In this method there have been 841 persons instructed. Eight societies, with 269 regular members, represent the Gabelsberger system as adapted to the Bohemian language, and instruction was given to 6,134 persons, 10 persons being instructed in the method as adapted to the Croatian tongue and 72 to the Polish adaptation. Commissions appointed by the government to examine candidates for teachers of stenography exist in Austria Hungary, Bavaria, and Saxony. The system of Gabelsberger is used to record the legislative proceedings in Prague, Agram, Buda-Pesth, Sophia, Athens, Copenhagen, Christiania, Stockholm, and Helsingfors. The proceedings of the chambers in Bavaria, Baden, Würtemberg, Hesse, Saxony, Saxe-Weimar, CoburgGotha, Alsace-Lorraine, Bremen, and the Austrian Reichsrath are reported by Gabelsberger stenographers, while half of the stenographers in the German Reichstag, as well as in the Hungarian Parliament, use the same method. It is practiced also in taking down the proceedings of the provincial assemblies at Silesia and the Rhine provinces.

Gabelsberger's stenography has been embraced in the official curric ulum of the high schools in Saxony since 1873. The members of the Royal Stenographic Institute at Dresden give instruction in shorthand, and for every such course the Government pays them the sum of 210 marks. Up to 1888 certificates of competency to teach the system had been issued by that institute to sixty-six persons.

The first society devoted to the propagation of Gabelsberger's system was organized at Leipsic in 1846. Four hundred and fifty-one societies are included in the Deutscher Gabelsberger Stenographenbund, organized in 1868.

In the Prussian House of Deputies only the system of Stolze is used, and it is said that with one exception all the stenographers in the Upper House are Stolzeans, but in the diets of all the other German States the system of Gabelsberger is practiced. The corps of reporters of the German Reichstag consists of an equal number of Gabelsberger and Stolze writers.

From June 1, 1888, to May 31, 1889, 6,051 persons received instruction in Stolze's stenography. In 1887 the number of shorthand journals published in Germany was 76.

The following figures show the number of societies representing the several methods in Germany, with the membership of each, for the year ended June 30, 1889:

There were 76 societies of college students, with a membership of 1,536, and 12 societies for women, having 308 members; also 3 military societies, with 189 members, which have afforded instruction to 1,656 soldiers.

GREECE.-Joseph Mindler, a German stenographer, adapted Gabelsberger's system to the Greek language in 1856, and was appointed stenographer to the Greek National Council at Athens. A shorthand society was organized by him at Patras in 1863. Blachos published a modification of Mindler's method. As early as 1853 Panos Heliopoulos had published a Greek system of shorthand, but it was very little practiced.

HUNGARY.-Istvan Gati is said by Dr. Zeibig to have practiced shorthand in taking down sermons from 1769 to 1772. His system was published in 1820. The English method of Taylor, translated by Borsos, was the first system used in Hungary. The systems of Gabelsberger and Stolze, adapted by Markovits and Fennyvessy respectively, have the largest following. The first was printed in 1863. Fennyvessy and Konyi, his pupil, were appointed chiefs of the stenographic bureau of Parliament. Gabelsberger's system was introduced into the high schools in 1879 and has been regularly taught since that time.

INDIA. Shorthand is generally very little used in India. Three stenographers are appointed for service in the Parliament, one by the viceroy and one each by the Bengal and Indian governments.

ITALY.-Mr. Guiseppe Marzorati, chief stenographer in the Chamber of Deputies at Rome, says that stenography per se can hardly be said to exist in Italy, as, with the exception of Parliament, no other body makes use of it. It is not used in provincial or communal councils, neither in tribunals, on journals, or by private individuals. It is a very rare occurrence outside of Parliament for more than three or four addresses a year to be stenographically reported. Indeed, there is so little call for reporters that shorthand is very little taught as a branch of education. However, in a few government technical schools the Gabelsberger-Noë system of stenography is taught, but merely as an optional branch. There are also a few stenographic societies which give free instruction in the same system, and they have a good number of pupils. The reports of the Senate are made by the Michela machine; those of the Chamber of Deputies by stenographers. In order to obtain rapid work upon the machine much practice is required, and the question arises whether such a machine is of great use when so much can be done with the pen. There are 12 persons making use of this machine and 2 assistants. The two manage the machine; the others write off the matter in the ordinary way. Then there are 4 revisers and a director in charge. In the Chamber of Deputies the discussions are reported by the Taylor system, which has been adapted to the Italian language by the Amanti system, a modification from the method of Delpino. The stenographic bureau consists of the chief stenographer and 2 assistants, and there is five times as much work in the Cham

ber of Deputies as in the Senate. There are 7 revisers and a reviserin-chief.

There are seventeen societies in Italy devoted to the propagation of Gabelsberger's system, having a membership of 560.

A phonographic society, devoted to the propagation of Isaac Pitman's shorthand, was organized at Rome in 1883.

JAPAN.-Minamoto Koki, after years of study, invented a system of shorthand for the Japanese language and began teaching it as early as 1879. Upon the return from Europe in the summer of 1890, of Mr. Kaneko Kentaro, chief secretary of the House of Peers, the Japanese Government resolved to organize an official system of shorthand writing. Fourteen stenographers were found to be needed in each house, and students of Minamoto were employed. Verbatim reports of the proceedings in each house appeared every morning at 6 o'clock in the Official Gazette. Two chief stenographers of the two houses are Messrs. Wakabayashi and Hayashi. A writer in the Japan Mail says:

The stenographic records of the Diet will, in all probability, bridge over the gulf that separates the written from the spoken language, thus conferring on literary Japan the immense boon of being able to record its thoughts in the phraseology of their conception.

MEXICO.-Bustamente published a text-book on stenography in 1855, but the method has no following: Marti's system is used by the stenographers in the Congress, and one of them, Rafael Lozados, brought out a modification of that style in 1870. The proceedings of the Congress were reported by a corps of three stenographers in 1822, Manuel Altamiran being the chief. Two stenographers are now employed in the Senate and ten in the Chamber of Deputies.

NETHERLANDS.—The following statement in reference to the use of shorthand in the Netherlands has been furnished by Mr. Cornelis Anthonius Steger, the director of the Stenographic Institute of the States-General. Mr. Steger celebrated the fortieth anniversary of his service as chief parliamentary stenographer, on February 15, 1889, on which occasion many tokens of appreciation were bestowed upon him by the King and Government. He is an officer of the order of the Open Crown and also a knight of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands. The first system of stenography was introduced by J. Reyner, a merchant of Rotterdam, in the year 1673, and six years later J. Gosens van Helderen, of Amsterdam, edited a "Kort-Schrift-Boek," both methods very much resembling Shelton's English stenography. Then followed B. Mowick (1750), J. Bossuyt (1814), who translated the system of Conen de Prépéan, P. G. Witsen Geysbeek (1827), who adapted the okygraphy of Dr. Erdmann, H. Somerhausen, J. Bossaert (1829), and P. Bogaert (1830). All these systems proved failures and have never been practiced.

The first and the second chambers of the States General are reported by an official stenographic bureau composed of a director-stenographer

and of 12 stenographers. There are 2 pupil stenographers.

The yearly expense amounts to about $12,000. The director, Mr. Steger, has given public instruction in the art each year since 1870, but on account of the few opportunities to use shorthand to pecuniary advantage stenography has up to this time made little progress. The system belongs to the geometric school and was composed by H. L. Tetar van Elven about 1855 and completed by his pupil, Steger, who was the first professional stenographer in the Netherlands, and who published the method in 1867 and in 1888. Mr. Steger has also published a history of shorthand (1873, second edition 1888). Mr. Werst, a pupil of Mr. Steger, teaches shorthand at the commercial school of Amsterdam. Adaptations of the systems of Neu-Stolze by a Mr. Wéry, a German, of that of Isaac Pitman, and of those of Gabelsberger and Stolze combined by Capt. Gondschaal, a German stenographer, have appeared. In 1869 Mr. J. B. Rietstap translated the system of Gabelsberger. In 1881 the Alt Stolze stenography was translated by Reinbold and Brand von Straaten. In 1882 a "Commercial Stenography" was issued by Mr. Dekker.

Only the system of Van Elven-Steger is practiced in the parliament; the other systems have some adherents, but none has yet given practical results. No shorthand journal is published and no shorthand societies, strictly speaking, exist. Shorthand is not used in the assemblies of the States Provincial nor in courts of justice. The reporters for the press usually employ a system of abbreviated longhand and do not prepare verbatim reports.

NORWAY.-Herr Cappelen, chief parliamentary shorthand writer at Christiania, Norway, writes:

We use here the system of Gabelsberger exclusively, which I introduced in 1867. Every year a public course in shorthand, lasting five months, is given free of charge. The class usually consists of from 50 to 60 pupils, but only about 10 take the official examination. The text-book used is one arranged by me and one of my colleagues. Stenography is not taught in schools, except in the Academy of Commerce in Christiania, where the study is optional. Private courses have been given at different times in other cities. Christiania has formed a society of stenographers whose members were or are stenographers of the National Congress (Storthinget). This society has about 25 members, and is the only stenographic association in Norway. No shorthand journal is published, although one has been suggested. The stenographic corps of the Storthinget consists of 3 revisers, 8 stenographers, and 8 assistant stenographers, all of whom use the system of Gabelsberger. The sessions usually last four hours, and one stenographer and his assistant write together for a quarter of an hour at a time, after which the matter is dictated. When the manuscript has been read by the revisers it is sent to the printers, and the following day it is sent to me for revision, appearing one day later in the papers. When the Chamber and the Senate are both in session, the work requires more time because the same corps of stenographers does all the writing.

PORTUGAL. The first shorthand system published in Portugal was that of Antonio Patrizio Pinto Rodriguez, issued early in the present century, but the art was comparatively little used before 1822, when

Angelo Ramon Marti began to report the proceedings of the Cortes. The system used was that of the elder Marti, and it has continued to be used both in the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. Joaquin Machado published an adaptation of Taylor's system, Dulunha e Silva issued a method of his own invention, and Dr. Michaelis adapted the system of Stolze to the Portuguese, but aside from its official use in Parliament, shorthand is very little practiced in Portugal.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.-W. H. Crosskill gave instruction during the year 1889-190 to 22 persons in the Benn Pitman system. The shorthand field is reported to be small, but interest in the art is increasing yearly.

ROUMANIA.-A. Stoenescu translated the system of Gabelsberger, published a monthly magazine, and was given charge of reporting the proceedings of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies at Bucharest. An adaptation of the French system of Tondeur is reported to be most argely used.

RUSSIA. Baron von Wolke issued the first system of stenography in Russia about the end of the last century. Many other systems were afterwards brought out, but none were successful in gaining popularity. In 1864 translations of Gabelsberger were issued by Olchin and also by Tornauw and Zeibig, and a translation of Stolze by Paulson and Messer appeared soon afterward. This was in response to an offer of a reward of 1,500 rubles made by the ministry of education for the best treatise on stenography, which was divided between the two systems of Gabelsberger and Stolze.

SCOTLAND.-Shorthand is extensively taught in board and secondary schools and by shorthand associations. One teacher of phonography in Glasgow is said to give instruction to nearly a thousand persons each year.

In Scotland laws authorizing the employment of stenographers in divorce cases were passed in 1861, and in 1866 their service was authorized in all civil cases in the court of session. By the act of 1868 evidence in cases of jury trials might by consent be reported by a shorthand writer, and the privilege is frequently availed of.

SERVIA.-Milovuc published a translation of Stolze's system into the Servian in 1866, and another was issued by Djordjevic in 1867. In 1876, when a Parliament was formed for the Kingdom of Servia, an official was sent to Austria to learn stenography and adapt it to the Servian. He studied Gabelsberger's system at Vienna, and after his return to Belgrade gave instruction, four of his students being employed as stenographers in the Senate.

SPAIN. Both the systems of Francisco de Pauli Marti and of Pedro Garriga y Marill have a considerable following in Spain. Marti first brought out an adaptation of the English method of Samuel Taylor (1786) which was published in 1800, and afterwards an improved system, of which editions appeared in 1803, 1813, 1821, and 1824. In 1802