the Government established at Madrid an institution for disseminating the art, and Marti was appointed teacher at a salary of 10,000 pesetas per annum. His first class consisted of 175 persons. Upon his death, in 1827, he was succeeded by Manuel Eugenio Vela. Angelo Ramon Marti adapted his father's system to the Portuguese and Italian languages. Alvarez Guerra issued an adaptation of Taylor's system, in parts, from 1797 to 1813, but his work attracted little attention. A system based on that of Marti was published by Xaramillo in 1811. Vela published Marti's system in 1845, and works on a similar basis were issued by Sotomayor, Zamácola, Villasenor, Lopez, Bas, and others. On Vela's death, in 1853, his chair was taken by Francisco de Paulo Madrazo, who taught the art until 1868; upon his decease the Instituto de San Isidro assumed the task of instruction. Francisco Serra y Ginesta, a pupil of Marti in 1803, who began to teach shorthand in the Junta de Comercio at Barcelona in 1805, issued a modification of his master's method in 1816. He was succeeded as instructor by José Andren. The system of Marti-Serra was propagated by the Sociedad Económica Barcelonesa de Amigos del Pais, and a number of works based upon it have been printed from time to time.

The system of Garriga, which appeared in 1864, is based on the method of Marti-Serra, as was to be expected, Garriga having been a pupil of Andren. The meaning of the alphabetic signs is changed, however, and the system in practice resembles very little that of Marti. A society for the propagation of this style of shorthand was founded, in 1872, under the name of the Corporacion Taquigrafica del Sistema Garriga. José Balari y Jovany, a pupil and friend of Garriga, became instructor for the Diputacion Provincial in the following year.

Gabelsberger's, Stolze's, and Duployé's systems have been adapted to the Spanish language and are used to a limited extent.

There are twelve stenographers in the Senate at Madrid and sixteen in the Congreso de Diputados. The salaries paid vary from 10,000 to 3,000 pesetas per annum.

SWEDEN. Carl Keventer, of Westervik, writes that shorthand has made great progress in his country, the systems of Gabelsberger and Arends being principally used. The two chambers of Parliament are stenographically reported, thirteen persons being employed in one (all using the system of Gabelsberger) and twenty-one in the other (eighteen of whom use the system of Gabelsberger and three that of Arends). The salary paid each is from 10 to 12 crowns a day, with a gratuity of 200 crowns, making the annual income of each from 1,200 to 1,400 crowns. There are two shorthand associations each in Stockholm, Göteborg, Upsala, Lund, and Örebro; and one at Malmö, Norrköping, Skara, Kalmar, Kristinehamn, Vexiö, Westervik, Östersund, Askensund, Fritsla, Hallsberg, Garpenberg, and Falköping. The total membership in these associations is about six hundred. Two magazines are published-Sleipner, the organ of the Gabelsberger stenography,

and Hermes, the organ for the Arends system. About two thousand four hundred persons were taught shorthand in 1890, the most of whom studied Gabelsberger. Instruction is given in schools in Stockholm, Upsala, Göteborg, Örebro, Vexiö, Landskrona, Kristinehamn, Norrköping, Sundsvall, and Skara.

The proceedings of the Ridderhus were first stenographically reported in 1823 by Silferstolpe and Hjerta, the former of whom, in order to secure a reward from the Government, had adopted the system of Taylor as published in France by Bertin; the latter, a system based on those of Aimé-Paris, Conen de Prépéan and Lichtlein. The system of Stolze has been adapted to the Swedish and published at Stockholm. SWITZERLAND.-In reference to stenography in Switzerland Mr. Aug. Rouiller-Leuba writes that stenography is not practiced to the same extent there that it is in some other countries, although in this branch Switzerland outranks several European nations. The system promulgated by the Swiss Central Stenographic Society is that of Aimé-Paris (Conen de Prépéan, Aimé-Paris and L. P. Guénin), that of the Abbe Duployé having been thrown aside as being of no particular advantage to the pupil, and indeed being especially inconvenient in many ways. Courses are organized regularily at Neuchâtel, Chaux de Fonds, Locle, St. Imier, Tramelau, Bienne, Noiraigne, Lausanne, Geneva, Cressier, and Bulle. There are also private courses, as to which no reports are received. The instruction given by M. Rouiller-Leuba at the Academy in Neuchâtel is under Government auspices. The question of introducing stenography in the schools is at present under discussion, and a report made by M. Rouiller-Leuba, to the Department of Education of the Canton of Neuchâtel, in regard to this matter, has been favorably received, and it is hoped will eventually cause that branch to be placed on the school programmes.

The stenographic literature of the canton is not very complete. The short method for French stenography, third edition (Petite méthode de Sténographie française, 3me éd.), the stenography of the future (L'Avenir Sténographique), a monthly journal approved and recommended by the department of education, and the manual for reading (Manuel de lecture), which is just going through the press, represent about all there is in the matter of stenographic literature. French stenographic publications are also used in the academy. As for those practicing stenography, they are few in numbers as compared with that guild in the United States. There are few official stenographers, and in commerce and industry the employment of a stenographer is a rare event. There are in French Switzerland a few amateurs, students of the Duployé system, who are scattered throughout the divisions under Catholic domination. These make themselves heard, but in great measure where they have failed in their profession. In German Switzerland several systems are employed, namely: Stolze, Gabelsberger, Faulmann, Arends, and Schrey. Other systems do not seem to be in

use. The literature of the Stolze system seems to be of the greatest importance, both in number of students and in point of practice; and the Stolze school gains many adherents throughout German Switzerland. Societies for this system are numerous, and a total of one thousand members is reported. Two journals for this Stolze system are published: The Swiss Stenographic Journal (Der Schweizer Stenograph) and the illustrated Swiss Comic Journal (Illustriertes schw. Unterhaltungsblatt). The Gabelsberger system publishes only one journal, and the other systems are propagated by means of journals issued in other countries.

Maj. Caspar Suter, stenographer of the Swiss military department, has furnished the following statement:

At the close of 1889 the number of shorthand societies in Switzerland using the system of Stolze was 24, with 823 members; Gabelsberger, 10, with 205 members; Arends, 3, with 49 members; and Schrey, 5, with 120 members.

The Stolze Stenographic Society, Zürich, was the first stenographical society founded in Switzerland. November 15, the same year, it was followed by the society in Aaran; May, 1858, by that of Berne. The first stenographic society in Switzerland which adopted the Gabelsberger system was founded in Zürich, 1863, but it consisted largely of the polytechnical students of Zürich. On June 25, 1871, the Gabelsberger Stenographical Society was established in eastern Switzerland in Wyl, canton St. Gall, which on June 9, 1872, was extended to a Swiss Central Society of the Gabelsberger system.

According to the calculations of the Stolze Stenographical Society in 1884, 2,462 stenographers then living in Switzerland employed ten different systems. Of this number, 1,941 belonged to the new Stolze school, 25 to the old Stolze school, 450 to the Gabelsberger, 27 to the Arends school. The other systems were represented as follows: Adler, 6; Lehmann, 7; Faulman, 2; Pitman, 1; Duployé, 2; Roller, 1. Of the above-named 2,462 stenographers, 594 are teachers, 624 students, 132 officials, 466 merchants, 127 trades people, 30 agriculturists, 16 physicians and apothecaries, 14 engineers and geometricians, 29 attorneys, 19 ministers, 9 editors, 26 technical engineers, 52 post telegraph and railroad officials, 44 printers and lithographers, 12 workmen in manufactories, 165 scholars of the Secunda, and finally 2 professional stenographers.

Stenography has not yet been introduced in the higher educational institutions of the French and Italian districts of Switzerland. In the cantonal school at Pruntrut a trial was evidently made in 1878, but this course of study was soon dropped on account of "insufficient interest and perseverance of the pupils.”

The German portion of Switzerland presents more satisfactory figures, as follows: 29 schools with 5,800 pupils, 1,560 becoming experts.

From 1859 to 1876 about 4,250 persons received instruction in Switzerland in the Stolze system, and from 1872 to 1889 about 2,380 persons in the system of Gabelsberger. In Switzerland the use of stenography for transcribing purposes, was introduced in the beginning of this century. As some of the earliest instances when stenography was applied in Switzerland are cited the speeches which were taken down in the Senate and the great council at the end of the year 1798, by the renowned statesman and writer Zschakki. Also the celebrated sermons of the Zurich Chorherr, Conrad Orelli, who died 1826, were taken verbatim. Rev. Jaggi made use of stenography in 1835 for the discussions of the Berner Great Council. Prof. Einecken from 1830 to 1840 made use of stenography in the following instances: For several discussions of the great council in Luzern and for discussions of the same jurisdiction in the session of September 9, 1842, in which the important question was dis

cussed of the call of the Jesuits to take charge of the higher educational institutes in Luzern. Stenography was further practiced by the State counsellor of Zurich, Mr. Benz, who reported the discussions of the "Eidgenössische" session in 1832, and during the greater part of the decade 1830 to 1840, the discussions of the Zurich Great Council, for the proprietors of the Neue Zuricher Zeitung.

From 1830 until the present time the discussions of the Berner Great Council have been recorded by a German and a French stenographer, and are published in the "Tagblatt" of the Berner Great Council.

Stenography has also been used in the following instances: In 1844, by Krause in taking down the speeches and the toasts offered during the great shooting club festival at Bâle; in 1862 (after Stolze system) the discussions of the Great Council in Argovie; in 1863, the discussions of the Great Council in Zurich relating to the Cantonal house insurance companies, and, in September and December, 1864, the discussions of the Swiss states council, relating to the commercial treaty with France. In 1868 the discussions of the Constitutional Council were reproduced for the New Zurich paper by 4 stenographers, and in 1870, the discussions of the Swiss Federal Conventions relating to the St. Gotthard railroad contract, and, in 1878, the discussions of the same jurisdiction, relating to the additional subvention of the St. Gotthard railroad enterprise, by five stenographers. Prof. Kollbrunner, from 1871 to 1874 reported the discussions of separate sessions of the Swiss Federal convention for the Thurgavie newspaper. Since 1876 stenography has been in constant use at the Swiss military department for the verbatim rendering of the discussions held at conferences and for copying from dictations of the chiefs at the military department. From 1876 to 1884 thirty-six larger and smaller works, by official commission, were executed by Swiss stenographers of the Gabelsberger system.

Text-books and other works on stenography have been issued in Switzerland to the number of more than a score. Three shorthand journals are now issued, Die Stenogr. Blätter aus der Schweiz, edited by Maj. Casp. Suter, in Berne; Der Stenograph, edited by Bär, a teacher in Zürich; also a journal issued by adherents of the Arends system, which began publication in July, 1890.

In reference to the Duployan system in Switzerland, Denis R. Perrault states that F. P. Bonabry, the president of the Club Sténographique de la Concorde, Fribourg, has taught shorthand for eleven years past to the Young Traders' Association, to the students of the university and others; that stenographers have been employed in the Confederation Parliament for only one year, two of whom report the proceedings in German and one in French, the latter using the Duployan method; also that there are three or four journals devoted to this system issued, the most important being "Le Signal Sténographique," published by Louis Mogeon, at Ouchy.

TURKEY.-Shorthand is very little used in Turkey, and no manual of the art has been published. A stenographic bureau was organized by the Grand Vizier to report the proceedings of the Imperial Ottoman Parliament formed in 1876. Public instruction was given, and Mr. Bontini was appointed president of the parliamentary staff at a salary of 22,000 piasters for the session. The proceedings were published in the official journals, El Djewaïb and the Vâkit. Difficulties were encountered because of the recognition of several languages, and the cost of the stenographic reports was proportionally increased.

VENEZUELA.-Marti's Spanish system was introduced into Venezuela by Chaquel. A reprint of Marti's text-book was issued at Caracas and

a manual was afterwards published by Geronimo A. Blanco. Shorthand is taught in the Colegio de Vargas and graduates report the pro ceedings of the Congress.

SHORTHAND IN THE UNITED STATES.

Systems of stenography resembling the earliest English methods were used in America almost contemporaneously with their publication, but no text-book was brought out until after the United States had become established as a republic. Gurney's and Taylor's systems were principally used, and the art was taught to a limited extent. the time of the introduction of phonography Gould's treatises, based on Taylor's stenography, were the best known works on the art. The debates of the First Congress of the United States were reported unof ficially by Thomas Lloyd. These were published in 1791 and were followed by reports made by other stenographers and privately printed. Up to 1848 the Congressional Globe published weekly an abstract of debates and such speeches as were furnished by members of Congress. From that time until 1873 the reports were published in the Daily Globe, and since then in the Congressional Record. In 1873 the former arrangements for reporting were changed so as to provide five reporters of the House of Representatives, and the reporting of the Senate is done by contract, the same number of stenographers being employed. All use some modification of phonography.

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In 1844 Stephen Pearl Andrews published "The Phonographic Class Book," embodying the principles of Isaac Pitman's system, and the following year in conjunction with Augustus French Boyle began the extensive publication of text-books presenting the same method. teen editions each were printed of the Class Book and the Reader within ten years, and other books designed to conduct the student to verbatim reporting were prepared and published. The issue of this excellent and complete series of text-books was the means of introducing the system to thousands of persons.

In January, 1846, Andrews and Boyle issued the first number of "The American Phonographic Journal," containing eight pages of engraved shorthand, and during that year the "Anglo-Saxon," a weekly newspaper printed in phonetic type and devoted to "the writing and printing reform," began to be issued by the same publishers. As an illustration of the rapid dissemination of the art it may be mentioned that in 1851 there were said to be 6,000 persons who had been taught phonography in Philadelphia.

The introduction of shorthand as a means of expediting business correspondence has taken place within fifteen years, and principally within the past decade, the increased use within five years being very marked. In the majority of the schools in which the art is now taught it has been introduced since 1885.