(c) Mumps, measles, whooping cough, and chicken pox.-Exclude the patient until complete recovery.

(d) In excluding pupils coming from any house in which smallpox, scarlet fever, or diphtheria exists two or several dwellings must be considered as one house if there is any direct communication between them-any openings from one into the others; if it is possible to enter or leave the two residences by means of the same hall, stairway, or door; or if the rear yards are used in common. If it comes to the teacher's knowledge that any pupil visits a house infected by or attends the funeral of any person dying of either of these diseases, exclude such pupil at once, and refer the case to the superintendent. Teachers are directed to follow the letter and intent of these rules, and to refer all questions that may arise to the superintendent, who shall consult with the health officer in all doubtful cases. (Ib., par. 76, p. 22.)

CLEANLINESS.

Any pupil not maintaining a due degree of cleanliness or decency in person or dress may be sent home by his teacher to be properly prepared for attendance at school. (Ib., par. 77, p. 22.)

VENTILATION AND TEMPERATURE.

After the close of school the windows shall be opened and an effectual change of air secured, and at all times every reasonable effort shall be made to prevent the accumulation of impure air in the schoolrooms, and at the same time to protect children against the danger of sitting in drafts of cold air. During the season of fires the temperature of the schoolrooms shall be kept between 65° and 70° F., according to the thermometers furnished by the board. (Ib., par. 78, p. 22.) Teachers are required * to take every precaution against fire.

par. 92 (1.), p. 28.)

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JANITORS' DUTIES.

(Ib.,

All rooms, platforms, halls, stairs, water-closets, steps, and walks in yards shall be thoroughly swept each day after the afternoon session of school; and the sidewalks must be kept free from snow and ice. (Ib., par. 98, p. 31.)

DUSTING.

All walls, cornices, and ceilings shall be dusted at least once in two weeks; and all furniture, such as desks, tables, pianos, etc., shall be dusted every day after rooms have been swept, or in time for the next day's session. (Ib., par. 99, p. 31.)

SCRUBBING.

All hall floors and stairs shall be scrubbed at least once a week, and floors of rooms whenever directed by the principal. All windows and woodwork and basements shall be kept clean, and the floors of boys' water-closets shall be scrubbed every day. (Ib., par. 100, p. 31.)

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VENTILATION.

SEC. 15. Every public building and every schoolhouse shall be kept in a cleanly state, and free from effluvia arising from any drain, privy, or other nuisance, and shall be provided with a sufficient number of water-closets, earth closets, or privies for the reasonable use of the persons admitted to such public buildings, or of the pupils attending such schoolhouse in said city, and shall be ventilated in such a proper manner that the air shall not become so exhausted as to be injurious to the health of the persons present therein, and the provisions of this section shall be enforced by the board of health; and whenever it shall appear to said board that further or different sanitary provisions or means of ventilation are required in any public building or schoolhouse in order to conform to the provisions of this section, and that the same can be provided without incurring unreasonable expense, said board of health may issue a written order to the proper person or authority directing such sanitary provision or means of ventilation to be provided, and they shall thereupon be provided in accordance with such order by the public authority, corporation, or persons having charge of, owning, or leasing such public building or schoolhouse; and any public officer, corporation, or person neglect ing for four weeks, after receipt of an order from said board of health, as provided

in this section, to provide the sanitary provisions or means of ventilation required thereby, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding six months, or by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. The expression "public building," used in this section, means any building or premises used as a place of public entertainment, instruction, resort, or assemblage. The expression "schoolhouse" means a building, room, or premises in which public or private instruction is afforded to not less than ten pupils at one time. (An act to establish a board of health for Detroit, approved February 27, 1595.)

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JERSEY CITY.

THE PRINCIPAL.

He shall ** superintend the regulation of the ventilation and temperatures of the different class rooms. (Manual of the Board of Education, 1893, par. XL, p. 11.)

VACCINATION.

Previons successful vaccination or protection against smallpox shall be an essential condition of admission to any of the public schools, either as a pupil or a teacher, and it shall be the duty of the superintendent to require a strict compliance with said condition. (Ib., par. LVII, p. 22.)

CLEANLINESS, ETC.

No pupil who is not personally clean, or comes from a family afflicted with any contagious disease, or is an imbecile, shall be allowed to remain in school. (Ib., par. LVIII, p. 23.)

TEMPERATURE AND DISMISSAL.

(a) Temperature. At 10.30 a. m. and 2 p. m. each teacher shall cause the temperature as recorded by the thermometer to be recorded in a conspicuous place. (b) Dismissal.—Whenever it is found impossible to heat a class room in the primary department so as to reach 65° F., or 60° in the grammar department, and whenever the temperature can not be kept below 85° F. in the primary department, or 90° in the grammar department, with the best ventilation that can be obtained, the principal of the department shall be justified in dismissing such class for the session at 10 o'clock a. m. in winter, and at noon or at a later hour of that day in summer, and such dismissal shall be reported to the superintendent as soon as possible. (Ib., par. LXII, p. 24.)

Each janitor shall

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JANITORS' DUTIES.

sweep and dust the rooms, halls, stairs, windows, sidewalks, and yards daily, and flush the troughs of closets twice a day, at noon and after school session, once a week; scrub or mop out all halls, stairs, and closets, and at least twice a year scrub or mop out all class rooms and clean all windows, wash all the floors and woodwork throughout, and give the whole building, yards, and outhouses a thorough cleaning. (Ibid, p. 31.)

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(Ib., p. 31.)

All modes of egress shall be left unfastened during school hours.

MINNEAPOLIS.

EGRESS.

SEC. 1. In all places of public amusement and instruction in Minneapolis already erected, the halls, doors, stairways, seats, and aisles shall be arranged so as to facilitate egress in case of fire or accident as the inspector of buildings may deem necessary for the public protection in such cases.

And all aisles and passageways in said buildings devoted to said purposes of amusement or instruction shall be kept free from camp stools, chairs, sofas, stoves, or other obstructions. (Laws relating to buildings, plumbing, and wiring, 1893, p. 44.)

DUTIES OF PRINCIPAL.

There shall be fire-alarm drill in each school at least once, but not more than twice, in each month. (Seventeenth Annual Report of the Board of Education, By-laws, sec. 31, p. 151.)

DUTIES OF PUPILS.

Pupils in all respects qualified may enter the schools at any time during the year by applying to the principal of the building of the district in which they reside. They must be accompanied by a parent or guardian, who shall furnish satisfactory evidence as to the age and vaccination, or a physician's certificate that vaccination can not safely be had. (Ib., sec. 39, p. 153.)

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JANITORS' DUTIES.

He shall make all needful minor repairs and do all the scrubbing and cleaning. The schoolrooms shall be scrubbed at least once in each month, the halls and stairways at least twice in each month, and generally aim to keep his building in a cleanly condition. The principal shall report upon the monthly pay roll the general condition of the building. (Ib., sec. 99, p. 163.)

He shall aim to keep the temperature in the class rooms at a standard of 70° and shall from time to time consult with the principal as to the manner of heating. Pupils shall have nothing to do with the apparatus for heating, but the teacher shall regularly indicate the temperature on the register provided for that purpose. (Ib., sec. 100, p. 163.)

NEW YORK.

AN ACT to provide for improving the sanitary condition of the buildings of the common schools in the city of New York by alterations and additions in and to the heating and ventilating apparatus thereof.

[Approved by the governor April 19, 1893. Passed, three-fifths being present.]

The people of the State of New York, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows:

SECTION 1. The comptroller of the city of New York is authorized, upon the application of the board of education of said city and the approval of a majority of the board of estimate and apportionment of said city, to issue bonds, in the name and on behalf of the mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of the city of New York for an amount not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, par value, to be known as sanitary improvement schoolhouse bonds.

SEC. 2. Said bonds shall be issued from time to time as they may be required by the said board of education, shall be payable from taxation, and shall run for such term or terms of years as the said comptroller shall direct, but no longer than twenty years, and shall draw interest at no more than three and one-half per centum per annum.

SEC. 3. Whenever said bonds shall be issued the comptroller of the city of New York shall invite proposals therefor, by public advertisement, for not less than ten days, and shall award the same to the highest bidder, provided that no proposal or proposals for said bonds shall be accepted for less than the par value of the same; and said proposals shall be publicly opened by the comptroller in the presence of the commissioners of the sinking fund, or such of them as shall attend at the time and place specified in said advertisement. The said comptroller, with the approval of said commissioners, shall determine what, if any, part of said proposals shall be accepted, and upon the payment into the city treasury of the amounts due by the persons whose bids are accepted, respectively, certificates therefor shall be issued to them as authorized by law.

SEC. 4. The proceeds of said bonds when received shall forthwith be deemed appropriated for improving the sanitary condition of the buildings of the common schools in the city of New York by alterations and additions in and to the heating and ventilating apparatus thereof, as the board of education of said city shall deter mine, and shall be thereafter disbursed by the comptroller of the city of New York in payment of the liabilities incurred by the said board of education for the purpose aforesaid upon the requisition of said board and in the same manner as other moneys appropriated for the maintenance of the common schools in said city are usually paid out, and no expenditure from said proceeds shall be authorized or made without the approval and requisition of the said board of education. SEC. 5. This act shall take effect immediately.

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS.

Every building hereafter erected

whole or in any part as a school or place of instruction, the height of which exceeds thirty-five feet, except buildings for which specifications and plans have been heretofore submitted to and approved by the superintendent of buildings shall be built fireproof. (Laws relating to the construction of buildings in the city of New York, 1892, ch. 275, sec. 484, p. 29.)

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EXITS.

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In all buildings * used or intended to be used for purposes of public assembly, amusement, or instruction the halls, doors, stairways, seats, passageways, and aisles and all lighting and heating appliances and apparatus shall be arranged as the superintendent of buildings shall direct to facilitate egress in case of fire. 安 * All aisles and passageways in said buildings shall be kept free from camp stools, chairs, sofas, and other obstructions. (Ib., sec. 499, p. 58.)

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JANITORS.

**

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Every applicant for the position of janitor of a school building must produce a certificate from the board of health that each and every member of the applicant's family, including help, has been properly vaccinated. All modes of egress, including the visitors' doors, shall be left unfastened during school hours. (Manual of the Board of Education, 1894, sec. 74, pp. 190, 191.)

SANITARY REGULATIONS.

Seating capacity.-It shall be the duty of every principal to reject all applications for the admission of pupils into any school or class whenever the room occupied by the same is filled to the extent of its seating capacity. In fixing the seating capacity of rooms, the following shall be a minimum allowance of floor surface and air space per pupil: In the three lower classes of primary schools and departments, five square feet and seventy cubic feet; in the three higher grades, six square feet and eighty cubic feet; in the four lower grades of the grammar schools, seven square feet and ninety cubic feet; in the four higher grades, nine square feet and one hundred cubic feet. The seating capacity of each room in each school building (estimated in accordance with the provisions of this by-law) shall be conspicuously posted in each room.

Police surgeons.-The clerk of the board shall furnish the principals of the public schools in the several wards with a correct list of the names and residences of the police surgeons and health inspectors living nearest to such schools, respectively, with instructions that, in case of accidents, said principals shall send for and ask the medical officer herein named for such aid as the necessities of the case may require, and in case of the absence of such officers the principal of the school where the accident happens is empowered to employ the services of the first available medical practitioner at the expense of this board.

Vaccination.-1. No pupil shall be allowed to attend any school, nor shall any teacher be employed in the same, unless such pupil or teacher has been vaccinated. 2. Every principal of a school shall require a certificate of a physician in good standing as evidence of such vaccination as a requisite for the admission, employment, or continuance of a pupil or teacher, and the principal shall also enter in the register of the school the dates, as near as possible, of the respective vaccinations of the pupils and teachers, and shall cooperate with such agents of the board of health as may be authorized to visit the schools for the purpose of examining and vaccinating the pupils, and shall require a revaccination of all pupils ascertained by said agents of the board of health not to be fully protected by a former vaccination; and no pupil refusing to be so revaccinated, either by the agent of the board of health or by the physician of the family to which he or she may belong, shall be permitted to attend any public school until such requirement is fully complied with.

3. A certificate of any physician in good standing in his profession stating that the papil does not require revaccination shall be accepted by the agents of the board of health in lieu of a personal examination.

Contagious diseases.-1. Whenever it becomes known to the principal or teacher in charge of a school that a contagious disease prevails in a house other than a

tenement, in which a child or children attending the school lives or live, such child or children shall be immediately excluded from the school and shall not be readmitted except as elsewhere in this section provided.

2. Whenever the principal or teacher in charge ascertains that a contagious disease other than smallpox or typhus fever exists in a tenement house, but on one floor only, a child or children living on another floor of the same house need not for this reason be excluded, but children thus situated must be questioned daily about their health and that of their respective families, and must be sent home at the first symptoms of illness or the first intelligence of contagion in their family. 3. But if a contagious disease of any description exists on more than one floor of a tenement house, or if the disease existing on only one floor be smallpox or typhus fever, all children living in the house must be promptly excluded from the school. 4. Children excluded pursuant to the above rules shall not be again permitted to attend school

In case of scarlet fever, until three weeks from the beginning of the last case on the floor or in the house, according to whether the exclusion has applied to a floor or an entire house under the above rules.

In case of measles, until two weeks after the beginning of the last case on the floor or in the house, according to the extent of the exclusion.

In case of diphtheria, until one week after the termination of the last case on the floor or in the house, according to the exclusion.

In the case of scarlet fever, measles, or diphtheria, until a certificate of the board of health is produced stating that the apartments, bedding, and clothing affected by the contagion have been properly disinfected.

If the disease be smallpox or typhus fever, children who have been in such case excluded must not resume their attendance without producing a certificate from the board of health stating that it is safe for them to do so.

5. New scholars applying for admission and living in houses or on floors where a contagious disease prevails must be admitted or excluded in compliance with the above rules.

6. Principals and teachers in charge are required to communicate to the clerk of the board of education any information received by them relevant to this subject not known to be in his possession.

7. Hereafter all children attending the schools under the control of this board and residing in orphan asylums, infirmaries, homes, nurseries, or other institutions shall regularly furnish to their respective principals weekly certificates signed by a duly licensed and competent physician of good standing to the effect that during the week preceding the date of such certificate there were no contagious or infectious diseases of any kind in such asylum, infirmary, home, nursery, or institution, and no principal shall allow the attendance at school of any such children unless the certificate herein required is furnished as aforesaid; and all such certificates shall be preserved by said principals for one year.

8. If the certificate should show that there was any such disease in such orphan asylum, infirmary, home, nursery, or institution, or if any principal should, from any other source, ascertain the existence of any such disease in any such asylum, infirmary, home, nursery, or institution such principal shall forth with dismiss from attendance all pupils residing in such orphan asylum, infirmary, home, nursery, or institution and such pupils shall not be allowed to attend until authorized by the committee on by-laws, elections, and qualifications of the board of education. 9. The regulations contained in the foregoing subdivisions of this section shall not, except as hereinafter provided, apply to any orphan asylum, infirmary, home, nursery, or other institution which shall be provided with a suitable hospital containing isolated compartments for contagious diseases; provided, however, that such hospital shall be in an independent building so separated as to be at a distance of not less than one hundred feet from the main building; and provided, likewise, that all children afflicted with any contagious disease shall be forthwith removed into said hospital, and be cared for by attendants, who shall have no communication with any of the other inmates of said institution; and provided, likewise, that where any contagious disease may have existed therein à certificate signed by the president or superintendent of said institution and a duly licensed and competent physician of good standing be furnished to the respective principals in charge of any and every school attended by the children of said institution, to the effect that at the time of signing said certificate and during the ten (10) days preceding the date of such certificate no case of scarlatina, measles, or diphtheria has occurred in such institution; or, if any contagious disease may have existed therein, that no pupil having such contagious disease has been permitted to remain in such institution, but has been removed to, and is an inmate of, said isolated hospital, and that proper disinfection and fumigation have been practiced; and further cer