, constitutes the amual value of this market of raw silk, worth, at low cash price, $24,188. Of the greatest possible quantity of raw silk, of the to the agriculture of the United States. So much this, the town of Mansfield, containing a population best quality, produced. A valuable example would is clearly within the reach of the people of this of about two thousand five hundred, produced 2,430 thus be furnished to the public, stimulating compeUnion. So much they have it in their power to su- pounds. This silk is converted into the most beau-tition, and affording the necessary instruction. peradd to their agricultur. This is the value of their tiful sewing silk and some other valuable manufac- A communication from the Secretary of War, in own market in the singt article of silk; a market tures, by the skill and industry of that enterprising answer to an inquiry addressed to him by order of which is their absolute unconditional right, which and ingenious people; and, thus prepared, is worth the committee, which accompanies this report, they can easily command, and as easily supply. from seven to eight dollars per pound. This, it is states the quantity of land owned by the U. States This market Britain and France deem of the annu- said, greatly exceeds all the other disposable pro- at Greenbush to be 2611 acres which, at the time al value of millions them; and so it unquestiona- ducts of the town; and what recommends it still of the purchase, cost the Government, nine thou bly is; and it is as vluable to us as to them. Its more to the attention of the American people, is the sand dollars. It was then a valuble farm, fenced possession and suply would add so much to the important fact, that this is added to the other ordi- and cultivated. The committee are informed, and produce and weath of the nation, and contribute nary and accustomed productions without diminish-believe, that the fences are almost wholly demolishimmensely to the relief of its agriculture. ing essentially any of them. It employs old men, ed, and the farm in other respects, gone to waste. Your Commitee feel it their duty to press upon women and children, incapable of the severer labors These circumstances, connected with the general the House, and to present to the nation, every con-of the field. It occupies little or no space useful for depreciation of real estate, have reduced the value of the property to nearly one half the sum paid by of beans, cabbages, cauliflowers, horse radish, ar- KITCHEN GARDEN-FOR MARCH. Every thing should now be forwarded relative to the cultivation and preparation of the ground, in finishing all principal dunging, digging, trenching and levelling ridged ground, according as wanted for sowing and planting, which should now be commenced in all the principal kitchen garden esculents for the main crops, particularly the following articles: onions, leeks, carrots, parsnips, red beet, green beet, white beet, spinach, lettuce, cabbage, savoys, cauliflower, brocoli, bore-cole, cole-wort, asparagus, beans, peas, kidney-beans, turnips, parsley, celery; turnip-cabbage, turnip-radish; and of sallad, and sweet herbs, cresses, mustard, rape, radish, nasturtium, borage, marigolds, chervil, thyme, savory, marjoram, coriander, corn-sallad, clary, fennel, angelica, dill, and some others. For successional, and first some early crops, sow in hot beds cucumbers, melons, basil, purslain, cap sicum, cauliflower, coriander, guords, and small sallading. Great care should be taken that their seeds are quite fresh, which is a matter of great importance, and for want of which many are disappointed in their principal crops, when too late to sow again. Likewise to have the best varieties, both of seeds and plants, of the respective kinds, which, in many principal sorts, is also a very material consideration, particularly at this season for sowing and planting the main crops. When you sow your different crops, let it be in dry weather, and while the ground is fresh dug, or levelled down, or when it will admit of raking freely without clogging. Cauliflower plants that have stood the winter, in frames or borders, should now be planted out, if the weather is mild, in well dug ground, two feet Be particularly careful to destroy, either by hand or hoe, all the weeds in their early growth, or other wise they will materially injure the plants. THE TEA PLANT. [FEB. 27, 1829. sions, and in some instances till the tenth. Ninetyhundred and forty-five dollars,) and this being dried seven pounds were procured at an expense of (one in the sun, yielded above sixty pounds of opium.— The heads of the poppies were then allowed to dry, and were threshed, and the seeds, it was exproduce seventy one gallons of oil. The oil cake pected, as they weighed 1300 pounds, would was given to cattle and pigs with great advantage." REMARKS. periments will be made in our country, but many We have no expectation that such extensive excurious persons may be disposed to raise a quarter made are the result of personal observation. J. L. of an acre each. The remarks which have been If the cultivation of the poppy for opium can be considered as an object of national importance in It has been doubted whether there is more than Great Britain, it seems to be certain that it must one variety of the tea plant. Dr. Abel is inclined be so here. Our climate is much better adapted to to believe there are two, but that either will yield this plant. Sown in May, its capsules are fit to both the black and green teas, according to the use in July. They are larger and finer than in mode of preparation. Dalrymple thinks the princi-England. pal difference between the black and green is the opium is obtained is the large single white poppy. The variety from which the Turkey age of the leaf-the latter being prepared when the The capsules are of the size of a large pigeon's leaf is in a less mature state, and while it contains egg. When they have obtained their greatest size, a quantity of viscid, and to a certain degree, nar- the capsule is to be slit with a pin, or sharp penthe hyson teas. Abel remarks, that leaves slowly which in two hours thickens, and should then be cotic juice, which gives the peculiar character of knife; from the wound issues a milky kind of juice dried will retain more of the green colour than collected and afterwards dried in the sun. In raisthose that are rapidly dried. The green tea is care-ing it on a great scale, the poppies should be sown fully dried by exposure to the open air in the shade, in rows or beds, so as to permit the collectors of the black by artificial heat, in shallow pans, over a charcoal fire. The difference of latitude in which the opium to pass between them. these teas are cultivated will show the difference, we think, of species. The green tea district lies bethe black tea district between the 27th and 28th tween the 29th and 31st degrees north latitude, and degrees north latitude. The green tea met with in round, and the hyson, the leaf of which is small, India are the gunpowder, with a leaf rolled quite closely curled, and of a blueish green. Of the black teas, the three following are the best: 1st, the Poumet with out of India or China. 2d, the common chong, of a peculiarly delicate flavour, not often Souchong; and 3d, the Bohea tea, called in China the wooe-cha. Tea is a product of Japan. The Chinese use only the black teas, and prepare the others for exportation. It was first introduced into England during the Commonwealth, and now about in the rest of Europe more than five millions, and 22,000,000 of pounds are annually consumed there; Travels, speaking of the virtues of this plant, that about as much in America. Dr. Clarke says, in his the exhausted traveller, reduced by continued fever, and worn by incessant toil, experiences in this heat of his blood abates, his spirits revive, his infusion the most cooling and balsamic virtues; the parched skin relaxes, and his strength is renovated." [Washington Chronicle. (From the Massachusetts Agric. Repository.) and a half distant, and draw earth to those remain- INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT. MR. SKINNER: lished in the Farmer of the 23d ult., I endeavoured Representatives, as reported in the National Intelli- In a recent debate in the United States' House of division ought to take place, to benefit posterity as well as the present age, and according to the extent population of this country would be found the each state; for it would be hard to tell where the of territory, and not according to the population of greatest a few years hence. 118 For the purpose of producing Opium. inghamshire, have cultivated poppies for opium, "Messrs. Cowley and Staines, of Winslow, Buckwith such success, as to induce the belief, that this branch of agriculture is of national importance, and worthy of support. In the year 1821 they procured for the solution of whch an unattainable insight Not from any vain hope of deciding a problem, Towards the latter end of the month plant pota- opium, (quere?) from rather less than four acres is relevant to that on which I have already attempt60 lbs. of solid opium, equal to the best Tarkey into futurity would be equisite, but as the subject toes, for a full crop, in lightish good ground, some and an half of ground. The seed was sown in ed a discussion, I have constructed the subjoined early kind for a forward crop in summer, and a February, came up in March, and after proper hoe-tables, showing the ratio of increase of the United large portion of the common sorts for the general ing, setting out, &c. the opium gathering commenc- States aggregately, and ndividually as states and autumn and winter crops. The most proper sorted at the latter end of July. The criterion for ga- territories, in the period of thirty years, from 1790 for planting, is the very large potatoes, which you thering the opium was, when the poppies, having must cut into several pieces, having one or more lost their petals, were covered with a blueish white eyes to each cutting. Plant them either by dibble, or in deep drills, and sink them about four or five inches in the earth. Plant your main crop of shalots by off-sets, or the small or full roots, set in beds six inches apart. Sow a successional and full crop of spinach twice this month, of the round leaf kind, in an open situation; or it may be sown occasionally between rows mould. [With great deference, we should say that to 1820. mode of reasoning more forible, as applied to the With a view, however, to render the tabular statistics of the United State, I have subdivided the whole extent into three secions: first, the northeastern, from Maryland inclusiv; 2d, the southern Atlantic, from Virginia inclusive; and 34, the entire Central basin. *Nat. Intel. Jan. 29, 1829, 2d page, th column, No. I.-Table of the Ratio of Increase in a period of thirty years, from 1790 to 1820, inclusive, of the North Eastern States of the United States. No. III.-Summary Table of the General Ratio of Increase of the Population of the Atlantic States of the United States, in the period of 30 years from 1790 to 1820. The preceding tables have been constructed with all the care I am capable of, and are drawn as favourable to the Atlantic states as the data would admit, and yet, what a lesson do they present. In the elements from which the tables were formed, the population of Louisiana and Florida, as it stood in 1790, are taken into the account, and the number of inhabitants then supposed to be resident in those two provinces estimated at 35,000; of whom 5,000 were allowed to Florida and 30,000 to Louisiana. By these means the whole population of what is now the United States is represented at the extremes of the period of thirty years, from 1790 to 1820. We find that the entire mass of inhabitants augmented in a ratio of 244, very nearly; or, for every 100 persons at the beginning of the period, there were 244 at its termination. If such ratio of increase is continued through a second equal period, there will be nearly 24 millions of people in the United States in. 1850. At this epoch, February, 829, the actual number is within a small fraction of 13 millions. It would not, it is probable, be far from correct to allow ten millions to the Atlantic and three millions to the Central states. Should the Atlantic states increase on a ratio of 193, they will contain in 1850, within a small fraction of 14 millions, leaving ten millions to the Central basin; but such an allowance is much too favourable to the former great section, and particularly so, as in reality the western part of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina are in the latter section. Combining, therefore, all the elements, it is no risk to pronounce, that unless some intermediate change influences emigration, that the preponderance of population in the United States after 1850, will be in the Central basin: and proceeding on that assumption, let us see the relative density. In regard to surface, with all the protrusions of the Atlantic states westward, and rejecting the widespread regions of Missouri, still, the already orga nized states and territories of the Central basin, exceed in area the Atlantic section by about onefourth. Taking the extent in table 5th, and giving 12 millions to each in 1850, the Atlantic section will have a distributive population of 27 to the square mile, and the Central not quite 21, on an equal superfices. The preceding analysis has been rigidly conducted on mathematical principles; but there are other elements to be drawn from political history, which cannot be rejected in such an investigation. In my former number on this subject, the relative price of land was stated, and shown to be the great cause of removing so large a fraction of the popu. lation westward. I have now given the data necessary to establish the proposition, that there was a strong tendency in the United States to a centrepetal augmentation of power. To the people of the Atlantic states, this inevitable revolution must have something not very pleasing in its aspect; but like all other irresistible phenomena, our business is to use every prudent precaution in our power to render the change beneficial to the Union. In all its parts, even in the north-eastern states, where the existing population is most dense, the United States are only commencing to be peopled. In my View of the United States, including only the really inhabited part, the distributive population is stated at 22 to the square mile; but including the entire superfices embraced by the organized states and territories, we find only 94 to the square mile. Estimating the organized part at one million of square miles in round numbers, and supposing it peopled equal to Massachusetts, would yield a grand total of seventy-one millions three hundred thousand inhabitants; or if equal to the British islands in Europe, one hundred and twenty-five millions two hundred and forty thousand. According to the estimates in my Geographical Dictionary and View, the population of the United States will exceed seventy-one millions in 1884, and swell to 125,788,914 in 1903. WM. DARBY. LADIES' DEPARTMENT. The following beautiful lines are on a monument of Sleeping Children by Chantry. If cherubs slumber, such is their repose, Her white bower beaming in the moon-light ray, A silent captive at the sleeper's throne; have wished it to have bloomed there forever, so SPORTING OLIO. BLOOD HORSES. Extract of a letter from a gentleman of Virginia to the Editor. Blithe children stopp'd their laugh; they would not that he will give rise, although a little under size to rouse The gentle baby from its slumber deep; MY MOTHER'S GRAVE. "A down or common, where low trees or thornbushes are dispersed at the distance of about 30 to 50 yards apart, is the place best calculated for this diversion. "When a magpie is seen at a distance, a hawk is immediately to be cast off. The magpie will take refuge in a bush the moment that he sees the falcon, and will remain there until the falconer arrives, with the hawk waiting on in the air. The magpie is to be driven from his retreat, and the hawk, if at a good pitch, will stoop at him as he passes to another bush, from whence he is to be driven in the "I have been truly gratified to see, that the true same way, another hawk having been previously cast spirit of raising blooded horses, is not only pervad-off, so that one or the other may always be so situated as to attack him to advantage. ing this state, but has extended itself to many of our sister states in a pre-eminent degree. I am not aware "The second hawk is necessary, for the magpie whether it may redound to the advantage or disad-shifts with great cunning and dexterity to avoid the vantage of Virginia; it appears to me, to have pro- stoop; and when hard pressed, owing to the bushes duced a monstrous and intolerable drain upon our being rather far apart, will pass under the bellies of stock. Let me give you an instance. A Mr. Sam- the horses, flutter along a cart rut, and avail him uel Davenport of Kentucky, has recently visited us, self of every little inequality of the ground in orupon an occasion of this sort, and purchased at fair der to escape. "Four or five assistants, besides the falconer prices some five or six thousand dollars worth of horses and mares, and carried them off to the neigh (who should attend solely to his hawks), are requibourhood of Lexington and Danville, of that State: red for this sport. They should be well mounted, among them was the celebrated little race horse and provided with whips; for the magpie cannot be Trumpator, who in all his hardly contested races driven from a bush by a stick, but the crack of a has only been beaten by two nags, the celebrated whip will force him to leave it, even when he is so running mares Ariel and Sally Hope. I have no tired as hardly able to fly. Nothing can be more doubt from his unequalled performances and blood, animating than this sport; it is, in my opinion, far superior to every other kind of hawking. The ob some of the finest stock ever raised in that country.ject of the chase is fully a match for its pursuers-a Trumpaler was gotten by the noted running horse requisite absolutely necessary to give an interest to Sir Solomon, (he by the imported Tickle Toby,; any sport of this kind; and it has the advantage of his dam by the imported horse Whip, out Colonel giving full employment to the company, which is Homes' imported mare Trumpetta by Bedford. Mr. not the case in partridge hawking. Davenport also purchased of Mr. Wm. R. Johnson, "The magpie will always endeavour to make his his celebrated race colt Snow-Storm, a first rate way to some strong cover; care therefore, must be racer, and one of our best bred horses. He was taken to counteract him, and to drive him to that only beaten once and that when out of order, by the part of the ground where the bushes are farthest aforesaid Sally Hope. Snow-Storm was gotten by from each other. It is not easy to take a magpie the famous horse Contention, his dam (the dam of in a hedge. Some of the horsemen must be on each Aratur, Star and others) by the imported horse Sir side of it; some must ride behind, and some before; Harry, grandam by the imported horse Saltram, g. for, unless compelled to rise, by being surrounded grandam by Wildair, Fallow, Vampier, &c. Snow on all sides, he will flutter along the hedge, so as to Storm is obliged to be a great acquisition to the shelter himself from the stoop of the falcon. MaState he is gone to. He also purchased one of the ny requisites are necessary to afford this sport in finest colts ever raised in this state, called Side Ha-perfection-a favourable country, good hawks, and met, a fine brown, and gotten by the noted horse able assistants." Virginian, (he by Sir Archie, so well known as the was happy, and her light was blessed, as it enabled best stallion ever in this country,) his dam was also "Slight falcons take up their abode every year, me to pursue, with greater safety and pleasure, my by Sir Archie, out of the best Arabian mare of the youthful sports. She was not altered; the same mys-two, sent to Mr. Jefferson, whilst president of the from October or November, until the spring, upon ferious shades that created wonder in my juvenile United States, by the Dey of Tunis; and was sold Westminster Abbey, and upon other churches in mind still remained. Years had not dimmed her by him for the benefit of the United States, to Mr. the metropolis: this is well known to the London splendour, nor decay spread her powers upon her Bushrod Washington and John W. Epps & Co. pigeon-fanciers, from the great havoc they make in disk. Through the pathless fields of light she pur-The history of which horses I suppose you have their flight." [English paper. sued her way, the same unwearied orb. been long since well acquainted with; and given in Stainless was the sky she wandered in; her ray your most useful paper. I have been thus tedious was steady and unusually pure, it fell upon the and particular, because I had expected you would white marble domes around me, with a softened choose to give the full pedigrees; if indeed, you brilliancy superlatively beautiful. The names writ- should conclude it, to be a circumstance worthy a ten on many of these memorials of friendship were place in your paper: it surely goes to prove that legible to the eye; there were many whom I remem- great interest is about to pervade Kentucky, which bered in life- they had moved in splendid circles, state will be second if not first in their stock ere and were counted among the wealthy and great long. the stamina of life were unfolding to them with bright_promises of happiness and continuance of life. But death, unwelcome and unthought of, presented to them the mandate of his power-pleadings were in vain, they were hurried to his chamber, one of the most expert men going in the Fancy.ing and counting of the votes for president and and laid on a mournful silent soil with the humble. But who in such an assemblage as this could be called great? What is there that can survive the impress of death? A few evenings since I visited a spot of all others, to me, the most calculated to embody melancholy feelings-The Grave of my Mother. Invited by the pleasantness of the evening, I abandoned a circle of gay companions and sauntered, unconscious of the silent solemnity which reigned within the cemetry of death, to his silent abode. The moon was up, and shone with unusual brightness, floating along through the azure air-"She seemed an island of the blest." Never did I gaze upon her yellow face with so deep an interest before. How often, I thought, in childhood's gay hour have I seen her rise in the same manner. I then Over the relic of my beloved mother no memorial stood; the grass grew in rank luxuriance upon it, and a little flower, which often twines December's arms, peeped from beneath the dark verdure, and wasted its sweetness in the evening air. I could HAWKING. It has been long known that Sir John Sebright is He possesses wonderful skill in taming wild animals, The art of reclaiming the hawk is first taught, The following is a very remarkable discovery, if founded on fact: MISCELLANEOUS. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. As many of our readers, may wish to preserve the simple official record, of the result of the late election, for future reference, we subjoin the following statement. CONGRESS-Feb. 11. Counting voles for president and vice president. It being now 12 o'clock, the SPEAKER announced the special order of the day, which was the openvice president of the United States. Whereupon, Mr. P. P. Barbour moved that the clerk announce to the senate that the house was ready, on its part, to proceed to that duty. The motion being agreed to The clerk left the house, and seats having been prepared for the senate in the vacant space in front of the clerk's table. |