Bacon is referring to Psalm 1xxiv. 14, Whose still undaunted Tars, with Sails unfurl'd, which in the A.V. runs :—

"Thou breakest the heads of leviathan in pieces and gavest him to be meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness,"

a rendering to which the R.V. virtually

years. My copy is lettered on the back "Sydney's History of England."" Was it really written by Sydney in the first instance, and merely edited by Russell; or is the letterpress entirely different? JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

"FEBRUARY FILL-DYKE" (9th S. v. 188).— Mr. Leader, for obvious reasons, omitted half of this saying, which, complete, runs on, "Whether it be black or white." I cannot recollect having come across the proverb in any old work of fiction, but, years before Mr. Leader's picture was painted, I can remember my mother, who loved old saws, quoting the words, with unfailing regularity, as each February came round. I do not know from whom she first learnt them; probably from her grandmother, an old Scotch woman, who lived till past ninety.

as

it.

HERBERT B. CLAYTON. 39, Renfrew Road, Lower Kennington Lane.

In Ray's 'Collection' this proverb appears

February Fill-Dike, be it black or be it white;
But if it be white, it's the better to like.

I

an-eend call when I go that way.'
remember the expression used in this sense
here many years ago, but it is now by no
means common, and I expect I may have to
wait a long time before I hear it brought out
again.
JOHN T. PAGE.

West Haddon, Northamptonshire.

Is not an in "an end" continually, a form of the well-known Teutonic (O.S., O. H.G., &c.) áno, ána (Gr. avev, Goth. inu, Mod. Germ. ohne = without), in which for some reason the long a has escaped the usual shifting to ō? I remember Otfrid's frequent use of "anaenti," without end. A phonetically quite correct modern form of this ano is the Northern Scottish preposition on, often spelt ohn (vide Jamieson, who, however, does not give its derivation).

Dr. G. Mac Donald writes in 'Robert Falconer': :

"Swear......I sall hae her ohn demur. I never

kent pair o' shune gang ohn a pair o' feet i' the wame o' them. Canna ye help a body ohn angert an' sworn?"

Notice the omission (not mentioned in

This is the form in which I have always heard Jamieson) of the auxiliary pres. part. having and being. I am afraid the cognate negative prefix on un will soon replace ohn in these cases. Is it not already responsible for the scarcity of modern representatives of the once so common āno? K. E. REINLE. Hawick, N.B.

C. C. B. In Thomas Tusser's 'Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry' the heading of 'February's Husbandry' runs thus :

Feb, fill the dike

With what thou dost like. The book was published in 1558.

Banwell.

C. S. TAYLOR.

"BYRE" (9th S. v. 6).—I hope I may not be annihilated by the scorn of keener critics if I venture to say that the Laureate's line Welsh hearths and Scottish byres "AN END" (9th S. v. 65, 137, 175).-I can does not strike me as being either inapprofollow MR. RATCLIFFE all through his inter-priate or ridiculous. He is setting forth the esting note on wax-ends at the second reference. Do not I go now almost every day of my life into a friendly cobbler's stall and watch with never varying interest the tricks of his trade? Amongst them pre-eminently stands the making of his wax-ends as already described (but J. T. F. is quite right in making his necessary correction, ante, p. 166). While saying this, I entirely agree with MR. F. ADAMS that MR. RATCLIFFE is wide of the mark as to the meaning of the expression quoted at the head hereof. It has really no connexion with the wax-end. In this county the word end is commonly pronounced eend. Miss Baker in her Glossary of Northamptonshire Phrases' gives "aneend," and finishes her note thereon as follows: With us it is also used in a colloquial and singular sense to denote adherence to any particular line of conduct. I most an-eend do so-and-so,' i.e., generally. I most

fact that all sorts and conditions of Britons are pressing forward to show their patriotism. Nobody can doubt that scores of good men, who have at home in Scotland found work among cattle, are now doing duty in the battle-field; and we might just as well object that English hamlets are exalted above measure in the enumeration of the sources of our army recruits as that North British farmsteads are unduly set forward in the matter. There is surely some want of imagination in the writer in the Aberdeen Evening Express, and his "humour" strikes me as being captious and niggling. Mr. Austin does not imply that Scotland's recruits are exclusively bucolic.

ST. SWITHIN.

"WOUND" FOR "WINDED" (9th S. v. 4, 95, 177). Presumably Sir Walter Scott, and most certainly his apologist in these columns, wrote in the belief that to wind a bugle horn is

of the Family of Fynmore,' by Mr. W. P. W. Phillimore, 1886. William Fynmore married, 1821, Mary, dau. of John Bradby, of Hamble, Hants; she died 1841, and had issue, with others, Frances Garway and Sarah Garway, both married. Perhaps the name Garway could be traced through the Bradby family. R. J. FYNMORE.

Sandgate, Kent.

Miscellaneous

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

more than merely to give it wind. It surely implies that the bugler holds sway over the instrument and turns it to his purpose. Any ordinary man may blow into a bugle, but it is only an expert that can wind it. I have myself tried the winding on occasion, with very indifferent success. I believe therefore that to wind a horn indicates art as well as physical power, and that it is only your Childe Roland that can compass a final and perfect blast. The etymologists, unfortunately, appear to scout this view, although one authority-discussing "wind," to turn-gives as a special or an exceptional definition, "to bend, or turn, to one's pleasure; hence, to Modern Italy, 1746-1898. By Pietro Orsi. (Fisher exercise complete control over," and quotes Unwin.) an illustration from Addison. This would THE latest addition to "The Story of the Nations" suit perfectly the performance on the bugle. Signor Pietro Orsi, Professor of History in the Liceo series consists of the story of modern Italy told by Again, the fact that we wind, not wind a Foscarini, Venice. That the history of the building horn-as we do a hare, or a horse, or a ship-of modern Italy is as splendid and picturesque as that has undoubtedly a significance of its own. of the great Italian republics, out of the ruins of Why should an exhausted runner be winded, which it is constituted, none will say. It is, howand a useful bugle winded? There is pro- respect more satisfactory. In place of the fierce ever, almost as diversified, and in almost every bably more in this distinction than the mere rivalries, the ever-changing combinations, and the caprice of custom. In any case, no one will remorseless feuds, we have now the strenuous and surely credit Sir Walter Scott, or Tennyson-persistent efforts of a great people to win its enor, for that matter, their humble disciple franchisement and achieve its unity. Seldom was holding this brief—with deliberately assuming more difficult. Of the great powers by which Italy a triumph so full obtained under circumstances or asserting that "wound" is the regular past is surrounded all had been at times her masters and tense of "wind," to blow, or apply wind to an oppressors, and all cast greedy eyes upon her terriinstrument. That would be a very appalling tory. The one power that half-heartedly aided her assumption. It may just be added, in conin the task of winning her freedom exacted from clusion, that Scott, with characteristic ease and watched grudgingly her limits extend from her a price that robbed the action of all grace, and freedom of method, uses "winded" in those of a union of border states from the reference to a bugle when he needs two Mediterranean to the Adriatic, as was at first consyllables for his immediate purpose. templated, to the entire peninsula. In addition to the other passions and covetousnesses that were inspired, there was the question of the temporal possessions of the Church, in itself calculated to breed undying hostilities. The triumph over these difficulties Prof. Orsi describes eloquently and well. It is needless to say that he is an ardent patriot, and justifies the various steps by which a united Italy was obtained. No inconsiderable proportion of educated Englishmen regarded the progress of the events he depicts. We have ourselves watched the sullen hostility of the Venetian and the fierce menace of the Milanese against the Tedeschi. If England alone among the great European powers contemplated with satisfaction the establishment she alone had no territorial designs upon her, and of the Italian kingdom, it must be remembered that nothing, practically, to fear from her hostility. Prof. Orsi deals competently with his subject, and supplies a work that may be read with pleasure and studied with advantage. consist of portraits of eminent monarchs, states

That blast was winded by the King! is a line in 'The Lord of the Isles,' iv. 18. THOMAS BAYNE.

EMMAS (9th S. iv. 381).-We are suffering in the village in which I reside from an incursion of showmen, holding what they term a "spring fair" (a sort of pleasure fair). I ventured to ask one of the attendants what an "Emma" was. He replied by showing me a board, about 18 in. high by 14 in. wide, upon which is painted a man's face, but with a huge mouth, teeth being represented by short tobacco-pipes stuck on wires. Four wooden balls, about the size of oranges, are supplied for the sum of a penny to the aspirant who desires to knock Kruger's (for that is the prevailing "face" at the fair) teeth out. If successful the reward is a packet of cheap cigarettes. "O tempora! O mores!"

CASHIER.

GARWAY FAMILY (9th S. v. 169).-This name occurs in the pedigree of Fynmores "of the Royal Marines," see p. 22 in Memorials

The illustrations

men, and warriors, and pictures of palaces.

The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. By Morris
Jastrow, Jun., Ph.D. (Boston, U.S., Ginn & Co.;
London, Arnold.)

THAT the remains of the oldest civilization known
should exercise a fascinating influence on the alert
intellects of the New World is no more than we

might expect. A school of Assyriologists has arisen in America which occupies an honourable position in the vanguard of this field of research. We need only mention the names of Peters, Hayes Ward, F. Brown, Hilprecht, Haupt, Craig, and Jastrow. It is to the last of these scholars that we owe the important contribution to which we do tardy justice in this notice.

Hitherto the English reader who wished to master the intricacies of the Babylonian religion had to content himself with Prof. Sayce's Hibbert Lectures on the subject a pioneer volume of wonderful excellence, considering it was written thirteen years ago. But Assyriology, the youngest of the sciences, has made immense strides since then; and the merit of the treatise before us is that, though the author modestly deprecates any claim to exhaustiveness, it takes account of all that has appeared in scattered monographs and periodicals, and gathers into a focus rays of light which have emanated from all quarters of the world of learning. The result is a perfect storehouse of facts, texts, commentaries, and elucidations, which puts the reader into full possession of the present state of Babylonian knowledge. The gods of their pantheon, their demonology, witchcraft, and incantations, their liturgical hymns and prayers, their cosmology, myths, and legends, their temples and cult, are each submitted in turn to a careful review till the whole field is covered. Ashur, who stands at the head of the Assyrian deities, and is the eponymous god of the people and their chief city, is understood by Prof. Jastrow to be a later form of the ancient Anshar, "the heavenly totality," altered under the influence of the verb ashar, to be good and gracious; but he ought not to have yielded to the temptation of citing as a possible parallel our own word "god" as connected with “good,” a proposal which no sound etymologist will readily give in to. It is now generally acknowledged that the religious ideas of the Babylonians lie at the base of most, if not all, of the ancient religions, and their importance for a right understanding of those early faiths is every day becoming better recognized. All the lines of primitive civilization and culture are found to converge towards the valley of the Euphrates. Babylonia supplies the master-key which alone can unlock many of the dark and labyrinthine chambers of mythology, ritual, and folk-lore, around which scholars hitherto have groped perplexed. Above all, these ancient documents are essential to the Bible student. "To understand the Hebrews, their religion, their customs, and even their manner of thought, we must turn to Babylonia." The traditions of the two peoples are incontestably derived from a common source, as is evident from a comparison of the cosmogony of Genesis and the narrative of the Noachic Deluge with the accounts of the cuneiform tablets. Many, indeed, of the prayers and hymns addressed to Shamash (the Sun-god) manifest a fervent devotion coupled with a sense of sin, and are inspired by an elevation of thought and high ethical conceptions which are not unworthy of being compared with the Hebrew psalms themselves. Prof. Jastrow's careful analysis of these liturgical remains, in his seventeenth and eighteenth chapters, is a fine piece of work, which will well repay the study of the comparative theologian. Altogether we can heartily recommend this masterly survey of a subject of enthralling interest. A very full index and an admirable bibliography add greatly to its value and completeness.

76

VERY little is there in the Fortnightly that is not occupied with South African affairs or matters bearing thereupon. Fortunately the matter is not all warlike, and there is an account from a feminine source of Fifty-eight Years, as Child and Woman, in South Africa,' which may be read with equanimity by the most uncompromising advocate of peace. It is edited by Maynard Butler, and contains many beautiful and some startling things. Major E. S. Valentine is at the trouble to indicate the niany points of resemblance between the fight in which we are at present engaged and the struggle in America against the Confederate forces. Mr. W. E. Garrett Fisher writes on The House of Molière,' as the recently destroyed Théâtre Français was frequently called. He gives a fairly vivacious and apparently accurate account of the difficulties attending the establishment of the Comédie Française, and quotes Racine's amusing description, in a letter to Boileau, of the obstacles placed by the French curés in the way of the management when, after the ejection of the Comédie from the Rue Guénégaud, it sought a new home. The Church in Paris was, indeed, as hostile to the establishment of a theatre in 1687 as was, a century earlier, the Corporation of London. Mr. James Joyce speaks in high eulogy of Ibsen's new drama. The writer is an out-and-out worshipper, whose attitude is shown when he expresses his doubt whether any good purpose can be served by the attempt to criticize. Ibsen," says he, "is one of the world's great men, before whom criticism can make but feeble show" surely a sufficiently astounding statement. Mr. Michael MacDonagh deals with A Royal Visit to Ireland' undertaken by George IV. Dr. St. George Mivart's recent utterances have begotten a polemic to which Mr. Wilfrid Ward enters, and into which we shall not attempt to enter.-A sufficiently pessimistic tone pervades the articles on the war with which the Nineteenth Century begins. By general consent it seems that the Government is slow to recognize what are our real and full requirements. With these questions, however, we may not deal. Even when we turn to subsequent portions of the magazine we are still faced with controversial matter. Four prose articles in all and one poem deal with literature. Carmen Sylva gives some meditations in Westminster Abbey, which are translated by Mr. Arthur Waugh. Mrs. Ayscough Fawkes supplies an interesting paper on Mr. Ruskin at Farnley,' containing some characteristic utterances, both spoken and written, of the great critic. Farnley Hill, situated ou the Wharfe between Otley and Arthington, is, it should be stated, the home of the Fawkeses. It contained many priceless Turners, and was visited by Mr. and Mrs. Ruskin, who in 1851 stayed there for a month. Thirty years later Ruskin arrived at Farnley again, having travelled from Matlock by way of Skipton, nearly doubling the distance rather than see the smoke and manufactures of Sheffield. Between Skipton and Farnley, however, his eyes would be grieved by the sight of abundance of gaunt mills with high chimneys. Among his eccentricities may be counted his asking not to be taken into the drawing-room where were the Turners, since "he should not be able to bear it." The Autocrat of the Dinner Table' is the name Mr. Herbert Paul applies to Selden. To his Table Talk' it is due that this not specially appropriate name is bestowed upon him. Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum' are described

as

by Signor Giacomo Boni. Under the title A blood. This is all right, but we owe her many Dutch Fairy Tale,' Miss Margaret Robinson deals debts of the same sort, including the Norman invawith 'De Kleine Johannes' of Frederik van Eeden. sion. 'Princess Lieven and her Friendships' and -Scribner's opens with The Charm of Paris,' by Eugénie de Guérin' are readable articles. In Ida M. Tarbell, a sustained eulogy by an American From the Persian' Mr. H. G. Keene gives us a of a city which to some of us very poorly replaces rendering of doubtful quatrains of Omar Khayyam, the Paris of a couple of generations ago. What she of whom, with some courage, he ventures to speak calls, with some gush, "the making-over of Paris" "Umar Khayyâm." The first part is given of is what some of us are disposed to regard as "the 'A Mem Sahib in Plague-Stricken Bombay. Other marring of Paris." At any rate, the illustrations of contents consist of fiction, most of it good.-Vladimir modern life in a city which has lost some of its Galaktionovitch Korolenko, described in the Gentlegaiety as well as its beauty are effective. Mr. Seton- man's as A Contemporary Russian Writer,' is Thompson contributes a vivacious account of 'The little known to the English public. He is an author Kangaroo-Rat.' Part iv. of 'Oliver Cromwell' of Siberian tales, written when he was banished to remains the most valuable feature of the magazine, Yakoutsk, the coldest government of Siberia. Mr. and is occupied with the Irish and Scotch wars. Robb Lawson gives an account of the Evolution Many of the illustrations are spirited. There is a of the Drama, too great a subject to be handled sensible and readable paper on Ruskin, and an in a single number. M. Prower writes on 'Samuel account of Magersfontein, illustrated by excellent Taylor Coleridge,' also a great subject, and Mr. photographs.-The frontispiece to the Pall Mall con- H. Schütz Wilson on A Fantastic Dream.' sists of a coloured drawing, pretty and quaint, by In Longman's a series to be called 'The Mr. Granville Fell, of Spring, whose tardy approach Women of the Salons' begins prosperously we are all willing to greet. Among capitals of with Madame du Deffand, known to readers Greater Britain, Kingston, Jamaica, is depicted, of Walpole. Mr. Frank Ritchie writes briefly and which for nearly two hundred and fifty years, ever sensibly on 'Literary Dogma.' 'At the Sign of the since its capture by Penn and Venables, has been Ship' deals touchingly with the death of Frederick in English possession. Mr. William Thorp, the Tait of the Black Watch, and also bewails the author, says that Cromwell hanged both for the death of Traill. It contains some sensible criticisms deed. This is a strange mistake, since both out- on 'Paolo and Francesca,' almost the first we have lived Cromwell and died natural deaths. That he read.-'Strange Craft on Many Waters' gives in imprisoned them is true, though probably not for the English Illustrated capital pictures of vessels in the reason suggested. Most surely he did not hang use among primitive peoples, from Fijian canoes them. The views of Kingston are excellent. to Japanese junks. An interesting paper on Poland Among many reasons' Why Americans live Abroad,' has likenesses of Kosciusko and Sobieski with other we are disposed to attach most importance to the illustrations. The most interesting portion, apart desire to escape the scourge of personal jour- from the fiction, consists of a good and well-illusnalism." We are not wholly surprised to hear that trated account by Mr. George Douglas of William of adult Americans away in Europe four-fifths are Cowper. women. 'Arts and Crafts in the Sixteenth Century' reproduces from Stradanus's 'Nova Reperta' some very quaint pictures of industrial occupations. An anticipatory article concerning The Paris Exhibition of 1900 also appears.-Much attention has been attracted to Mr. Thomas Hardy's 'The Souls of the Slain' in the Cornhill. Imagination and vigour this possesses, but it is not conspicuous as poetry, Lady Broome continues her agreeable Colonial Memories,' and Sir John Robinson his South African Reminiscences.' Urbanus Sylvan continues also his Conference on Books and Men.' While yielding a tribute to poor Traill, whose premature death was a calamity, he doubts whether his dialogues will survive; says, indeed, boldly that they will not. He quotes some specimens of modern humour, which are far from impressing us favour ably. In Athletics and Health Mr. Beach Thomas counsels the practice of gymnastics. An essay On Fads,' by Lady Grove, proves, to our thinking, the lady herself a bit of a faddist. By calling his paper on R. D. Blackmore 'Mr. Blackmore' Mr. Stuart J. Reid deceived us into supposing it to be fiction. When a man of Blackmore's distinction dies, surely one drops the "Mr." We should no more dream of saying Mr. Blackmore or Mr. Traill than Mr. Burns, Mr. Shelley, or Mr. Keats. A pleasant picture of Blackmore is afforded, and the delusion that he made money by his gardening is dispelled.-In Temple Bar The Debt We Owe to France' is not for any unexpected outburst of sympathy for us in our troubles or pride in our recovery, but for the Huguenot strain with which she has leavened our

·

WE hear with profound regret of the death of the Rev. John Christopher Atkinson, since 1847 vicar of Danby, the author of Forty Years in a Moorland Parish,' A Glossary of the Cleveland Dialect,' 'Sketches in Natural History,' Eggs and Nests of British Birds,' 'Memorials of Old Whitby,' The History of Cleveland,' and other books, pamphlets, &c. He was a storehouse of information concerning Yorkshire antiquities, natural history, folk-speech, &c. Born in 1814 at Goldhanger, in Essex, he was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. Later he was made an honorary D.C.L. of Durham. During recent years his contributions to our columns on account of his age were few. His name appears, however, frequently in the Third and subsequent Series.

Notices to Correspondents.

A. R. BAYLEY ("Dedication by an Author to Himself ").-The passage from Mascagni which you send is a translation of that with which the discussion opened.

NOTICE.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of 'Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"at the Office, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.

We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception.