than moist and relaxing. But in spring the prevalence of north and easterly winds ought to prevent persons with delicate respiratory organs from choosing it as a residence. The warmth often prevailing in this season may only expose the invalids more frequently to these irritating blasts. The direct solar influence in heating the body does not produce a universal warm temperature; hence the great difference between sunny and shady places, and the frequent atmospheric vicissitudes in this season. Whilst in summer and autumn it is one of the most charming resorts for sea-bathing and recreation, in winter it ought principally to be selected by persons of strumous, scrofulous, indolent habits, or by those whose power of nutrition and sanguification has been lowered in consequence of tedious exhausting diseases, or through mental over-exertion, or depressing physical influences. Plethoric persons, on the contrary, as well as those affected with indigestion of an irritable character, or with disposition for affections of the pulmonary mucous membrane or tissue, would do better by choosing a milder climate. Delicate individuals generally feel better in the western (moister and milder) part; but where the system is in a relaxed state, the dry and bracing air of the eastern portion agrees best. The Steyne is somewhat sheltered from the cold north-easterly and violent south-westerly winds. In the autumn and early part of winter the Brighton climate is milder and steadier than that of Hastings; whilst in the spring it is rendered harsh, cold, and irritating, by the north-easterly winds, and ought to be avoided by delicate individuals. During autumn and winter it is particularly beneficial to anæmic, chlorotic, and debilitated females suffering from deranged catamenial functions. Relaxed nervous persons feel more energy and vigour here than elsewhere; but individuals of an irritable nervous system, or of a dry irritable skin, or of gastritic dyspepsia, are not benefited here on the contrary, their complaints are often aggravated.

BORDEAUX, capital of the Gironde, in the south-west of France, on the left bank of the Garonne, 60 miles from its mouth in the Atlantic. Lat. N. 444°; long. W. 0° 34'. Population, 162,000. Its navigable river, 2,600 feet wide and 60 to 90 feet deep, communicates on one side with the Atlantic, and on the other by the Canal du Midi with the Mediterranean. The town is 363 miles distant from Paris (18 hours' railway journey), and also connected by steamers with London. Delicate persons, inclined to pulmonary disease, often resort there for the winter. Its proximity to the Atlantic (33 miles from La Teste, 11⁄2 hour's railway journey), its southern position, and other favourable climatic influences, render the atmosphere mild and soothing in the cold season. With all the comforts of a large seaport town it offers a suitable winter residence as a change. But persons affected with a dry irritable cough and dyspnoea would feel their condition aggravated here by the frequent vicissitudes of temperature.

MONTPELLIER, a French city, capital of the department of Hérault, near the Lez, and on the railway from Nîmes to Cette, 75 miles west-northwest of Marseilles. Population, 51,000. 43° N. lat.; 4° E. long. It

is situated on the slope of a hill, and is celebrated for the splendid promenade of Peyrou and for the mildness of its climate. Mean temperature of the year, 5740: winter, 44°; summer, 71°. But, notwithstanding its favourable southern position, it has lost its prestige as a resort for consumptive invalids. Predominance of northerly winds during winter and spring, and the dry and variable atmosphere, favour even the development of the disease. In fact, phthisis prevails to a large extent among the

inhabitants.

CHARLOTTENBRUNNEN, a village of Silesia, south of Altwasser; 5 miles south-east of Waldeburg station (an hour's drive); south-west of Breslau; upwards of 1,300' over the level of the sea. It is surrounded by beautiful fir forests, in a valley on the eastern declivity of the Schweidnitzer mountain, sheltered by high mountains, and only open to the south. Notwithstanding its high situation, the climate is remarkably mild and bracing. It contains excellent arrangements for whey-cures, besides a mild chalybeate (Charlottenquelle) and an acidulous spring (Elisenquelle). The former contains 5 grains of solid constituents in 16 ounces: amongst them grain of carbonate of iron; 11⁄2 carbonate of soda; 23 carbonate of lime;carbonate of magnesia; and 18 cubic inches of carbonic acid. The Elisenquelle contains only 4 grains in 16 ounces; only a trace of iron, and 174 inches of carbonic acid. The environs abound in charming landscapes; amongst them the ruins of the Castle of Kynau, the romantic Schlesier Valley, &c., may be mentioned. The place is mostly resorted to by persons afflicted with chronic pulmonary catarrhs, for the whey-cure, and climatic advantages. Atonic dyspepsia, anæmia, and obstructions of the uterine circulation, are counteracted by the springs.

Physicians-Drs. Neisser and Weiss.

CLARENS, on the north-eastern shore of the Lake of Geneva, an hour's railway journey from Lausanne, south of Vevay (14 minutes' journey), is highly recommended as a climatic health resort for an autumn residence of persons with delicate constitutions or with chronic bronchial catarrhs.

On account of the protection afforded by high mountains and rocks, that part of the shore situated between the 'Bassés' on the north and Veytaux (Chillon) on the south is sheltered against the cold north winds and endowed with a particularly mild climate, whilst the pensions afford excellent accommodation. Lausanne and Geneva, however, being devoid of this protection, would be perfectly inappropriate for a winter or autumn residence of invalids. The places particularly selected are, starting from Lausanne:

1. VEVAY, the second town of the canton of Vaud (40 minutes' railway journey). Population, 5,000. It is situated close to the northern shore of the Lake of Geneva, at the mouth of the gorge of Vevayse, with most charming and picturesque scenery. The walks in the neighbourhood are delightful. A promenade on a clear night towards Montreux, when the moon is reflected in the lake on the one side, and the beautiful and variegated mountains rise to view on the other, is one of the most romantic and

pleasant walks that can be pictured by the imagination. Indeed, the remark of an intelligent English traveller is perfectly appropriate-viz., that it is a place particularly suited for a honeymoon sojourn. The Hôtel des Trois Couronnes, especially its beautifully laid-out garden, looking on the green lake, with the numerous pleasure-boats rocking invitingly to and fro, leave impressions on the mind of a most enduring and agreeable character. The place is also used for courses of grape-cure.

Physicians-Drs. de Montet, Churchod, Guisan, Muret, Dor. 2. CLARENS, referred to above.

3. VERNEX (for Montreux), 5 miles' railway journey from Clarens. 4. MONTREUX offers such excellent protection and beautiful views from the eminence on which it is built, that it is even frequently chosen as a pleasant winter residence by persons of delicate build and tuberculous diathesis. Accommodation is likewise excellent, and attracting numerous visitors. The mean winter temperature here and in the southern-Veytaux (6 minutes' journey), (also station for the celebrated solitary castle of Chillon, two miles' distant) approaches that of Venice very nearly. While the temperature of the latter amounts to 2·7° R. (374° Fahr.) here. in the severe winter of 1854-55 it amounted to 2° R. (364° Fahr.), Their being situated so very near the mountains, the shelter against cold winds is proportionally greatest; hence the climate is extremely mild and equable, without being too relaxing.

COLBERG, or KOLBERG, a fortress and seaport town in Prussian Pomerania, 25 miles west of Köslin, on the right shore of the Persante, about one mile distant from its entrance into the Baltic; north-east of Stettin (about 5 hours' railway journey). Population, 9,500. Besides the sea-bathing, the saline springs afford opportunities for warm saline douche and vapour-baths. The climate being rough (lat. above 54° N.), the season only lasts from middle of June to October.

Physicians-Drs. von Bünau, Hirschfeld, Behrend, Bodenstein, Neu

bauer.

CRANZ, or KRANZ, sea-bath on the Baltic, 20 miles north of Königsberg, in the north-eastern portion of Prussia, has a still more northerly situation than Kolberg, but offers likewise arrangements for warm douche and vapour-baths.

Physician-Dr. Thomas.

CUXHAVEN, sea-bath at the western bank of the Elbe and at its mouth into the North Sea. Lat. N. 53°; long. E. 8° 44'. (Population, 1,100.) Connected by steamers with London. The ground consists of firm sand. The bathing-cars are divided into those destined for floodbaths and those for ebb-baths. The former are more strengthening and stimulating, as the movements of the waves are more energetic, and provoke stronger reaction. Persons of weak constitutions have first to use warm sea-baths, then ebb-baths, and by gradual transition resort to the more exciting flood-baths. According to Neumeister's and Ruge's experiments,

the sea-water had the smallest amount of solid ingredients during ebb tide and under the influence of south-easterly winds (135 grains in 16 ounces); whilst during flow tide and north-westerly winds the amount was the highest (240 grains).

Physicians-Drs. Louis, Schultze, Rönnberg.

A most

CASTELLAMARE, charmingly situated on the south-east side of the Bay of Naples and at the foot of a wooded promontory, a town of 15,000 inhabitants, about 17 miles distant from Naples (by railway). Lat. N. 40°; long. E. 14°. Galen praised it for the purity of its air. Pliny met his death there, from the eruption of the neighbouring Vesuvius. beautiful view of the gulf and of the islands of Ischia, Procida, &c., may be obtained here from several parts of the town and of the adjacent country seats. Sheltered against south winds, but exposed to the north wind blowing over the gulf, it has a somewhat keen winter climate; but in summer the absence of all miasmatic and marshy influences, the refreshing sea-breezes (which assist in keeping the temperature 10 degrees below that of Naples), and the charms of the surrounding scenery, make it one of the healthiest and most pleasant residences in the whole of Italy. The royal palace built here is justly denominated Quisisana' (here one recovers); but besides sea-baths, numerous mineral springs are available here for the cure of chronic diseases. Acqua media contains 41 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces, principally chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, sulphate and bicarbonate of soda; acqua sulfurea contains 58 grains, and cub. inch of sulphuretted hydrogen; acqua ferrata del Pozillo contains more carbonic acid than the former, but no sulphuretted hydrogen; acqua acidola possesses less ingredients (only 15 grains) and gases, but was already recommended by Pliny against lithiasis and gravel; acqua del muraglione contains 70 grains of solid constituents, but neither iron nor sulphuretted hydrogen. The temperature ranges from 57° to 64°. The springs enjoy a great reputation for the cure of chronic cutaneous diseases, chlorosis, uterine infiltrations, dyspepsia, rheumatism, &c.

Persons of sluggish circulation and feeble power of reaction, with an irritable and debilitated nervous system, should use Castellamare in preference to a more northern locality, especially if sea-bathing is recommended as an after-cure to follow the course of either a chalybeate or of a saline spa. However beneficial the effect of the waves may be in rousing the energy of the nervous and muscular system, such persons frequently lose all the advantages of sea-bathing, and often add injury to the loss, by the exposure to the atmosphere before and after the immersion. Here the equable, mild, and warm air ensures against this risk, besides the many other climatic circumstances of a favourable character.

CAUTERETS, village in the Hautes Pyrenées, South of France, 25 miles SW. of Tarbes (with which it is connected by diligences). It stands 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a fertile and charming valley running in a direction from north to south, and surrounded by rugged mountains; it is 10 miles NW. of Barèges. The valley is sheltered towards the

east and west; rain and morning fogs are frequent. Though the climate is mild it requires great care, especially by persons suffering from thoracic diseases. Season, from June to middle of September. There are 14 springs, with a temperature ranging from 98° to 131° Fahr. They contain under 2 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces, more or less sulphuret of sodium, and some nitrogen. The springs resemble those of Bagnères-de-Luchon, containing, however, less sulphuret of sodium, and more silicates and carbonates of alkalies or earths. They contain little sulphuretted hydrogen, and are altogether milder and less exciting. The Source de Raillère is particularly recommended for persons affected with chronic laryngitis. Half-baths are frequently used here to support the internal treatment, with a view of diverting the circulation from the thoracic to the abdominal and lower portion of the system; besides, foot-baths are often taken at the Source d'Espagnols. There are 8 bath establishments. Chronic rheumatism and certain skin diseases are likewise combated by the spa. Physician-Dr. Dupré.

CAIRO, capital of EGYPT, near the right bank of the Nile, 5 miles from the origin of its Delta, south-east of Alexandria, 130 miles distant (about 64 hours' railway journey), west of Suez, 90 miles (4 hours' railway journey). Lat. N. 30°; long. E. 31°; 40 feet above the level of the sea. Population, including the suburbs of Boulac and Old Cairo, 254,000. Mean temperature of the year 72° Fahr.; of winter 58° Fahr.; of summer 85° Fahr. Rain only falls for about an hour 10 or 12 times a year. The city is built on a slope of one of the lowest ridges of the chain of Jebel Mokkatam, and has an extent of three square miles. It is surrounded by old walls; a citadel, with the palace of the Viceroy, occupying the highest part of the ridge. A series of gardens and plantations separates the city from its suburbs; a canal of irrigation traverses the town; the streets are unpaved and narrow; the houses gloomy; but many magnificent buildings, mosques, and bazaars interest and amuse the traveller. Shepherd's hotel affords every accommodation of a large town. Access from Trieste by Lloyd's steamers to Alexandria, and thence by rail. The climate is mild, dry, equable, free from piercing winds, from rain and snow, and has a particularly exhilarating effect; as a winter residence for tuberculous patients (especially before the disease has progressed too far), it is annually sought by increasing numbers. Best time of arriving is the middle of October, which offers an ordinary European midsummer climate; November and December are like fine spring and autumn months of the northern countries. The coldest season is from beginning of January to the middle of February, when the temperature sometimes sinks considerably, especially during violent storms from the south-in the mornings to 44° or 46° Fahr., with a rise in the course of the day to 55° Fahr. In the second half of February the warmth increases again; the more so under the valence of south winds. May is the most unpleasant month, in consequence of the violent winds sweeping more frequently than usual over the Arabian and Lybian Desert, and sometimes lasting three or four days. In June, north winds prevail. From the middle of June to the end of September

pre