the water should run down the sides of the glass, and the latter should be kept as close to the spout as possible; for if the glass be held at some distance, and the water allowed to fall with force into the centre, a great quantity of atmospheric air is drawn in with it, whilst the violent agitation causes the inherent sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases to escape too soon. From two to six glasses (of six or seven ounces each) are taken in the morning; sometimes before dinner a smaller dose is repeated. The diet must be very temperate at first, but more nourishing afterwards. Care must be taken that the liver and intestines be not taxed too much by fatty or indigestible food, or spirituous liquors.

You may perhaps ask whether we can expect such important results from so small an amount of sulphuretted hydrogen-viz., about 2 cubic inches in a pint of water-and whether we ought to attribute the same action to all sulphurous springs. The answer to this is, that the proportion of the gas is extremely large here, surpassing in this respect all other theiothermæ of Germany : Aix-la-Chapelle, the most celebrated, having only 0.13 cubic inches, Baden, near Vienna, 0·70, Eilsen 2:01, Nenndorf (Quelle unter dem Gewölbe) 1.21, Weilbach 2.64.

Although the same gas stamps their general character, the diseases for which they should be recommended are widely different. Sulphurous springs are generally set down as most useful in chronic rheumatism and cutaneous eruptions, and it might be imagined that we have only to choose between a hot and cold spring. If you visit Aix-la-Chapelle, for instance, you will find most of the valetudinarians there to be suffering from affections of the sero-fibrous or cutaneous system, and in vain will you look for patients who seek relief from pulmonary or laryngeal complaints. But here you will notice the reverse. The spa, however, is very little known, and is not appreciated as it deserves to be. When I visited the chief spas for the first time, it was my intention to pass by Weilbach. I happened to stay at the Post Hotel at Kreuznach. When just on the point of starting, the head-waiter, who heard that I intended to visit Soden, asked me whether I would not pay a visit to Weilbach; and said I should perhaps feel interested in seeing his principal, who had suffered for several years with spitting of blood, and such an exhausting cough that his friends laughed at him, when, after a fruitless resort to Ems (which enjoys such a European reputation in pulmonary diseases), he rode to Weilbach at the recommendation of

some acquaintance; but he persisted, and subsequently found there a complete cure. The landlord confirmed the statement of his waiter, and appeared to me then hale and hearty. The basis of his pulmonary disorder lay in hæmorrhoidal dyscrasy; and as soon as he presented himself to Dr. Roth, that physician informed him that his case was particularly fitted for Weilbach, as it afterwards proved. I at once determined to alter my route, and to examine a remedial agent which had afforded such striking results. Physician: Dr. Stifft.

Baden, near Vienna. For the consideration of the next spa, I shall request you to retrace your steps to Vienna, the Austrian capital, and thence proceed southward by railroad to Baden, which lies at an hour's distance. Baden was known to the Romans under the name of Pannonian Baths.' The history of this now beautiful town is full of interest. How often were the vineyards and orchards destroyed, the houses burnt, the inhabitants plundered and murdered-now by the Turks, then by the Huns, now by the Turks again, who used to burn those treasures which they could not carry off with them! Then, again, French armies laid contributions on the exhausted treasury of the inoffensive town. Scarcely was one injury repaired when another befel them in the shape of extensive conflagrations.

The discovery of the spa is popularly ascribed to the following circumstance :-At some very remote period, the dogs of a neighbouring nobleman were missed for a few hours every day in the adjoining forest. They were known to be affected with a kind of lepra, and when carefully watched and followed by some huntsmen, they were found to seek some warm springs, in which they bathed for some time, and then returned to their master. Their eruption having afterwards been found to be cured, the nobleman had the surrounding trees cut down, and the source enclosed for the relief of human ailments.

Baden is situated in lat. north 48°, and long. east 15°, on the Schwöchat, four miles to the south-east of Vienna, at the foot of the Wienerwald, 638 feet above the level of the sea, and surrounded by very charming landscapes. The Cethic mountains encircle the place from the north and west, whilst to the south-east an extensive open plain stretches as far as the frontier of Hungary. To this position we must ascribe the frequent atmospheric changes to which the place is occasionally subject, amounting sometimes to 34° F. in one day. The environs of Baden are very fertile; wine, fruits, and agricultural products are alike

found here in abundance. Baden has about 5,000 inhabitants, and attracts numerous visitors, besides the crowd of valetudinarians that annually resort thither. It belongs to the class of Theiotherma (warm sulphurous springs), and appropriately follows as a contrast to the last cold sulphur-spring which we have examined.

A great advantage of the Baden water lies in the circumstance that neither heating nor cooling is required to fit it for bathing. The atmosphere of the place is so impregnated with sulphurous exhalations that metallic objects quickly become tarnished and blackened. The surrounding mountains consist of stratified limestone slate and gypsum, and are interspersed with sulphur-pyrites, stalactites, mineral coal, and some curious petrifactions. The climate is generally dry and healthy, with the exception above alluded to.

The whole valley offers a complex of beautiful walks and parks, with rocks and forests beyond. The Alexandrowiczsche Anlage, approached by gardens and vineyards, leads us to the steep rocks. behind the Schönfeldish houses. The Carpathian Mountains bound the plain on the south-east. The Langische Anlage, to the south of the Calvarienberg, abounds in rocks ornamented with shrubs, luxuriant foliage winding along the walks, with turfseats interspersed. The Weilburg stands in its grounds, a memorial of antiquity. The Helenen-thal' extends from Weikersdorf to Heiligenkreuz, and is replete with charming spots and shady walks. The Antonsgrotte, Antonsbrücke (bridge), Krainerhütten, &c. are all objects of great attraction. I will merely add the account of a place situated a league to the south of Baden-viz. Vöslau, at the eastern declivity of the Vöslauer Lindkogel, remarkable for its swimming-bath and beautiful garden. The water (furnished by a spring) is clear, transparent, inodorous, and insipid― temperature, 75° F.; specific gravity, 1·0005. It contains scarcely 3 grains of mineral ingredients-consisting of carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, and of magnesia, chloride of sodium, of calcium, and of silica, besides carbonic acid and nitrogen. This swimming-bath forms an excellent preparation for weakly or irritable persons before the employment of the warmer therma of Baden. Not a trace of sulphuretted hydrogen is found in this water, though it seems to derive its heat from the same subterranean process which raises the temperature of the Baden water.

The temperature of the springs in Baden varies from 98° to 81° F.-viz., in Josephsbad the source is 98° F. (the bath, 97° F.);

Frauenbad, 971° F. (the bath, 961° F.). No less than thirty-three springs exist in or near the town, of which I have only enumerated the principal ones. They contain 12 grains of solid and 14 cubic inches of gaseous constituents in a pint of water, viz.—

The amount of solid ingredients you perceive to be equal to that of Weilbach, but their quality is different. The chief constituent of Weilbach is carbonate of soda (44 grains), of which no trace is found in Baden. Sulphate of lime, the principal constituent of Baden (3.2 gr.), does not exist in Weilbach; carbonate of magnesia and of lime, and chloride of sodium, are found in rather smaller proportions at Baden; sulphate of magnesia is absent in Weilbach; sulphate of soda only of a grain: thus we have sulphates predominating in Baden and carbonates in Weilbach. As regards the volatile ingredients, Weilbach has three times the amount of sulphuretted hydrogen-viz., 24 cubic inches to 7-10ths here, and ten times as much carbonic acid, 5 cubic inches to; but Weilbach possesses no nitrogen. Besides, you are justified in attributing to the sulphuretted hydrogen somewhat more power than its proportion to Weilbach would seem to warrant, on account of its connection here with thermal water, by which its efficacy and facility of penetration are promoted. The therapeutical results of either spa will be found to coincide with their chemical and physical characteristics. The water of Baden is clear and transparent when drawn, but becomes rather milky when exposed for some time to the air or light. Its taste and smell are strongly sulphurous; the springs all furnish an abundant supply; the specific gravity of the water is 1.004. The yellowish crystals deposited on the sides of the springs are known as Badner

salt. The bath-mud, the result of precipitation out of water, is to be distinguished from this.

The Josephsbad is a round temple-like building, ornamented with Ionic columns. About sixty persons may bathe in the capacious quadrangular baignoire; it is situated in the Josephsplatz, near the Anger. The Frauenbad is situated to the east of the former, at the end of the Frauengasse--its baignoire holds ninety persons. The same source supplies four so-called Frauenstundenbäder' (women's hour-baths), containing space for one or two bathers only. The Carolinenbad, formerly called external women's bath,' forms the southern part of the same building; fifty persons find bathing room in its baignoire. The Engelburgbäder, lying on the other side of the Schwöchat, were formerly only used as foot-baths, but are now provided with accommodation for douche, shower, and full baths. The temperature of the baths is 94° F. The Sauerbad (so named not from any acid properties, but from its former possessor) is likewise situated on the other side of the Schwöchat, and was newly enclosed in 1821, and provided with an elegant bathing-saloon. The temperature of the baths is 94° F. The Römerquelle (Roman's source), commonly ́. called the Ursprung,' arises at the foot of the Calvarienberg, with such abundance that it is able to supply the Halbbäder, Theresienbäder,' &c. By a subterranean passage of about fortyfive yards in length, you reach a capacious cavern, in which a cauldron two fathoms deep is constantly filled with the bubbling water from below. It is enclosed by wooden balusters. Formerly the water was drawn here, and carried along the passage to the exterior for use. Now this objectionable mode has been done away with by the erection of a Trinkbrunnen' (drinking-well), which receives the spring out of porcelain pipes, and discharges it into a marble basin. A stop-cock is fitted to the spout to regulate the supply. In the above passage artificial bath-mud is prepared, and arrangements adapted for the use of vapour-baths. The temperature of the source is 943° F.

6

At the sides and ceiling the salt-crystals, formed by sublimation, are sometimes redissolved by the exhaling vapours, and fall down as 'acid drops, destructive of the colour and material of clothes. The salt is dry, yellowish-white, crystallized in fascicular needles, easily friable, and interspersed with minute veins of sulphur, from which they may be separated by solution in water. Taste and reaction of the salt are acid: it loses forty-six per cent. by being heated, and contains, in one hundred parts