BOLIVAR. [The following advertisement from one of best judges and managers of horses and cattle in this or any other country, shews how strictly the pedigree of improved cattle are preserved.] trees, with invariable success. PEACH TREES. riments for the safety of a favourite peach tree. It is ture another year, and in 1829 silk worms will be by pouring three or four quarts of boiling water a subject of profitable attention, and parts of famiThe remedy has been tried by her brother upon an ment. We know several families who now have around and upon the roots of the diseased tree. lies will find in their cultivation a regular employorchard of 150 pear, peach, plum, apple and other from three to four thousand worms; and as every fly that breaks the cocoon may be calculated on to BOLIVAR, the high bred imported improved short produce on an average about 600 eggs, it will be horned bull Bolivar will stand at the subscriber's readily understood, that another year will find the stable in Charlestown, Massachusetts. This bull was selected by Mr. Coates, the keeper of the Herd "It is not generally known, we believe," says the young people busy in providing food and cleanliBook, without limitation of cost, for the use of the Saturday Evening Post, "that lamp oil, or fish oil of ness for their protegees. And as a want of appePowelton stock, and is so highly valued by Colonel any kind (that which is inferior is equally as good tite is rarely among the complaints incident to silk Powel, that he has always refused to sell him, and for this purpose as that of a better quality) poured worms, we sincerely hope that measures will be has consented to part from him but for a season, the ravages of the worm that has heretofore proved market; the demand for which, for the present at the root of the peach tree, will effectually prevent taken to insure a supply of mulberry leaves to the considering him in form, points, and pedigree, equal to any animal to be had in Great Britain. so destructive to that valuable fruit tree. This dis- year, has almost exceeded the supply, and will the Bolivar is red and white, is not three years old, covery was merely accidental, and was made a year next season create a strong demand. [Sat. Ev. Post. and has never been forced; yet he girls immediate-or two since; the wick of a lamp was carelessly ly behind his fore legs 7 feet 8 inches. The singu-thrown aside, and lodged at the foot of a tree, and lar neatness of his shoulder, the straightness of his while other trees in the same garden were injured back, the width of his loin, the smallness of his materially by the worm, this remained entirely Extract from Woodville, Miss., May 6, 1828. head, neck, and offal, the quickness of his gait, to-riment has been repeatedly tried, and with complete been cultivating and raising silk worms this spring, wholesome and sound. Since that time the expe"Gen. Joor, Capt. Smith, and myself, who have gether with the well known character of his family as dairy stock, render him one of the most desirable will not compel the worm to quit the body of the is now finished, and they are housed in very beauIt should be observed, however, the oil have succeeded beyond our expectations. The crop males for improving our neat cattle, that can in any tree, if there when it is applied, but will prevent it tiful cocoons of a brilliant orange colour, many of country be found. getting into it after the application. We are assured which have perfected themselves, and have laid us that the same process is in use in Long Island, and a new supply of eggs, from which we calculate on found to be the only means which will secure the preservation of the peach tree." success. ance. CATERPILLARS. Signed, SAMUEL JACQUES, JR. Bolivar's Pedigree, traced in the Herd Book.is Bolivar, red and white, calved May 5th, 1825, bred by J. Whitaker, Esq. England. Bolivar, by Frederick, damn Sweetheart, by Hermit; g. dam Buxom, (bred by R. Colling) by Lawnsleeves; g. g. (By General Dearborn-from the N. E. Farmer.) dam by Brampton, (bred by R. Colling) by Favorite, the sire of Comet; g.gg. dam Brighteyes, (bred this insect, which so much disfigures and injures There are many ways proposed for destroying by R. Colling) by Favourite; g. g. g. g. dam Old Brighteyes, (bred by R. Colling) by Favorite; 5.5 orchardist, who has any regard even to appearour orenards. Destroyed they must be, by every ggg. dam by Favorite; gg. g. g. g. dam by Punch; g. g. gg.g. g. g. dam by Hubback; g...I have for many years practised the following meIn large trees, it is difficult to reach them. g. g. g. g. g. dam by Snowden's Bull; 5.555thod with much satisfaction to myself: I select a g.g.g. g. dam by Masterman's Bull; g. g. g. g. g. g. ggg. g. dam by Waistell's Bull.-Waistell's bull narrow strip of board, or pole of sufficient length by Masterman's bull, Masterman's bull by the Stud-to reach the top branches of my trees, and near one ley Bull. Frederick, the sire of Bolivar, roan, (bred by Mr. Charge) got by Hulton, dam Orbit by Comet; grand dam Splendor by Comet; g. g. dam Fleck'd Twin by Major; g. g. g. dam Red Simmon by Favorite; g. g. g. g. dam Flecked Simmon by Bartles g. g. g. g. g. dam Old Simmon (bred by Mr. Charge) descended from the Studley white bull. HORTICULTURE. [A thousand recipes, for "all the ills that flesh is heir to" and trees likewise, are published in our newspapers. Of these some are useful, some ridiculous, and some absolutely mischievous. Where any may possibly be of the latter description, they ought not to be promulgated but on good authority or after careful trial-but where from the nature of the prescription they can do no harm, if they do no good, we may venture, and perhaps ought to make them known; even though the greater portion of them may prove to be of no effect whatever, just as we would sow a handful of the mere chaff of a rare grain, which could not vegetate or do harm, for the chance of getting a single stalk from which to preserve and propagate its kind. insert a painter's brush. I then prepare, in a small THE SILK WORM. We published, a few weeks since, an article of some length upon the culture of silk worms; we are happy to learn, from several of our friends, that it was a most timely and acceptable offering, as a very large number of young persons took measures last summer, to have a supply of "spinners" this spring, and were accordingly abundantly furnished with the worms, while they were ignorant of the mode of rearing them to usefulness. The great fault has been, the suffering the eggs to mature at too early a period before the mulberry trees had leaved; the consequence of which has been the loss of many millions of werms; although we are happy to learn, that the number at this moHence it is that though our columns often containment nearly ready for the operation of spinning far things that prove on trial to be of no value, we think exceeds the most sanguine expectations of the perit better to record them, as, now and then, one may sons who have most liberally encouraged attention prove to be really useful-A great many peach trees in, and out of nurseries, are dying this year with the worm, as it is called, possibly one of the following may cure now, or prevent hereafter.] FRUIT TREES. A method of preserving fruit trees from the attacks of worms, is [said to have been] discovered by a young lady of New York, in the course of her expe to this pleasing and future profitable economy. a second crop. SILK CULTURE. M. L." It is thought that a considerable quantity of silk will be made this summer from the anticipated co- There are various reasons why the experienced coons; and, indeed, if only a small part of the and prudent housekeeper should be properly acworms that we know to be in cultivation should be quainted with this necessary preparation to the art successful, no inconsiderable quantity of the pre-of cookery. In London every article is generally cious article would be produced; but patience should trussed by the poulterer of whom it is bought; but be cultivated likewise. There should not be too it frequently happens, that either from inexperience much haste to procure silk. Let the cocoons ma- or negligence of the servants, and want of knowledge in the cook, the article appears on the table with disgrace. Another very substantial reason for the cook having this knowledge is, that the families in which they serve, are frequently where there are Do poulterers, and consequently they are under the necessity of killing and trussing their own poultry. To be prepared, therefore, for the execution of this business, we recommend a proper attention to the following general rules: Be careful that all the stubs are perfectly taken out; and when you draw any kind of poultry, you must be very particular to avoid breaking the gall, for should that happen, no means can be used to take away that bitterness, which will totally destroy the natural and proper taste of the article dressed. Great care should likewise be taken that you do not break the gut joining to the gizzard; for should this happen, the inside will be gritty and the whole is spoiled. These are to be attended to as general matters. We shall proceed to particulars, beginning with TUR KIES. [The particular directions-as to turkies, fowls, chickens, geese, pigeons, wild fowl, woodcock and snipes, larks, hares, &c. will be given in a subsequent paper.] RIDING ON HORSEBACK. MISCELLANEOUS. INDIAN MODE OF FISHING. DEPORTED SLAVES. The board of commissioners under the Ghent treaty, and subsequent conventions concerning deported slaves, is still in session in this city. It is expected, we learn, that they will adjudicate, during this term, all the cases which have been subn.itted to their determination. They will meet again, at some subsequent period, and finally act on all the claims. There are, we understand, a number of claims on the definitive list, which have not been docketed, and which, at the next term, will be wholly excluded, unless previously attended to. We learn that a great many deported slaves have been lost to the owners by the failure to have them plac ed, is as follows: WRIT FOR THE MEDICAL CONVENTION OF 1830. The Bay of Manta, in South America, has pro-ed on the definitive list. bably its name from the great quantity of mantas in those parts, the Indians being chiefly employed in taking those fish, which they salt and carry to the inland provinces. The Europeans cannot help admiring their dexterity in this kind of fishery, which they carry on in the following manner: they throw into the water a log of wood, such as they use in making a balza, being about five or six yards in length and near a foot in diameter. This log will be sufficient to support the weight intended, which consists of a net lying across one end of it, and the Indian standing in an erect position on the other. On this tottering vessel, assisted by only a "This is a graceful accomplishment for a lady," single oar, he puts off to sea, about the distance of says major Noah, "and we are pleased to see it cul- half a league, where he shoots his net. Another tivated by their taking lessons at approved riding Indian follows him on a similar log, takes hold of of Washington, in the month of January, 1820, for schools. It promotes health-strengthens the nerves the rope fastened to one end of the net, by which forming a Pharmacopoeia for our United States of -gives firmness to the system and confidence to means the whole is expanded, and both the Indians America, did resolve that the president of that conthe mind, and though rather costly, it is neverthe-move towards the land, where their partners wait vention should, on the 1st day of January, 1828, less a luxury, combining so much utility, that it may to draw their net on shore. In this occupation the issue writs of election to the several incorporated be recommended during the season. We have not, dexterity and agility of the Indians in maintaining state medical societies, in the northern, middle, however, been able to discover the reason why a an equilibrium on round logs of wood, is truly southern and western districts of the nation, requirlady preparing to witch the world with horseman-amazing: for the continual agitation of the sea ren- ing them to ballot for three delegates to a general ship, should think right to caparison herself, with ders it absolutely necessary for them to be continu- convention, to be held at Washington, on the 1st a heavy riding habit and a man's hat,-or in place ally changing their position, and making different day of January, 1830, for the purpose of revising of a man's hat a bonnet almost crushed by nodding motions with their bodies; and what still heightens the American Pharmacopoeia; and whereas the plumes. It looks amazonian, it is true, but not the difficulty is, that the Indian is at the same time several institutions, as aforesaid, are, by the same tasty or graceful. The mere riding on horseback obliged to mind both his oar and his net, in draw- authority, requested to forward to the president, on does not unsex a lady more than riding in a caring it towards the land. They do, indeed, some- or before the first day of April, 1829, the names of riage; it is a change of conveyance only, and if it times, though very seldom, slip off their logs; but the three persons so chosen; with sundry other prorequires a change of dress, it does not demand one being excellent swimmers, they recover their bark, visions contained in the historical introduction to so very heroic and masculine." and in an instant place themselves in their former the work, to which the reader is referred. situation. SPORTING OLIO. Ma. J. S. SKINNER, WILDAIR. THE DOG. Now therefore, I, Samuel L. Mitchill, by virtue of the power vested in me, by the convention of 1820, do hereby give notice, to all the incorporated medical societies, colleges of physicians and surgeons, medical schools, and faculties of universities and colleges, and all other authorized bodies, that they choose proper persons to represent them in the general convention to be held in January, 1830, for revising the Pharmacopoeia. Given under my hand, this first day of January, 1828, at the city of New York. SAMUEL L. MITCHILL, President. STEAM. Amongst the various purposes to which steam has Leonard Zolikoffer, a Swiss Nobleman, who went to Paris on the conclusion of the Swiss Union, as Ambassador, had a large dog, whom on his departure he had ordered to be shut up for eight days, the dog was so, and yet at the end of eight days traced his way to Paris, (400 miles,) and on the day of audience made his way, all covered with mud, and leaped up, mad for joy, upon his master. In Lexington, May 19th, 1828. the family castle, at Thuringa, there is a painting Sir-Feeling a strong desire that no mistakes of the story.-The dog is the only animal that take place in the pedigrees given of our blood dreams; he and the elephant the only animals that horses; I take the liberty of calling your attention understand looks; the dog is the only animal that to an error, in your paper of the 9th inst., that you has been brought to speak. Leibnitz bears witness been applied, perhaps there is none that will be of may correct it as soon as convenient-in No. 8, vol. in his History of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, greater advantage to the people of the United 10, May 9, in the pedigree given of Diana, it is to a hound in Saxony, that he could speak distinct-States, than the discovery recently made of its ap stated, Wildair was imported-and, following im-ly thirty words. A friend came to Moraut, the fa- plication to the purpose of bleaching linen and mediately, and as I suppose from the reading, mous French surgeon, and entreated him as a mark muslin. It will be of essential service to our infant this Wildair's pedigree was intended to be given, of friendship, to attend his hound who had broken manufactories. We have samples left at our office and Simms' Wildair's pedigree is given in place his leg. Moraut cured him, and in about four weeks of thick linen drilling, which were bleached in the thereof. "Wildair was imported by Mr. Delaney after, as he was at breakfast, heard a whining and short space of ten hours, without the least injury to of New York, was got by Cade out of the Steady scratching at his door, and on opening it, beheld the fabric; and of cotton which was bleached in a Man, her dam by Partner, Gray Hound, Matchless, his old patient with another dog who had broken much less time. Counsellor, Brimmer, Places' White Neck, &c.; he his leg, making signs to be healed. Dogs are put was re-shipped to England. We understand a patent has been obtained for to an amazing variety of uses. In Otaheite, they this improvement, and that a company are making Virginia Wildair, raised by Mr. Symmes, is cor- are fattened on bread and fruit for eating, in Kam- application to the legislature to be incorporated rectly stated, and substituted for that of the import-schatka they are used for drawing sledges; in Up- with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, that ed Wildair. per India for beasts of burden, as mules and pack-, its benefits may be tested by the community. horses; by the Jesso Islanders for fishing. Blumenbach rather thinks that all the varieties of dogs do not come from one original sort. [London paper. With sentiments of regard, Your obedient servant, [Albany Argus. Make a slow answer to a hasty question. Take eqaul quantities of fruit and water, bruise and let them stand two days, then strain it, and to every gallon put four pounds of coarse sugar; when dissolved, put the liquor in a barrel, and when fine (which will be generally in three months,) bottle it, and in each bottle put a large spoonful of brandy. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JUNE 6, 1828. MARYLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. PRINCE'S TREATISE ON HORTICULTURE scriptions of a great variety of fruit and ornamental "A Short Treatise on Horticulture, embracing deTrees and shrubs, Grapevines, bulbous Flowers, Greenhouse Trees and Plants, &c.-nearly all of which are at present comprised in the collection of the Linnæan Botanic Garden, with directions for their culture, management, &c.-by William Prince, proprietor of the establishment"-price $1, for sale at this office-where may also be had MEMOIRS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA AGRICULTURAL SOCIE TY, 1 vol. 8vo. (with engravings,) price $1 in boards, or six copies for $5. HINTS TO AMERICAN HUSBANDMEN, with Original Notices and Extracts on Selecting and Breeding Neat Cattle and Sheep, (with an engraving,) price $1. The Society for the encouragement of National Industry in France, exhibits great and laudable activity. A number of medals and other rewards have lately been distributed to various agriculturists, manufacturers, &c. and the prizes of different amount are offered for the productions and inventions of the present year; among others, 2,000 francs for the fabrication of bricks, tiles, &c. by machinery; 1,000 francs for a machine to shave the hair off the skins employed in hat making; 2,000 for an isinglass or other substance, capable of clarifying beer; 6,000 francs for a factitious ultrama rine; 3,000 francs for the fabrication of paper from the bark of the morus papyrifera, 2,400 francs for a new method of silvering looking glasses; 1,500 for A stated meeting of the trustees of the Maryland the improvement of the materials employed in cop- Agricultural Society was held on 29th May, at Oakper plate engraving; 5,000 francs for the dessica-lands, the residence of Mr. Thomas Oliver. tion of meats; 600 francs for a mill for cleansing Present ten members and the corresponding sebuck-wheat; various prizes for the construction of cretary and treasurer. simple instruments for extracting sugar from beet A letter was received from Mr. James Howard, root; for the importation into France, and the cul-resigning his situation as recording secretary to the tivation of plants, useful in agriculture, manufac-society, upon which the trustees passed a resolution-red, 3.00 a 5.00-fine red, 5.00 a 7.00-wrapping, tures and the arts, &c. The amount of the prizes expressive of their high respect and esteem for Mr. 6.00 a 10.00-Ohio ordinary, 3.50 a 4.50-good red spanHoward, and their regret for his resignation. gled, 5.00 a 6.00-yellow, 6.00 a 9.00-fine yellow, 10.00 Mr. David Williamson having repeated his resig-a 20.00-Virginia, 2.50 a 8.00-Rapahannock 2.75 a 3.50 nation as a trustee, which had been refused at ahhds. Maryland, 142 Ohio, 10 Kentucky, 8 from PennKentucky, 3.00 a 5.00. Inspected the last week 377 previous meeting, Mr. Charles Carroll, Jr. was ap-sylvania, and 3 from Virginia. pointed in his place. offered is 122,500 francs. RECIPES. MR. SKINNER, # A committee, consisting of John B. Morris, James Mr. Henry Thompson was unanimously appoint- Room has at last been found for the able ad1 would not have had faith to try it, but that I had dress of Mr. Seabrook; so long and reluctantly known it kill dogs. I then fried a composition of postponed-but its length has compelled us to lay things which I knew the rats were fond of, and fed aside, now, many original and selected articles of them on it two nights in succession; the next day I various character and particular interest.-The one prepared the cork, and chopped it about the size of on washing wool on the sheep's back, from Mr. large duck shot. I then fried it in the same sort of Hurlbert of Connecticut, ought, perhaps, in refermaterials as before; and the two first nights they ence to the season, not to have been deferred even preyed on it tolerably well; the third night not so until next week, but we could not well avoid it. much, and in about six days and nights they all disappeared! And what is very strange, we never There have been arrivals, bringing news from found one dead. I am perfectly satisfied that not Europe to the first of May, but there are no items one fourth of those sagacious animals ever got a of a character that bear materially on the agricultaste of the fried cork; but those that got troubled tural community, and the products of their labour. with it, must have alarmed and carried off the rest. Most sincerely do we lament the ravages by hail Now you must know that this has been done more storms in the fields of gentlemen in different parts than ninety days, and I beg you to excuse my not of the country, for the prospect of a great harvest telling you of it sooner; but the fact is, I was afraid of grain of all kinds, leads us to anticipate low prithat their absence was too good company to last, ces for what remains to those who have thus lost and expected they might return in a few weeks; large portion of their crops. but I see no sign of any as yet; therefore think the experiment worth trying through the United States, as they are troublesome boarders. A SUBSCRIBER IN MARYLAND, A NEW AND CHEAP PAINT, a A committee will meet on Friday next to frame a scheme of premiums for the next cattle show we are sure that they will be glad to receive hints on that subject from any member of the Maryland Agricultural Society, or other practical agri culturists. BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT, Howard-st. 4.75 a 4.874; city mills, 4.50; Susquehanna, MARKETING-Apples, bush. 2 50 a 3.00; Butter, lb. .124 CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. the United Agricultural Society of South Carolina, by Address delivered at the first anniversary meeting of Whitemarsh B. Seabrook, President-Pedigree of the More impervious to the weather than common paint. high bred Improved Short-horned bull Bolivar, imported by Col. J. H. Powel-Recipes for preventing Worms Take of unslacked lime a quantity sufficient to There are samples of rye in the office of the and Caterpillars attacking Peach and other Fruit Trees make two gallons of white wash when slacked-mix American Farmer, from the neighbourhood of Bal--The Silk Worm-Culture of Silk in Woodville, Miss. it with a due quantity of water-add to it 24 lbs. of timore; the one seven, the other eight feet two On Trussing Poultry, &c. with an engraving-On Ladies brown sugar, and about 8 oz. of salt. The exact inches high. By the by, will it not be well for far- Riding on Horseback-Pedigree of Wildair, corrected proportion of each will be best ascertained by expe-mers to look ahead in time and make the necessary Dog-Deported Slaves--Writ for Medical Convention -Indian Mode of Fishing-Instances of Sagacity in the riment. This when applied as a paint, becomes preparation for their harvests-to clear other work in 1830-Application of Steam to Bleaching-French perfectly hard and glossy-by mixing either ivory out of the way, get their scythes in order, engage Industry-Recipes, Rats; A new and cheap Paint: To black or lamp black with the ingredients, a beauti-their force, &c.? Is it not to be expected that grain make Raspberry Wine-Editorial-Prices Curre.ft. ful lead colour may be had, or a yellow by mixing of all kinds will ripen earlier than common? and suitable ingredients-this paint is now almost alto- we believe it is an established fact, that wheat and gether used at the south for houses, fences, &c. other grain is the better for being cut before it is [N. Y. Com. Ado. entirely ripe and hard. Printed every Friday, a: Five Dollars per annum, for JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner of St. Paul and Market-sts. AGRICULTURE. (Communicated for publication in the Am. Farmer.) A COMMON-SENSE ADDRESS TO THE CITIZENS OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. I undertake to prove that"All the distress and ruin experienced in the south, have arisen from the system of policy so ardently supported by the southern states themselves, and that they will be eventually as much interested in a change of system, as the middle or eastern states." I will assume as postulata 1. That an undue increase of the quantity of any article depresses the price, and with scarcely an exception, in a ratio far beyond the ratio of increase; so that an increase of the quantity ten per cent. may, and frequently does decrease the price 30, 40 or 50 per cent. 2. That the increase of the production and export of cotton in and from this country, has glutted all the markets of the world, so as to reduce the price of uplands from 32 cents per pound in 1818, to 9 a 13 in 1928, and been the great cause of all the distress in the cotton growing states. cured, viz: bookbinders, brewers, brick-makers, car "Property of all kinds has depreciated beyond exampenters, coopers, chocolate-makers, calico printers, ple. A feeling of gloom and despondence is begincurriers, chair-makers, dyers, engravers, embroider-ning to prevail every where in the lower counties.ers, glovers, glass manufacturers, manufacturers of ESTATES ARE SACRIFICED TO PAY THE gunpowder, painters and glaziers, plumbers, shoe-LAST INSTALMENTS ON THE BONDS GIVmakers, sugar-bakers, shot-makers, snuff and tobac-EN FOR THE PURCHASE MONEY. NOBOco manufacturers, stone-cutters, turners, tanners, | DY SEEMS DISPOSED TO BUY WHAT EVEumbrella-makers, wheel-wrights, &c. Suppose that RY BODY IS ANXIOUS TO SELL AT ANY only half the number were divested of employment PRICE." in those branches, it would make an aggregate of 11.000 persons, with their families, in one city. The persons deprived of employment in Pitts burg, within the same space of time, amounted to situation in Rhode Island. 1288. Several thousands were reduced to the same Against the miserable system of glutting the markets with our cotton, the Liverpool and London merchants have from year to year in vain entered their protest. I have now before me scores of circulars, from 1818 to 1827, in which the most cogent admonitions are held out on the subject. My lidegree of candour to admit that this state of things, shall therefore confine myself to six or seven. I trust that it does not require an extraordinary mits forbid any extensive quotations from them. I "While the imports continue to exceed the consumpwhich extended throughout the middle and eastern states, with more or less of its hurricane ravages, tion, great as it is, THE PRICES MUST CONsatisfactorily accounts for the depression of farm-TINUE TO DECLINE; and will no doubt being. Had all these persons been exiled, and thus come so low as to cease to remunerate the planter withdrawn from the demand for the products of for the expenses of production-and thereby to diagriculture, the injury to the latter interest would minish the future growth."-Bolton, Ogden & Co. have been severe-but, converted from consumers Liverpool, Jan. 13, 1821. into producers, the system was doubly pernicious, "As there appears to be too much cotton grown, it 5. That the chief cause of this undue and impo- leading interest. Hence it follows that a policy, THE PRODUCE IS DIMINISHED, and time and operated as a two-edged sword on that great becomes doubtful if prices will improve, UNLESS litic increase of production has been the unprofita- intended for the peculiar benefit of agriculture, and alone can show how far the present reduced rates bleness of other agricultural labour, which has driven great numbers of farmers to the raising of cotton. to enable farmers and planters to purchase cheap im- may have that effect, or tend to keep back supplies." Now, these positions being admitted-and I trust ported goods, was the bohon upas of its prosperity. Morrall, Watson & Co., Liverpool, Jan. 13, 1821. that they will not be denied-if I prove that our poOur statesmen, who all professed to be warm ad- "As regards the new crop, almost every thing as licy has steadily tended to increase the number of mirers of Adam Smith, disregarded incomparably to price, must depend upon its extent in America.** farmers to diminish their markets-and of course the best maxim in his work-a maxim, so far as re-If your crop cannot be increased beyond the proto render farming unprofitable,-it will follow as a gards this country, worth all the rest of it-but duce of the last crop, the consumption will, in all corollary, that the distress experienced in the south-which has been reiterated, times without number, to probability, as far as American cotton is concerned, ern states, through the depression of the price of no purpose. soon overtake the supply; in which event, an importheir grand staple, has arisen from that policy. tant advance might be reasonable calculated on."It is a fact of public notoriety, that the want of Curwen & Hagerty, Liverpool, Nov. 1, 1822. protection of manufactures by our government, spread desolation and bankruptcy among the manufacturers in 1816, and for six successive years--that their factories were sold for a 4th, a 5th, a 6th, or an ope "Whatever tends to DIMINISH in any country THE * "It has been matter of considerable astonishment 8th part of the cost, and that thousands of operatives were thrown out of employment. Of these a large That our policy has, until the adoption of the proportion "went back," as was the favourite phrase, tariff of 1824, uniformly tended "to diminish the and became farmers; thus converting the valuable number of artificers and manufacturers"-that it customers of the farming class into formidable ri-has, of course, "diminished the home market," and vals. Hence the depression of the farming interest; thereby "discouraged agriculture," in all its shapes material improvements in price, were it no for the the glut of the markets with grain and other farm-and forms; farming first of all, by increasing pro-large quantities pressed on the market by American ing articles; the pernicious reduction of the value duction, and diminishing the markets; and then cot-importers in most rapid succession, quantities which of lands-and the necessity that drove farmers in ton and tobacco planting, by crowding on them the destroy all confidence in the article, and prevent all North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and other parts superfluous farmers, I trust will not be controverted. speculation. The only effectual security for The immense extent of the cotton lands of this the future is a larger stock on your side, and THE of the country, to become cotton planters. There are no data by which to ascertain the ex-country would produce a great increase of the ar- CESSATION OF SHIPMENTS WHICH PROtent of the deprivation of employment of the ticle, let us pursue what policy we might; but the DUCE SO GREAT, SO OVERWHELMING A ratives generally--but fortunately we have two do- increase under a sound policy would have been PRESSURE ON THIS." cuments to prove how pernicious its effects were in gradual, and only kept pace with the increase of Philadelphia and Pittsburg-and it is not unfair to consumption. But the hot bed system we pursued, conclude that the evil was felt proportionably else-by creating an undue increase of cultivators, has been fraught with ruin, and is the cause of the caThe year 1819 will be long remembered in the lamitous state of affairs depicted so feelingly and so annals of this country as sigrally calamitous. In-forcibly by Mr. Carter, a member of Congress from tense distress prevailed almost universally, the ob- South Carolina. vious consequence of the exravagant importations markets has spread over the face of the country "In the south, the prostration of their foreign of the four preceding years, amounting to the enormous sum of $400,000,000 An inquiry was insti- general pervading gloom. In all that region which tuted in Philadelphia in order to compare the num-stretches itself from the shores of the Potomac to ber of operatives employed in that year, with those the gulf of Mexico, where all the arts of civilized Cropper & Benson, in a general circular of Sepemployed in 1816. It appeared that in thirty life once triumphed, the arm of industry is now pa-tember 27, 1822, after commenting on the effect of branches, there had been employed in 1816, no less ralyzed. Large and ample estates, once the seats of glutted markets, state, that if either less cotton were than 9672 persons; whereas in 1819, there were but opulence, which supported their proprietors in afflu- raised, or more consumed at home, the planters 2137 employed in those branches, making a dimi-ence and comfort, are now thrown out to waste and "MIGHT SELL THEIR SURPLUS COTTON nution of 7435 persons.* There were twenty-six decay." other branches from which no information was pro- by the Charleston Chamber of Commerce: The distress is depicted in equally strong terms Some idea may be formed of the destructive nature where. a of the policy by whim so large a portion of the opera-week, equal to about $3,000,000 per annum. Suppostives of the United States were divested of employment, ing their work to be double the amount of their wages, by stating that the wages of those thus circumstanced it would be an injury to the amount of $6,000,000 per in Philadelphia alone, amounted to probably $60,000 per annum, to a single city. No. 13. VOL. 10. to us that American cottons have continued to arrive, bought at high prices, compared with what they will bring here, and in the face of the discouraging accounts from this during the whole year. We are decidedly of opinion that we cannot look for any permanent or considerable improvement in the article, PLANTERS HAVE NO ENCOURAGEMENT until the prices get so low with you that THE TO EXTEND THEIR CULTIVATION." W. & J. Brown, Liverpool, Aug. 8, 1822. AT ANY PRICE." I cannot help flattering myself into the opinion, that I have made out my case, and have proved the utter, the direful impolicy of the system to which the southern planters have clung with the grasp of death, and which has rendered a mere drug in all the markets of the world, one of the most valuable gifts of nature, perhaps the most va United Brazil East In- Egyptian. West In- Total. 4,141 195,866 7,051 243,405 This table ought to be studied with intense interest, particularly by those desirous to promote the prosperity of the southern states. It sheds strong rays of light on the pernicious tendency of our policy, and proves the soundness of the policy of Holland respecting the spice trade, which carefully guarded against glutted markets. It appears 2. That the increase in 1823, was 28,000,000 lbs. whereas the proceeds fell short of those of the preceding year, $3,500,000. luable, iron excepted; which has blasted, and wi-four first months of 1826, 1827, and 1828, were as thered, and blighted the prosperity and happiness follows:of one of the fairest portions of the country-a system, the advocates of which utterly disregarded the admonitory fable of the belly and the members-a system in fine, which, while it devoted so 1826 126,103 20,976 24,428 20,218 large a portion of the manufacturing class to des- 1827 192,895 18,904 16,432 8,073 truction, ultimately recoiled on its supporters with 1828 141,829 44,335 27,500 6,610 1. That the increase of export in 1820, was nearequal violence. Few of the manufacturers, partiThus it appears that the imports from this coun- the proceeds was only $1,200,000. ly 40,000,000 lbs. whereas the increased amount of cularly those of cottons and woollens, of 1816, '17, and '18, escaped ruin. But they have been suctry have fallen short no less than 50,000 bales in ceeded by a new race, who have entered the field the first four months of this year, compared with under far more favourable auspices than their pre-minution is exhilarating, and affords strong addithe same months of last year. The result of this didecessors, and availed themselves of factories pur- tional confirmation of the doctrines stated above. chased at the lowest rates-of superior skill-of The prospect of a continued reduction of quantity larger capitals of increased protection--of improv-has induced the speculators to enter the market, ed machinery-and above all, of a constantly increasing partiality in their favour, the result of the and given it a degree of activity which it has not excellence of their productions. They are now, and the prices have risen about 8 per cent. and are had for a long time past. The sales have increased, with few exceptions, the most prosperous interest in the country-and let it be observed, as a most impor-ed in a Liverpool circular of April 30, of which 1 likely to rise higher. This state of things is depicttant fact, that whatever general prosperity pervades the nation, is chiefly owing to their flourishing state, whereby our demands for the productions of fo annex an extract. 66 The sales of the raised the price so much that 140,000,000 lbs. pro- amount was only $3,000,000. 1819 to 1823, above 84,000,000 lbs. whereas the 6. That since 1819, the export has increased nearly 200,000,000 lbs. that is, more than trebled, whereas the proceeds have increased only $8,000,000, or about 40 per cent. reign industry are brought nearer to a level with our capacity to pay for them with our produce, which, in consequence of foreign restrictions and reduced prices, is inadequate to that purpose at present. But for this reduction of our demands for foreign merchandize, the inevitable drains of specie would endanger the safety of our banks, and produce such awful scenes of distress as prevailed/half-penny, while the advance on the better qual-reduced the price, and in some instances reduced throughout the land in the never to be forgotten years 1816-17-18-19 and '20. I proceed to exhibit certain tabular statements, intimately connected with, and confirming the above positions. Import and Consumption of Cotton in Great Britain for ten years Brazil. All other sorts. Bales. Total. 205,010 125,090 214,780 544,880 425,540 350,340 The accounts of short crops in various parts of the United States having been followed by considerably diminished imports from thence, there has been AN INCREASED DEMAND FOR COTTON. last six weeks averaged 18,250 bags per week, of 7. That an increase of 80,000,000 lbs. in the last which nearly one fourth have been on speculation. The prices of the common qualities of Upland, Or-year, produced an increase of only $4,000,000, equal leans, Mobile, and Tennessee, have advanced one to about five cents per lb. 8. That increasing the quantity has in all cases ties has not exceeded one farthing: and on Sea Is- the total amount. lands, which are scarce, (particularly the finer quali ties,)IT HAS BEEN A PENNY TO A PENNY HALF-PENNY." represented that the supplies from thence to this United Details of the Produce of the Cotton Crop of the This table fully proves that it is our cotton that 1819, 20, and 21, was bales For 1825, 6, and 7, was Making an annual increase of The average export from the Brazils for 1818, 19, and 20, was For 1825, 6, and 7, was A decrease of sas, 9. That a decrease of the quantity has increased the proceeds. instruction, there is one particular item which speaks Although the whole of this table is fraught with louder and more convincingly than the rest. The export from this country, in the year 1824, fell short about 30,000,000 lbs. of that of 1823--and in the early part of the year 1825, the impression in that country was general, that the export of 1825 would not exceed that of 1824. This was the grand cause of the exorbitant rise of price that took place from week to week as long as the delusion lasted. But as soon as it was dispelled, and it was found that there was a great increase, the speculators forced the article on the market, and every one knows the result. It cannot be doubted, that had 251,959 336,870 the crop of that year really fallen short 30,000,000 74,201 89,707 of lbs. or had that quantity been by any means with4,163 held from the market, the price would have never 190,592 233,920 sunk probably below a shilling per lb. for Uplands111,978 179,810 and thus two-thirds of the calamity that befel the 88,480 112,811 two countries would have been avoided. So much for the policy of the United States contrasted with the well-known policy of Holland. 717,210 957,281 237,686 From this it appears that the produce of Virginia, It now remains to consider whether any, and if 437,685 and North Carolina, where formerly cotton was any, what remedy can be applied to the evils under scarcely ever raised for exportation, was greater in which the cotton-growing section of the country 199,999 1827 than that of South Carolina in 1826, and will labours, The first step towards a cure, moral or continue to increase in those states; for low as is the physical, is to ascertain correctly the source and naprice, it remunerates better than the culture of ture of the disease. Both are fully developed here. 155,336 grain, at the present prices. This, I repeat, and it It is abundantly proved, that those evils arise solely 112,515 cannot be too often repeated, is the necessary re- from excess of production, whereby an article of sult of the depression first of manufactures, and then first necessity is rendered a complete drug. The 42,821 of farming. remedy then is to use al fair means to render production no more than commensurate with demand. How is this to be done? In various ways. By increasing consumption at home-by encouraging manufactures of every kind, so as to induce many of those who have abanloned them to return, thus converting rivals into customers-and also to induce foreign manufactures to migrate to this country from Europe-by both these means increasing the market for the productions of the farmer, and so far improving his condition as not only to put an end to all inducement to change his occupation for cotton-planting, but to induce some who have quitted the former for the latter, o return to farm |