organs.

The waters are chiefly used externally; but the Savonneuses, the Bourdeille (cold chalybeate), and others are occasionally employed for drinking, when they exert a tonic, stimulating, and diuretic effect. The spa is one of the most fashionable in France, and especially celebrated for the cure of chronic rheumatism and gout, tic-doloureux, sciatica, paralysis dependent on rheumatic affection of the spinal membranes, congestion of the womb, chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. The duration of the baths is gradually prolonged to two hours, but this should never be allowed without due caution. On the other hand, since Professor Hebra, of Vienna, kept patients in warm water for 100 days (and nights), with a perfectly successful result, in certain intractable cutaneous diseases, we ought no more to look upon the prolonged warm bathing with such distrust, especially if the patient has been gradually accustomed to it. In Dr. Hebra's ingeniously contrived bed, seen here in the last exhibition, patients were able to eat, drink, sleep, and perform all natural functions for the above number of days without leaving the water. They became rid of the disease (at least for the time), and improved in general health and bulk. Most remarkably curative this ingenious contrivance showed itself in severe cases of burn. The most torturing and cruel dressing of these painful wounds was completely avoided, the sufferers moving freely in the water till the cure was completed. It would, therefore, be most desirable and humane to introduce these beds into the general hospitals here.

Physicians-Drs. Turk, L'Heritier, Grillot, Sibylle, and Garnier.

RECOARO, a Lombardian village, lat. N. 45°; long. E. 1140, nineteen miles north-west of Vicenza station (four hours' drive), west of Venice. It is greatly resorted to in summer for its chalybeate springs, and its mild bracing climate, being situated at the foot of the Alps, in the valley of Prekele, 1,465 feet over the level of the sea. It is greatly recommended as a residence from May to October, for persons inclined to phthisis, who do not wish to resort to the higher Alpine situations.

Physician-Dr. Chiminelli.

REICHENHALL, a small town of UPPER BAVARIA, in the valley of the Saalach, near the Austrian frontier, 1,407 feet over the level of the sea, 16 miles south of Traunstein, 11 miles south of Salzburg station (about two hours' diligence ride), scarcely an hour's ride from Teisendorf station. Lat. N. about 47°; long. E. 1340. The charming little town, extending along the left bank of the Saalach (an affluent of the Salza), lies in a wide mountain depression, surrounded by towering verdant hills. The valley is directed here from south-west to north-east, and is perfectly sheltered against violent atmospheric currents. The bathing establishment of Achselmannstein, with its graduation works, is scarcely ten minutes distant. The climate is very mild and bracing, extremely grateful to persons affected with irritation of the bronchial mucous membrane, the air becoming moist and impregnated with the saline particles of the graduation works. The mean temperature

of spring is 56° Fahr.; of summer, 64°; and of autumn, 5410. The fertile plain and wild mountain scenery offer the most charming contrast.

The views presented by the road to Traunstein, enclosed and narrowed as it is by high rocks in some portions, are extremely romantic. Mauthhausel, about six miles distant along this road, allows a charming view, through a narrow ravine, of the gigantic snow-covered Watzmann, upwards of 9,000 feet high in the south. In an excursion to Berchtesgaden, three leagues to the east, green meadows alternate with dense luxurious forests and steep imposing mountain groups. These heights approach nearer and nearer, till Berchtesgaden is reached, almost lying at their feet. The old castle of Fürstenstein affords a most admirable panorama of the whole neighbouring mountain scenery. One hours' walk further (south) reaches the 'Königsee.' Of the nineteen saline springs, the Edelquelle is the most abundant. It contains, in 16 ounces, 1798 grains of solid constituents-viz., chloride of sodium, 1723 10 grains; chloride of ammonium, 0-19 grain; chloride of magnesium, 13.84 grains; bromide of magnesium, 0-23 grain; sulphate of soda, 15-36 grains; sulphate of potash, 4:70 grains; sulphate of lime, 31.98 grains; carbonate of lime, 0·07 grain; carbonate of magnesia, traces; oxide of iron and alumina, 0·06 grain; silica, 0·08 grain; some free carbonic acid.

The motherlye contains 33 parts of solid constituents in 100; very little chloride of sodium (); but a considerable quantity of chloride of magnesium (29), and of bromide of magnesium (0.57). It has therefore some resemblance with the Kreuznach motherlye. The brine is, of course, diluted with water before being used for bathing. Inhalations of the saline particles are used in the corridors of the graduation works (2,298 feet long, and almost 60 feet high): these exert a very sedative effect in cases of dry tickling laryngeal or bronchial cough. Reichenhall is generally recommended in scrophulosis without any local exudations, in anæmia from hæmorrhage or from chronic diseases, obstinate catarrhs of the mucous membranes of the chest and intestines; and, lastly, in incipient tuberculosis.

Physicians-Drs. Von Geeböck, Von Liebig, Ris, and Schmidt.

REMAGEN, on the left shore of the Rhine, the neighbouring Sinzig and Bodendorf, as well as the town of Hannef, are distinguished by a very mild climate. It is a well-known fact that the western valleys and river domains which terminate into the Rhine valley below the Rheingau have a more congenial and salubrious climate than those of the right shores, which came from the east. The excellence of the wines and the abundant vegetation in the valleys of the Nahe, of the Moselle, and of the Ahr, are due to their comparatively high summer temperature.

RIGI-SCHEIDECK, on the east side of the Rigi chain, in a narrow plateau 5,073 feet over the level of the sea, above 47° lat. N., 83° long. E. The visitor is carried by steamer through the Vierwaldstädtersee from Lucerne to Weggis, on the north-eastern shore; from here the ascent is most delightful, and offers really sublime scenery. The Curhaus is highly recommended for anæmic debilitated persons; but, being greatly exposed to bleak winds, it has to be avoided by individuals whose respiratory organs

are not perfectly sound. An earthy alkaline chaly beate issues at a distance of about half a league in such abundance that from 60 to 80 baths may be administered daily.

RIGI-KALT-BAD, 4,436 feet above the level of the sea, enjoys a more sheltered situation, the north and east winds being kept off through mountain-ridges, whilst the southerly winds have a free access. The newly built Curhaus can accommodate 120 persons. A few steps to the southwest an open place is reached, containing a chapel, and a chalybeate issuing out of a rocky fissure, used for bathing and drinking; but the principal curative agency is cow or goat whey. The months of June, July, and August are the most appropriate for a course. Accommodation in every

respect satisfactory.

RIPPOLDSAU, in the Grand Duchy of BADEN, 1,886 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, 14 league east of Griesbach and Petersthal, not far from Appenweiler station, 481° North lat., 81° East long., lies in a narrow valley of the Wolfach (affluent of the Kinzig), surrounded by woody mountains. The forests, rising to a height of 3,052 feet, connecting Rippoldsau with Griesbach, offer a most romantic road, with the charming view of the western declivities of the Black Forest, and the distant perspective of Strasburg and the Rhine valley in the west. The springs are distinguished by a great quantity of free carbonic acid, of sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, of iron, and of manganese. They belong, therefore, to the class of tonic resolvents. The climate is not bleak, notwithstanding the high position. The air is pure, fresh, and bracing, having a really balsamic character from the exhalations of the neighbouring fir and pine forests. Persons suffering from pulmonary catarrh ought to take frequent walks along these woods. The Josephquelle contains 223 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces: viz. carbonate of lime, 8.93; carbonate of magnesia, 0·33; carbonate of iron, 0.28; carbonate of manganese, 0·02; sulphate of soda, 9-31; sulphate of lime, 0'42; sulphate of magnesia, 186; silica, 0·43; alumina, 0-03; chloride of magnesium, 0.65; sulphate of potash, 0-46; traces of phosphoric acid, arsenic and organic matter. Carbonic acid (free and partly combined), 32 cubic inches; temperature, 50° Fahr.

Social life is very simple and rural. The place is one of the most celebrated of the so-called Kniebisbäder, and most frequently resorted to from the middle of May till the middle of September by chlorotic, anæmic, and weakly individuals.

Physician-Dr. Feyerlin.

RÖMERBAD, near Tüffer, in Lower Styria, station on the South Austrian railway, 10 miles south of Cilli, lat. North 4610, long. East 15°, north-east of Trieste, west of Töplitz, 755 feet above the level of the Adriatic, with luxurious vegetation, near the border of the Sann valley. The climate is very mild. The three springs possess a temperature of 931° Fahr., and less than 3 grains of solid constituents; among these, chloride of sodium, 0.42; chloride of magnesium, 0.29; sulphate of soda,

0.20; carbonate of lime, 0.24; sulphate of lime, 0-10; carbonate of magnesia, 0.05; silica, 0·63; carbonic acid, 4·84 cubic inches. Bathing takes place here in large basins (so-called Gehbäder); but separate baths can also be had, besides ascending, descending, and side-douches, in hyperemia and swelling of the womb, catamenial derangements, &c. The baths are also used with great advantage in nervous debility, chronic rheumatism and gout, neuralgia, &c.

Physician: Dr. Bunzel.

ROHITSCH, in STYRIA, 3 leagues south-east of Pöltschach station (on the Trieste-Vienna Railway), north of Cilli and of Tuffer, about 46° lat. N., and 16° long. E., is situated in a most fertile and lovely landscape. It contains five springs of almost identical composition. The Tempelbrunnen (exclusively used for drinking) contains in 16 ounces 44 grains of solid ingredients: viz. 15 sulphate of soda, 5 carbonate of soda, 113 carbonate of lime, nearly 10 carbonate of magnesia, 0·09 carbonate of iron, 0·72 chloride of sodium, 0·14 silica, and 51 cubic inches of carbonic acid in 100 of the gaseous contents. The climate almost possesses Italian mildness, and attracts visitors from May to September, principally in cases of the so-called abdominal plethora, when the blood accumulates too much in the portal system, and ushers in the numerous derangements based on deficient or morbid secretions of bile, as acidity, irregular alvine action, constipation, alternating with diarrhoea, gastric distension, &c. However, as an exciting effect is produced by the great amount of carbonic acid, persons inclined to cerebral congestion have to avoid the spa, or at least use it with great caution.

Physicians-Dr. Sock and Dr. Fröhlich.

ROSENHEIM, a station on the Munich-Salzburg Railway, below 48° lat. North, about 121° long. East, contains bathing establishments in which the brine of Berchtesgaden and Reichenhall are jointly used. A subterranean canal of 40 miles in length conducts the brine here from the latter places; moreover, chalybeate and sulphur springs are available for drinking and bathing. Moor-baths and pine-foliage vapour-baths are also administered in cases of chronic rheumatism, neuralgia, and articular stiffness remaining after acute attacks of rheumatic fever.

Physician-Dr. Halbreiter.

ROYAN, a maritime town of FRANCE, department of the Charente Inférieure, at the mouth of the Gironde, below 46° lat. North, about 1° long. West, 20 miles south-west of Saintes on the Charente, north-west of Bordeaux. Population 4,000. A fort defends the harbour. Lying on the southwest coast, in a somewhat protected position, the sea-baths offer the advantage of Atlantic currents with a mild climate.

Physician-Dr. Allard.

SAINT MORITZ, Upper Engaddin, SWITZERLAND, Canton Graubünden (Grisons), the highest village of the Engaddin, 5,710 feet above the level of

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the sea, enjoys a magnificent situation and most extensive and romantie views in its environs. The Curhaus, with its acidulous chalybeate springs, lies about a mile distant from the village on the other side of the lake of Saint Moritz. The environs abound in the most romantic and picturesque sights of the whole of Switzerland. The very diligence journey from the Chur station (Coire), the most eastern point of the iron-road in Switzerland, over the Albula through Tiefenkasten, Juliers Pass, Silva Plana, &c., is full of interest and charms. The canton of Grisons, the most eastern of Switzerland, is nearly shut off from the other cantons by lofty mountain ranges. It comprises the upper valley of the Inn (Engaddin), with the sources and early affluents of the Rhine and tributaries of the Po and Adda, being a mass of mountains and narrow valleys. The climate is rendered cold and severe in the upper valleys by the snow with which they are covered during seven months of the year. Its scenery is extremely grand and magnificent, as may be imagined from its possessing 240 glaciers. Whilst a great part of the surface is covered with snow in winter, the considerable quantity and extent of lakes of the upper Engaddin contributes a peculiarly picturesque character of landscapes resembling the Norwegian, and at the same time modifies the variations and extremes of temperature prevailing in the lakeless lower Engaddin, so that it gains somewhat of the character of a coast climate. This modifying influence is further heightened by the extensive forests which surround St. Moritz on three sides; whilst on the naked heights of the Rigi (5,541 feet), in the Northern Swiss, Tyrolese, and Bavarian Alps (5,500 to 6,000 feet), in the Riesengebirge (4,400 feet), and even on the Harz Mountains (3,300 feet), the growth of trees is entirely missing. Here luxurious forests reach even 1,800 feet above the valley (7,000 feet high). The whole organic world shows the same favourable character. In the highest localities beautiful flower and vegetable gardens may be seen near palacelike residences. Mangold, spinach, cresses, radishes, and white carrots, besides the Alpine rose, accompany man to his highest habitation, as is shown in the Alpine villages of Fex and Graevesalvas (6,100 feet), and on the Juliers Pass to the south, Albula Pass to the north, and Bernina Pass (7,140 feet) to the east of St. Moritz. Agriculture, which does not extend beyond 3,700 feet in northern Switzerland, reaches here, near Pontresina, with its uppermost barley-fields, to a height of 6,000 feet. The snow-line (the lower border of eternal snow) does not extend below 9,450 feet. On the Bavarian Alps 7,100 feet is considered the limit; in the Swiss Alps generally 8,200 feet; on the Mont Blanc, 8,900 feet; on the Pyrenees, 8,400 feet; Monte Rosa, 9,200 feet. Nearly half a year a snow cover 1 to 5 feet deep protects the fields (five months and twenty-two days on an average). In the summer months, from 1856 to 1859, the thermometer did not sink once beyond the freezing point, but exhibited an average from 64° to 77° Fahr. On an average of nine years between the 12th and 21st of June the last snow fell, and between the 7th and 10th of September the first. About the 20th of June the rose-coloured Alpine rose, Rhododendron ferrugineum, displays its flaming blossoms, surrounded by brilliant numbers of flowers, worthily opening the summer flora.