the State prison for ten years or more, on which a conviction has been had. A charge of 5 cents per folio is authorized for certified copies of evidence and proceedings ordered by parties in interest. In 1882 the legislature ordered proceedings against reporters who delay furnishing transcripts or neglect or refuse to comply with the judge's directions in regard to the performances of their duties.

WEST VIRGINIA.-In 1870 the employment of a stenographer was authorized for the first judicial circuit, and in 1881 the legislature repealed the same and provided for the reporting of the courts of the first judicial district and for the allowance of a reasonable compensation for services and expenses. In 1882 a similar law applicable to the fifth judicial circuit was passed.

WISCONSIN. In 1867 the presiding judge of Dane County was authorized to employ a shorthand reporter and in 1868 reporters were authorized in Racine, Rock and Jefferson counties, the number of counties being increased by enactments in subsequent years. The laws were summarized in 1878 and amended in 1880. The Revised Statutes provide that every circuit court judge may in his discretion appoint one or more phonographic reporters and may remove them at pleasure, to be sworn officers of the court and to receive a compensation not exceeding $10 per day with 5 cents per folio for verbatim transcript and 10 cents a folio when written out in narrative form. The municipal court of Milwaukee was also provided with a reporter. In 1880 judges of county courts with civil jurisdiction were allowed to employ reporters under the provisions empowering circuit judges to make such appointments. WYOMING passed an act for the appointment of a Territorial stenographer and the preservation of evidence, and in 1879 section 5 of that act was stricken out and the compensation reduced. In 1882 the salary was still further reduced.

COURT DECISIONS AFFECTING STENOGRAPHERS.

The decisions of courts in cases relating to stenographers have not been uniform, but some idea of the character of such decisions may be obtained from the following citations and summaries:

Notes of interpreted testimony are not admissible.-54 Cal., 527. Payment for stenographic work may be required in advance.-58 How. Pr. (N. Y.), 289; 8 Nebr., 22.

The charges for stenographer on hearing before master are not taxable as costs without consent of parties.-18 Blatchford, 507.

Notes of evidence taken by a stenographer duly appointed are not admissible as evidence in the courts of another State.-56 Md., 439, 463.

When transcripts of notes are furnished at the request of counsel, the client must be looked to for payment and not the counsel.—44 N. Y. superior; 581.

The supreme court can not act on a mere transcript of the stenographer's notes of the testimony not authenticated by the certificate of the trial judge.-43 Mich., 336.

Notes of an official stenographer are legal evidence within the State of the testimony in the case of which they purport to be a record.-43 Mich., 257; 5 Colo., 1.

Delay in filing the stenographer's transcript will not prejudice a party dependent on it in matters relating to further proceedings.—10 Nebr., 449.

Stenographer's minutes of the testimony given upon a former trial by a party who has since left the jurisdiction are admissible.-43 Mich., 257; 5 Colo., 1.

The destruction or loss of the testimony and proceedings of the trial taken by the stenographer does not of itself constitute ground for a new trial.-2 Dak., 377.

Where a copy of the shorthand report of the evidence is not signed and attested by the reporter nor authenticated in any way by the judge it can not be regarded as a bill of exceptions.-77 Ind., 537.

The appellate court has no right to consider the stenographer's notes or any fact therein when such notes are not made a part of the bill of exceptions.-N. W. Rep., Vol. 13, 889 Wis. case.

The State or county employing an official reporter is not liable for a transcript made for an attorney in the case, though it may become a part of the record for which the county is liable.-98 Pa., 570.

The notes of evidence taken by a phonographic reporter of a court are prima facie evidence only in the court below and can not be considered in the supreme court.—43 Cal., 176.

Where the minutes of the stenographer are relied upon to show what was certified to upon a former trial such minutes must be authenticated as correct.-3 Mich., 311.

Though a shorthand reporter be appointed and act in the trial of a cause, it is wholly immaterial by whom the evidence has been written out, if it be shown by a bill of exceptions purporting to contain all the evidence.-84 Ind., 287.

The testimony of the reporter based on his own notes is incompetent to prove the testimony of a witness given in a foreign language at a former trial and taken down by the reporter from the interpreter.-56 Cal., 119.

A case in chancery may properly be settled on the stenographer's notes where the trial judge was out of office before the time for settling the case expires, and the procedure would be substantially the same as in settling a bill of exceptions at law.-49 Mich., 639.

It is clear that any sworn officer of court, whether it be the reporter, clerk, or other officer, when he takes the witness stand as a witness must take the oath of a witness. The reporter reads his notes of a former trial as an attorney would read his; their authority and correctness should be attested by oath.-54 Vt., 83.

There is no rule of law which makes the stenographer the only competent witness in a case where it is sought to impeach a witness by showing that he testified differently at another trial.-65 Me., 466.

A certified copy of the testimony of a witness as taken by an official stenographer is legal evidence to prove the testimony of such witness, and is not in contravention of the State constitution.-69 Me., 400.

Stenographer's notes of testimony given on a former trial are not admissible in evidence if he has not testified to their accuracy, or if they are not in some way authenticated.-44 Mich., 438.

When the stenographer's report of the evidence is made a part of the bill of exceptions and there is a conflict between it and the facts alleged in the formal part of the bill of exceptions, the report will control. 63 Me., 437.

The services of a stenographer must be paid for by the person employing him in the absence of an agreement that this shall be borne by both parties. It can not be allowed as costs in the cause.-Phila. Reps., C. P. II, 244.

Unofficial stenographic notes of the testimony of a witness before a coroner are not evidence for the defendant on a subsequent trial for murder, though the witness were dead.-29 Pittsburg Law Journal, 225.

The minutes of a stenographer taken at a trial are not, in civil cases, official; they form no part of the record and can only be made a part of the record by authentication by the judge's signature after settlement of the bill of exceptions or case.-2 Dak., 377.

By the act of May 15, 1874, it is enacted that the stenographer's notes "shall be deemed and held to be official and the best authority in any matter of dispute." The law has reference to the notes made up under the eye and direction and with the approval of the judge.—79 Pa., 436.

When, for the purpose of contradicting a witness, one party offers extracts from the testimony of such witness at a former trial, the other party is entitled to put in so much of the remainder as is relevant, and for that purpose may call the stenographer and have him read the original minutes.-71 Me., 394.

One can not introduce the stenographic notes of testimony given on a former trial without having exhausted the best sources of information reasonably accessible to learn whether the witness himself can not be found; this was so held where the witness' wife was not questioned as to his whereabouts.-47 Mich., 10.

The stenographer's transcript of his notes of the evidence in a chancery cause where the testimony was taken in open court, which has been merely filed in the cause and a copy thereof sent up with the return without being authenticated by the circuit judge as a case settled as required by statute, will not be considered on appeal as the evidence in the cause.-33 Mich., 500.

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The stenographer's minutes de na bear upon their face any such evidence of acitrary as the ring by the witness himself gives to a deposition. Where Le Las not pescarinesel them so as to make them evidence aging bed le can bt mắt that their accuracy shall be assumed in Lis favor.—48 METAL 43,

The legislature in providing for the assistance of shorthand writers did not intend that their i tes så old Lave more force than judges' minutes, and to one has ever supposed the latter to possess the inher ent character of written evidence. They are allowed to be made use of in various ways and unler various eirenn stances, but not as deposi tions or evidence of record-Wharon's Evidence, sections 180 and $25.

SHORTHAND SOCIETIES.

The earliest shorthand associations organized in America had for their purpose the same objects as have bron ght into existence thousands of similar associations in Germany and other foreign countries—the dissemination of a knowledge of the art. These associations did much to introduce phonography in the United States and worked zealously for the writing and printing reform.

As early as 1848 the American Phonographic Society was in existence and there were local societies at New York: Brooklyn, N. Y.; Herkimer, N. Y.: Cincinnati, Ohio; Marshall, Mich.; Stillwater, N. Y.; Elizabeth. N. J.; St. Louis, Mo.; Lockport, N. Y.; New Bedford, Mass.; Stamford, Conn.: Waukesha, Wis.: Medina, N. Y.; Birmingham, Conn.; Westfield, Mass.; Dubuque, Iowa; Drummondville, S. C.; Wellsboro, Pa.; Farmersville, N. Y.: Little Fort, Ill.; Salem, Ohio; Falmouth. Mass.: Cambria. N. Y.: Southport, Wis.; Beloit, Wis.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Boston, Mass.; and Big Boone, Ky.

Another of the early associations was the American Phonographic League. When its constitution was revised February 26, 1853, it had a membership of 90. The New York State Phonetic Association was resolved September 6, 1854, into the American Writing and Printing Reform Association. The American Phonetic Association, devoted to the dissemination of phonography, phonetic longhand, and phonotypy, existed for many years.

The Standard Phonographic Reporters' Union (1866) is believed to have been the first organization of professional writers of shorthand in the United States. The Pennsylvania Phonographic Society was formed in 1871; the Stolze Stenographic Society of New York City, the Law Stenographers' Association of the City of New York, and the New York Munson Phonographic Society, in 1872.

A large number of local associations have been organized, but most of these have existed for a short period only. The objects of these local associations have not been the dissemination of a single system of shorthand, but they have generally been composed of writers of various

styles, their purposes being to advance the general interests of the profession, to establish uniform rates of compensation, and to promote sociability among the members. State associations, having much the same reasons for existence, have been established from time to time. Of these the New York State Stenographers' Association and the Iowa State Stenographers' Association were organized in 1876, while similar bodies were formed in Pennsylvania in 1877, in Nebraska in 1880, in Colorado, Ohio, and Missouri in 1882, and in Kansas in 1883.

The International Association of Shorthand Writers of the United States and Canada was organized in 1881 at Chicago, meetings being held in subsequent years in Cincinnati, Toronto, Harrisburg, and Buffalo, after which the association was disbanded.

Of associations which have been organized and disbanded within the past ten years the following are among the most noteworthy: Railroad Stenographers' Association, Chicago, Ill., organized in 1882; Association of Practical Phonographers, Philadelphia, Pa., 1882; Fargo Stenographic Association, 1883; Boston (Mass.) Stenographers' Association, 1883; Cayuga County Stenographers' Association (Auburn, N. Y.), 1889; Baltimore (Md.) Stenographers' Association, 1890; Order of Railway and Transportation Stenographers, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1890; Lynn Stenographers' Association, 1890; Cincinnati (Ohio) Stenographers' Association, 1888; Stolze Stenographic Society, Chicago; Reading (Pa.) Stenographers' Association; Scranton (Pa.) Stenographers' Association; Sioux City (Iowa) Stenographers' Association, 1891; Fort Scott (Kans.) Stenographers' Association, 1889; Galveston (Tex.) Shorthand Society, 1889; Lima (Ohio) Stenographers' Association, 1890, and Texas State Stenographers' Association, 1889; Birmingham (Ala.) Stenographers' Association, 1891; Dallas (Tex.) Shorthand Society, 1889; Munson International Phonographic Association.

The following associations have been in existence within two years, but no information has been received from them in response to inquiries and they are nearly all believed to be "defunct" at this time: Kings County Shorthand Society, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Brunswick (Ga.) Stenographers' Association; Tri-city Stenographers' Association, Davenport, Iowa; Des Moines (Iowa) Stenographers' Association; Gabelsberger Phonographic Society of Concordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind.; Houston (Tex.) Stenographers' Association; Indianapolis (Ind.) Shorthand Club; Jacksonville (Fla.) Stenographers' Association; Lawrence (Mass.) Stenographers' Association; Lockport (N. Y.) Stenographers' Association; Spencerian Stenographic Association, Milwaukee, Wis.; Omaha Stenographers' Association, Omaha, Nebr.; Commercial Stenographers' Association, Omaha, Nebr.; Oshkosh (Wis.) Stenographers' Association; Owensboro (Ky.) Stenographers' Association; Peoria (Ill.) Stenographers' Association; Plainfield (N. J.) Stenographers' Association; Gabelsberger Stenographic Society, Philadelphia, Pa.; St. Louis (Mo.) Stenographic Association; Stolze Stenographic Associ