Physicians-Drs. Doehne, Roerig, Von Lingelsheim, Krueger, and Schauer of Berlin.

WIPFELD, a borough in Under-Franconia (BAVARIA), on an eminence on the right shore of the River Main, five miles east of Bergtheim station (Bamberg-Würzburg Railroad), fifteen miles north-east of Würzburg, below lat. 50° N. The Ludwigsbad lies opposite Wipfeld, 800 yards distant from the left shore of the Main, at an altitude of 550 feet, in a very pleasant country. The climate is described as very mild, and suitable to persons affected with pulmonary diseases: mean summer temperature, 634° Fahr. The Ludwigsquelle contains carbonate of lime, 2:30 grains; carbonate of magnesia, 071; carbonate of iron, traces; sulphate of lime, 4.60; sulphate of magnesia, 2-12 extractive substance, 0·25—total, 9.98 grains. Carbonic acid, 1.28 cubic inch; sulphuretted hydrogen, 0·92. Temperature, 563° Fahr. The sulphur-spring contains 17 grains of solid constituents (10 of sulphate of lime; 3.2 cubic inches of carbonic acid; 0-6 sulphuretted hydrogen). The sulphur-mud greatly assists the curative means of the spa; it possesses considerable quantities of humus acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, but little sulphur-also some carburetted and phosphoretted hydrogen. According to Scherer, 16 ounces slowly dried lose 12 ounces of humidity, and furnish 2-7 cubic inches of sulphuretted hydrogen, and 17 cubic inches of carbonic acid; 100 grains of the solid mass, freed from roots, contain-carbonate of lime, 24.09 grains; sulphate of lime, 634; carbonate of magnesia, 472; alumina, 10:30; oxide of iron, 2.90; silica, 12.00; sulphur, 0.81; humus acid, 25.50; bituminous resin, 0·80; extractive substance, 4·00; remnants of carbon and silica, 8.51. Whey and herb-juices are also administered in appropriate cases. Wipfeld is recommended in cases of chronic rheumatism and neuralgia.

Physician-Dr. Froehlich.

WHITBY, a seaport town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, on the tidal river Esk, bordered here by five piers, and crossed by an iron swingbridge, 21 miles north-north-west of Scarborough, on the terminus of the York Railway. Lat. N. 54° 29'; long. E. 0° 36'. Population, 12,000. A new town has been lately built on the West Cliff, with excellent accommodation for the visitors. The sea view from here is most extensive and interesting. The sands stretch to a distance of three miles, and are of a very good condition. Numerous wooded and sheltered walks are available for pedestrian exercise. Several chalybeate springs drop down the cliffs at intervals. The Bagdale spa, in the town itself, contains 2·92 grains of solid ingredients in 16 ounces-viz.: sulphate of lime, 0.46; carbonate of lime, 0.20; carbonate of magnesia, 0·34; chloride of potassium, 0.53; carbonate of potash, 004; chloride of sodium, 0'42; carbonate of iron, 0-22; carbonate of manganese, traces. Those who are vigorous enough to bear the pure and bracing air of this beautiful locality will find it a most agreeable tonic summer residence.

WIGHT (ISLE OF), in the English Channel, off the south coast of England, separated from the mainland of Hampshire by the Solent and Spithead. Its length from east to west is 22 miles; greatest breadth at the centre, 13 miles. Population, 55,000. It is one of the finest parts of Great Britain, and presents almost every variety of landscape in miniature. The north coast has an undulating surface, well wooded in many parts. It rises towards the centre, where it is traversed by a range of chalk hills from east to west. The highest of these (St. Catherine's Hill) is 830 feet above the level of the sea. The south coast (termed the back of the island) is distinguished by most romantic scenery, by precipitous cliffs, and ravines or 'chines.' The Culver Cliff, Shanklin, Luccombe, and Blackgang chines are on this side. The Needle rocks are on the western extremity. The island is almost separated into two equal portions by the Medina river, the eastern being the more fertile. Wide downs are found on the west. The principal towns are, besides the capital, Newport in the north, Yarmouth, Cowes, Ryde, and Ventnor. For sea-bathing the island offers very inferior accommodation; but besides its great charms and attractions for the ordinary visitor, it has acquired a great reputation for the mildness of climate of that south-eastern portion called the Undercliff, and extending Its average width is a from Niton to Bonchurch in the west (five miles). of chalkquarter of a mile. It has been formed by a landslip from a range cliffs, which bound it on the land side, where they constitute a steep wall from 90 to 120 feet high. The breadth of the landslip varies from a quarter to half a mile. It consists of a series of terraces formed of limestone-rock, intersected here and there by 'chines' (deep fissures). The origin of the landslip is supposed to be due to the action of the sea on the outside, and various hidden springs on the inside, gradually wasting the foundation of blue marl, till all at once the cliff pushed downwards and forwards to assume its present romantic aspect. The protecting downs on the background rise to a height of 500 to 700 feet. They are formed of chalk and sandstone with clayey deposit on the north, and greensand overlaid by Wealden clay on the south. They shelter the invalid against north, north-east, and west winds, and to some extent against south-west winds; but south and southeast winds enter freely. The variety and beauty of the walks, and the nature of the soil, allowing a ready percolation of the rain, render the place equally A certain dryness and astringency of the air attractive and salubrious. prevents it from being too relaxing. The altitude of the Undercliff is 50 to 60 feet. Through this elevation the strong sea atmosphere is tempered and less felt than at other southern places-as at Hastings, for instance, which is almost completely cut off from land-breezes by the encircling hills at the background. Annual temperature, 51-35°: winter, 41-89°; spring, 49-66°; summer, 60-63°; autumn, 53-58°. Annual rainfall, 23.48 inches.

It affords a most desirable winter and spring residence for consumptive patients who wish to enjoy a mild and equable climate, to avoid the northeasterly winds, and to have at the same time an abundance of charming places to resort to for exercise and diversion. Children with tuberculous disposition or scrofulous swellings are greatly benefited by wintering here. Bonchurch (with 564 inhabitants), at the east end, exhibits a com

bination of cliffs and knolls, intermingled with the most luxuriant foliage. The numerous ivy-covered spots deprive the winter of its barren appearance. Whilst Bonchurch (eight and a half miles south-east of Newport) has a more rural character, with its elegant villas and beautiful residences, the neighbouring Ventnor (about four miles east of Niton: population, 3,208) has a more town-like appearance, with all its hotels and shops, and regular lines of houses for visitors. The village of St. Lawrence, on the other side of Ventnor, closes the most favourable district for a winter sojourn of delicate individuals. Several short ridges project from the main range of hills towards the sea, breaking the violence of south-westerly winds. The eastern portion, from Bonchurch to St. Lawrence (about three miles), is the most sheltered; the western is somewhat more open to south-westerly winds, though not varying in temperature. The Undercliff may be considered as a lofty natural terrace, screened by a mountainous wall on the north, and open to the full influence of the sun on the south. Newportin the interior of the island, to the north of the chain of hills (seventeen miles south-south-east of Southampton), on the Medina river, with a population of 3,800-though only a few miles distant, exhibits a great difference in climate; 33.6 inches of rainfall annually in the latter locality to 23.48 in Ventnor. Annual temperature of Newport, 49.73° (less in winter, spring, and autumn, and higher in summer), and of Ventnor 51.35°. The soil of the Undercliff consists chiefly of the detritus of sandstone and chalk from the overhanging cliff; it has therefore the property of drying soon after rain. The climate is so equable, dry, and mild that the invalid need scarcely miss a day where he is prevented from taking outdoor exercise. The perpendicular cliffs are considered as playing a double part: whilst they keep off the northern blasts from the back, their exposure to the solar rays in front causes a great absorption of heat during the day, which radiates at night, and prevents the temperature from a too great fall. According to Sir James Clark, it surpasses in mildness and equability all the places of the south and south-west coast, except Torquay. With almost an identical temperature, Torquay has a soft but humid and relaxing climate, and is therefore preferable in cases of great bronchial and laryngeal irritation with sparing and difficult expectoration. That of the Undercliff is dry sometimes, sharp and bracing, with a smaller range of temperature. It is more suitable to delicate persons with profuse expectoration, tendency to excessive action of the skin, and reduced in strength. The best season is from November to May; the climate remains pleasant up to the middle of August. A sea breeze usually sets in about seven in the morning. The lightness and buoyancy felt here is to be ascribed to the open and undulating surface, favouring a free circulation and frequent renewal of the atmosphere. From middle of August till middle of October the air becomes relaxing and depressing. Niton, at the western extremity beyond the Undercliff, is a pleasant rural summer residence.

Cowes (East), on the right bank of the River Medina, a hamlet with 1,900 inhabitants, four miles north of Newport, near Her Majesty's marine residence; and Cowes (West), a town at the mouth of the left bank of the River Medina, at the northern extremity of the island, 10

miles south-south-east of Southampton, and 11 miles west-south-west of Portsmouth, with a population of 4,500, and a good bathing establishment, are suitable for a summer residence. The hamlet of Sandown on the south-eastern coast, 2 miles south of Brading, attracts many visitors in summer, through its beautiful bay and fine sands. Shanklin, to the south of Sandown, 2 miles north of Bonchurch, elevated and finely sheltered, is one of the handsomest summer retreats in England. The Shanklin chine is a romantic chasm of the cliff, covered with verdure, and opening to the sea. A small cascade at the upper end heightens the interest of the scenery.

Garden of

Ryde, on the north-east coast of the lozenge-shaped England,' opposite and five miles south-west of Portsmouth, with a population of 9,200, is the most favourable spot for a summer residence. It is built on the slope of a dry gravelly hill facing the north, with many open spaces. Residences, with gardens and lawns, alternate with charming walks of a wild or rural character. It is indeed a lovely place, which combines the advantages of a marine climate with that of the most recreating and diverting country retreat. It is recommended as the most eligible summer residence, whenever simple sea-air is sought to be employed as a curative

means.

WORTHING, a town in Sussex, on the English Channel, 10 miles west of Brighton, 61 miles south-west of London (two hours' railway journey), east of Littlehampton and of Bognor. Population, 5,800, with fine sands extending for some miles along the sea on either side. Being situated only a few feet above the level of the sea, and sheltered from the north and north-east winds, and partly from the east and north-west winds, by the lofty Southdown Hills, which range in a nearly circular form from east to west about a mile to the north of the town, it enjoys a mild and soft climate, but of a somewhat relaxing character. The town is open to due south and south-west winds. The soil consists of a rich loam over a stratum of sand and pebbles, resting on a foundation of chalk. It offers numerous sheltered pleasant walks, and excellent accommodation for seabathing. It is milder than Brighton as a winter climate, but occasionally subject to fogs. Children with scrofulous cachexia or phthisical tendency are greatly benefited here; also cases of chronic rheumatism, bronchial irritation, and spasmodic asthma, find relief here on account of the sedative and rather agreeable climate.

ZAIZON'S IODURETTED SPRINGS, five miles east of Kronstadt, in Transylvania, below 46° lat. N., 2610 long. E., at an altitude of 1,700 feet, on the south-eastern slope of the great range of Carpathian Mountains, are distinguished by their very considerable amount of iodide of sodium. The neighbouring mountains, rising to a height of 8,000 feet, render the place cool, though they oppose the entrance of severe winds, and thus prevent sudden vicissitudes of temperature. In 16 ounces the springs contain:

This spa has acquired a great reputation for the cure of scrofulous and glandular swellings, and anæmia combined with sluggishness of the lymphatic system. If the analysis should become confirmed by the highest chemical authorities, we would have here, in the extreme corner of south-eastern Germany, the most powerful ioduretted and the most potent chalybeate springs of all those used for curative purposes. An excellent whey-establishment is likewise available for those who suffer from delicacy of thoracic organs.

Physician-Dr. Fabricius.